体内外检测乙型肝炎DNA疫苗诱生小鼠特异性CTL活性的比较研究

目的：了解体内外两种方法检测乙型肝炎DNA疫苗诱生BALB／c小鼠特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）活性的特点，比较其异同，建立与体外法互为补充，且更加直观、简便的活体CTL活性检测模型。方法：用HBV-S真核表达质粒pVAX1／S对SP2／0细胞进行转染，经鉴定后作为目的靶细胞（稳定转染并表达HBV主蛋白，命名为SP2／0-S细胞）；对照靶细胞为稳定转染pVAX1空载质粒的细胞（命名为SP2／0-P细胞）备用。活体诱生实验：用目的或对照靶细胞分别使小鼠荷瘤，观察免疫及非免疫小鼠在各靶细胞负荷下的生存时间与肿瘤的生长情况，设置不同组合做同期对照观察，小鼠生存率的差异可以提示体内特异性CTL是否存在。体外诱生实验：采用经典CTL活性检测方法，LDH释放法成品药盒。SP2／0-S细胞与SP2／0-P细胞作为靶细胞，免疫鼠与非免疫鼠的脾细胞为效应细胞，按照不同效／靶比共孵育后以酶标仪检测LDH的释放活性。结果：活体诱生实验：免疫小鼠存活时间明显长于对照小鼠（P〈0．05）。体外诱生实验：免疫鼠CTL活性在彬靶比为50／1时出现最大杀伤活性，为36．9％，明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：体内外两种方法均能够检测到乙型肝炎DNA疫苗诱生BALB／c小鼠特异性CTL活性，实验中发现体外LDH释放法CTL活性并不高，但是总体上仍然能够反映CTL活性。而活体诱生实验操作相对简便，表现更为直观，可望成为与经典方法相互补充的新型实验模型。     

HBsAg基因修饰的树突状细胞诱导HBV转基因小鼠的免疫应答

目的探讨HBsAg重组腺病毒Ad—S转染的小鼠树突状细胞（DC）诱导HBV转基因（Tg）小鼠免疫应答的作用特点及其可能的治疗作用。方法Tg小鼠的骨髓细胞体外扩增为DC，转染Ad—S或被HBsAg蛋白冲击后，与pcDNA3．1（＋）-S质粒分别免疫Tg鼠，用流式细胞术、乳酸脱氢酶释放法、酶联免疫分析（ELISA），荧光定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）等分别检测脾脏T细胞内细胞因子和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）活性、血清HBsAg，抗-HBs、HBVDNA及丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）水平；病理和免疫组化分析肝脏组织学及HBsAg和HBcAg表达。结果免疫后1～2周，DC／Ad-S比DC／HBsAg和pcDNA3．1（＋）-S诱导rrc分泌干扰素7（IFN-g）和特异性CTL均显著增强，而DC／HBsAg组CTL较pcDNA3．1（＋）-S组增强（P〈0．05）；DC／HBsAg免疫后1、2、4周CTL迅速减弱，DC／Ad-S在1、2周CTL差异不明显，但至4周时明显减弱。免疫后1～4周，对Tg鼠血清HBsAg、HBVDNA及肝组织HBcAg和HBsAg表达的抑制作用最强为DC／Ad-S免疫，其次为DC／HBsAg，显著强于pcDNA3．1（＋）-S（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。肝脏组织学、血清抗-HBs和ALT水平各组差异无统计学意义。结论Ad—S转染的DC比HBsAg冲击的DC和DNA疫苗诱导更强的Tcl和CTL应答，能较迅速抑制HBV转基因小鼠血清HBsAg、HBVDNA和肝脏HBcAg和HBsAg表达。     

胃腺癌BGC-823细胞总RNA转染人树突状细胞分泌exosomes的抗肿瘤效应研究

目的研究人外周血树突状细胞（DC）体外经人胃腺癌BGC-823细胞系总RNA转染后,提取培养上清液中DC分泌的外泌体（exosomes）,诱导出特异性抗胃癌效应。方法分离外周血单核细胞,经GM-CSF、IL-4培养5d后,获得未成熟DC（imDC）;体外以脂质体转染BGC-823细胞总RNA。第7天收集上清,利用超速离心法提取exosomes。分别将DC以及exosomes与T淋巴细胞共培养3d,获得细胞毒T淋巴细胞（CTL）,检测CTL对BGC-823细胞的杀伤作用。结果与未转染组相比,转染BGC-823总RNADC来源的exosomes明显促进T细胞对BGC-823的杀伤活性（P〈0．05）。结论应用BGC-823总RNA转染DC分泌exosomes能够诱导出强烈的抗肿瘤免疫反应。     

