低钴锌钴合金电镀工艺

0 前言 作为防护镀层的锌钴合金,耐蚀性良好,就钢铁基体而言属阳极镀层,具有机械与电化学双重保护.低钴锌钴合金电镀的成本低,工艺简单,镀层为较理想的高耐蚀性防护镀层.含钴0.6%～1.0%的锌钴合金镀层,其出红锈时间比同厚度的锌层长2倍以上;与镀锌相同,镀后铬酸盐钝化处理能提高其耐蚀性.     

锌镍合金镀层耐腐蚀性的研究

锌镍合金层具有优异的耐蚀性,从全硫酸盐体系中用电沉积的方法制备了纯锌镀层和锌镍合金镀层.应用能量色散X射线分析仪检测了合金层的相对含量.通过中性盐雾试验、极化曲线、交流阻抗和腐蚀浸泡等试验方法研究了镀层的耐腐蚀性能.试验表明,含镍16%的锌镍合金镀层的腐蚀电位较纯锌镀层的腐蚀电位正移230 mV,该合金的耐盐雾性能达到1 000 h,是相同厚度纯锌镀层的4.5倍,具有优良的耐腐蚀性.     

合金元素锑对热浸镀锌层组织的影响

热浸镀锌中合金元素锑的含量对镀层性能有极大的影响,但对其添加量目前尚无统一标准.对硅含量为0.049%的Q215工业用钢在含0.04%,0.10%,0.30%,0.80%,1.20%Sb的锌池中浸镀0.5～5.0 min获得锌镀层,研究了锌池中添加微量锑对钢铁热镀锌的影响.利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪等测试方法分析了浸镀时间、锌池中锑含量对热浸镀锌合金层组织和厚度的影响.结果表明:添加少量(0.30%以下)的锑对合金层的组织无影响,随浸镀时间延长,镀层厚度呈线性增加;当锌池中添加0.80%Sb以后,合金层组织显著改变,化合物粒子变大,镀层耐蚀性变差;锌池中以锑添加量0.10%～0.30%为佳.     

碱性溶液中电镀含低铁量的锌铁合金的研究

为了提高镀锌层的抗蚀能力,研究了在碱性溶液中电镀含低铁量的锌铁合金工艺及其添加剂,讨论了各种因素对合金层中含铁量的影响,并应用电化学方法、中性盐雾试验、扫描电镜方法对所得的锌铁合金镀层进行了分析和测试.结果表明:合金镀液的阴极电流效率为73%,深镀能力为100%,合金层中含铁量为0.4%～0.8%;经钝化后,其盐雾试验出现白锈时间为240 h(镀锌层为94～144h).本研究推荐的电镀低铁的锌铁合金镀液及操作条件是:10～12 g/L ZnO,120～140 g/L NaOH,20～35 mL/L铁补充剂,15～20 mL/L光亮剂,5～8 mL/L辅助剂,阴极电流密度0.5～4.5 A/dm2,温度15～40℃.     

热浸镀锌铝镁钢板镀层组织及腐蚀性能研究

锌铝镁镀层钢板比普通的镀锌钢板具有更加优异的耐腐蚀性能,本研究利用热镀锌模拟器在实验室制备了热浸镀锌铝镁合金镀层钢板,利用扫描电子显微镜SEM观察了镀层表面及截面的微观组织,利用能谱EDS进行了微区成分分析;利用电子探针EPMA对镀层的表面及截面进行了元素分布分析,利用盐雾试验方法对锌铝镁镀层钢板的耐腐蚀性能进行了研究,利用X射线衍射分析了镀层及镀层盐雾试验腐蚀产物的物相组成。结果表明,热浸镀锌铝镁镀层钢板比普通镀锌板具有更加细致的组织,镀层主要由MgZn2与含Al富锌相构成的共晶相和MgZn2组成,另外还存在一些粒状富铝相和块状富锌相,Zn-Al-Mg镀层比普通镀锌板具有更强的耐腐蚀性能,最后分析了锌铝镁镀层钢板的耐盐雾腐蚀机理。     

氯化钠镀锌—铁合金工艺及其应用

１前言日美等发达国家普遍用电沉积Ｚｎ－Ｆｅ合金镀层代替纯锌镀层，我国９０年代开始这项技术的研究与开发。含铁量为０．２％～０．８％的Ｚｎ－Ｆｅ合金镀层与相同厚度的锌镀层相比，耐蚀性可提高２～３倍，而且硬度高、韧性好、机械性能也明显优于锌镀层。含铁量低的...     

无氰滚鍍光亮性錫钴合金

一、概论光亮性锡钴合金,其成份为锡85～90%,钴10～15%,电极电位比铁为正,属于阴极性镀层.锡钴合金的硬度比铜锡合金(高锡)高,近似于镍层,外观青光银白色,在空气中变色程度同高锡相比为好.锡钴合金的电流效率为40～45%,一般的铁、铜零件,锌基合金镀层与锡钴合金均有良好的结合力. 锡钴合金应用于:以光亮性锌铁钴三元合金打底或以光亮铜打底镀锡钴合金来代替滚镀高锡,经过一年多的试验和小批试产情况良好. 以锡钴合金代替原来有氰铜锡(高锡)合金镀层有以下优点:     

锌镀层与镉镀层抗大气腐蚀性能的比较

根据在青岛、重庆江津、武汉和海南万宁大气试验站进行的５．８年的大气暴露试验，对采用常规氰化和无氰化电镀工艺的２０＃钢试样锌镀层，进行了抗大气腐蚀性能对比研究。试验结果表明镉镀层在海洋大气环境下有比锌更好的抗大气腐蚀性能，在有工业污染的大所环境下锌镀层比镉镀层有更好的抗大气腐蚀性能。     

机械镀锌-锰、锌-铝-锰合金工艺及镀层的耐蚀性能

为了获得性能良好的含锰合金镀层,以机械镀锌和机械镀锌-铝工艺为基础,通过调整活化剂和促进剂的种类及用量,开发了机械镀锌-锰合金工艺.利用该工艺可在钢基表面获得不同配比的锌-锰及锌-铝-锰合金镀层,对镀层进行了5%NaCl溶液喷雾加速腐蚀试验及全浸加速腐蚀试验,并与机械镀锌层进行了对比.结果表明,各种配比的锌-锰合金镀层的耐蚀性能优于机械镀锌层,且其耐蚀性随着锰含量的增加而增加;锌-铝-锰合金镀层的耐蚀性能比镀锌层提高数十倍.     

碱性体系电镀锌镍合金工艺中配位剂对镀层的影响

锌镍合金是目前最理想的代镉镀层,而碱性锌镍合金电镀体系则以其分散能力强、成本低等优点受到关注.以三乙醇胺或三乙烯四胺作为配位剂研究了锌镍合金的碱性电镀工艺,采用赫尔槽试验、重量及分光光度测定等方法讨论了镀液组成、配位剂添加量、电流密度、温度等因素对镀层外观及镀层镍含量的影响.结果表明:镀液中[Ni2 ]/[Zn2 ]浓度比、配位剂用量等对镀液稳定性、镀层质量及镍含量有较大的影响;在较宽的电流密度范围内获得光亮耐蚀合金镀层的最优工艺参数为[Ni2 ]/[Zn2 ]浓度比0.29,三乙醇胺或三乙烯四胺的最佳添加量50 mL/L(或30 mL/L),镀液温度30～60 ℃;锌镍合金镀层在5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为表明,含镍量为13%的锌镍合金镀层的耐蚀性明显优于纯锌镀层.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.