RNA干扰抑制IL-23表达对感染后内脏高敏感小鼠肠黏膜固有层DC活化Th17细胞功能的影响

背景：前期研究发现感染后内脏高敏感小鼠肠黏膜固有层树突细胞（DC）诱导活化Th17细胞与肠道感染消退后肠黏膜免疫系统的持续激活有关。推测DC可能系通过分泌白细胞介素-23（IL-23）活化Th17细胞。目的：应用RNA干扰技术抑制DC分泌IL-23,探讨感染后内脏高敏感小鼠肠黏膜固有层DC活化Th17细胞的机制。方法：建立旋毛虫感染后内脏高敏感小鼠模型,以免疫磁珠分选肠黏膜固有层DC和脾脏CD4＋T细胞。构建、鉴定小鼠IL-23小发夹RNA（shRNA）干扰质粒,以脂质体法转染DC（A组）以抑制IL-23表达,同时设置转染空脂质体的DC（B组）和转染无关序列shRNA干扰质粒的DC（C组）作为对照。各组DC与CD4＋T细胞共培养120 h,以单独培养的CD4＋T细胞（D组）作为对照。以ELISA方法检测DC转染前后培养上清液中的IL-23水平,以及DC与CD4＋T细胞共培养上清液和CD4＋T细胞单独培养上清液中的IL-17水平。结果：A组DC培养上清液中的IL-23水平较转染前显著降低（P〈0.05）,B、C两组转染前后IL-23水平无明显变化。A、B、C组DC与CD4＋T细胞共培养上清液中的IL-17水平均较D组显著增高（P〈0.05）,其中A组显著低于B、C两组（P〈0.05）,B、C组间差异无统计学意义。结论：感染后内脏高敏感小鼠肠黏膜固有层DC可能通过分泌IL-23活化Th17细胞,参与维持肠道感染消退后肠黏膜免疫系统的持续激活。     

来源于患者的树突状细胞经基因转导和共培养处理后可诱导针对肝细胞癌的特异性和强免疫应答

背景／目的：阻断针对肝细胞癌（HCC）相关的α-胎甲蛋白（AFP）抗原的免疫耐受是有可能性的。而采用此方法治疗免疫低下的HCC患者的有效性却受到限制。在本项研究中，作者对来自HCC患者的树突状细胞经表达人类AFP（hAFP）的腺病毒转导和细胞因子的诱导杀伤（CIK）细胞共培养后是否可诱导一种HCC细胞特异性的强免疫应答反应进行了分析。     

自杀基因系统杀伤作用机制研究进展

自杀基因杀伤作用机制的研究近年来倍受重视。目前杀伤作用机制概括起来有三种：直接杀伤转染有自杀基因的细胞；通过旁观者效应杀伤邻近细胞；（Ｔ细胞）免疫介导杀伤基因转染细胞邻近或远处的非转染细胞。本文对这三方面的具体作用机制及三者是否存在相互依赖，互为因果关系等的研究进展进行了综述     

有效抑制小鼠小胶质细胞上Toll样受体9表达的siRNA的筛选

目的：筛选有效抑制小鼠小胶质细胞（BV-2细胞）上Toll样受体9（TLR9）表达的小干扰RNA（siRNA）序列,并检测转染复合物的细胞毒性。方法设计并合成针对TLR9的3对siRNA（siRNA-836、siRNA-1549和siRNA-2410）及一条带绿色荧光标记（FAM）的通用阴性对照FAM-siRNA。在X-tremeGENEsiRNA转染试剂介导下转染BV-2细胞。倒置荧光显微镜下观察转染后BV-2细胞FAM-siRNA的分布,流式细胞仪检测转染效率,q-PCR检测TLR9的mRNA表达,Westernblot检测TLR9蛋白的表达,并比较其抑制率,筛选出有效抑制靶基因表达的siRNA。CCK-8检测细胞存活率的变化。结果BV-2细胞转染FAM-siRNA后6h,胞质内可见绿色荧光分布。FAM-siRNA表达阳性率为（91.87±4.77）％。转染TLR9siRNA后,BV-2细胞中TLR9mRNA表达明显下降。与阴性对照组及序列siRNA-836、siRNA-2410相比,序列siRNA-1549的TLR9沉默效能最高,使BV-2细胞上TLR9mRNA表达于24h和48h分别降低（77.89±4.23）％和（65.36±11.07）％,TLR9蛋白表达分别下降（48.37±20.56）％和（44.30±14.31）％。CCK-8检测TLR9siRNA转染组与对照组相应时间点比较,BV-2细胞存活率无明显变化（P＞0.05）。结论序列siRNA-1549对BV-2细胞上TLR9表达的抑制效果最大,利用RNA干扰处理BV-2细胞,对细胞基本无毒性作用。     

乙型肝炎病毒复制调控元件对HBV DNA疫苗诱导的免疫应答

目的研究乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）复制调控元件增强子Ⅰ（ENHⅠ）及前S2（Pre-S2）抗原基因对HBV DNA疫苗诱导的免疫应答的影响。方法采用常规聚合酶链反应（PCR）从HBV adr亚型全基因DNA序列中分别扩增HBsAg、PreS2-HBsAg、HBsAg-ENHI和PreS2-HBsAg-ENHⅠ基因片段，重组到VR1012载体中，构建4种HBV DNA疫苗，转染HepG2细胞并免疫Balb／C小鼠。通过细胞免疫化学、酶联免疫分析（ELISA）、酶联免疫斑点试验（ELISPOT）等方法检测其在HepG2细胞内的表达及小鼠的体液及细胞免疫应答。结果转染的HepG2细胞表达相应的目的蛋白．ENHⅠ及Pre-S2抗原基因均可增强HBV DNA疫苗转染HepG2细胞表达HBsAg；免疫接种小鼠后第2周产生抗-HBs及HBsAg特异性细胞毒T淋巴细胞（CTL），Pre—S2抗原基因可增强HBV DNA疫苗免疫Balb／C小鼠诱导的抗-HBs及HBsAg特异性CTL的产生，ENHⅠ基因对免疫应答无影响。结论ENHI及Pre—s2抗原基因均可增强HBVDNA疫苗转染HepG2细胞表达HBsAg．Pre-S2抗原基因可增强HBVDNA疫苗免疫Balb／C小鼠引起的免疫应答。     

Cbl-b基因介导T细胞免疫杀伤小鼠LA795肺腺癌细胞的实验研究

目的利用特异性小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)沉默T细胞Cbl-b基因表达,观察转染T细胞对小鼠肺腺癌细胞LA795的体外免疫杀伤作用。方法筛选高效特异性沉默Cbl-b基因的siRNA序列转染T739小鼠脾脏T细胞,转染72h后,利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测IL-2、INF-γ等T细胞免疫因子分泌情况,比较单纯T细胞、阴性对照T细胞及转染T细胞与小鼠肺腺癌细胞LA795混合培养肿瘤杀伤率。结果转染72h后,转染组细胞因子IL-2、INF-γ分泌水平较空转组和空白组显著增加。在体外实验中,与单纯T细胞及阴性对照T细胞相比,转染T细胞能更高效杀伤小鼠肺腺癌细胞LA795,最高杀瘤率达到58.38±3.82%。结论利用特异性siRNA技术沉默Cbl-b基因能够促进小鼠T细胞因子IL-2和INF-γ分泌,增强T细胞对肺腺癌细胞LA795的体外免疫杀伤作用。     

恶性疟原虫复合抗原DNA疫苗诱导小鼠的细胞免疫及体液免疫应答

目的 观察用恶性疟原虫复合抗原基因HGFSP构建的DNA疫苗pc-HGFSP免疫小鼠诱导的细胞及体液免疫应答。方法 用pc-HGFSP肌注免疫C57BL／6小鼠并加强免疫2次，取小鼠脾淋巴细胞及血清测定；脾淋巴细胞增殖活性（MTT）法，NK细胞活性和CTL活性（LDH）；脾脏CD4^ 及CD8^ T细胞亚群（免疫荧光法）：血清pc-HGFSP批原特异性抗体（ELISA法）及一氧化氮（NO）含量。结果 与pcDNA3对照比较，pc-HGFSP免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖活性增高24％－37％；NK细胞活性增高38％－90％；CTL活性增高65％－153％；CD8^ T细胞亚群增加。免疫血清产生HGFSP抗原特异性IgG抗体；NO含量也有所增高。结论 恶性疟DNA疫 pc-HGFSP有一定的诱导小鼠细胞免疫和体液免疫应答的作用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.