旋转磁场作用下Pb-Sn合金的凝固行为

采用永磁体旋转装置实现了Pb-50wt%Sn亚共晶、Pb-61.9wt%Sn共晶合金旋转磁场条件下的凝固,并对其凝固规律进行了研究.发现与常规条件下相比,旋转磁场导致的合金熔体内部强迫对流加快了合金熔体的冷却速率,提高熔体初始形核温度,促发熔体提前形核并能使凝固时间缩短.Pb-61.9wt%Sn共晶合金的宏观偏析被有效抑制,在整个样品中得到了二元共晶组织,共晶层片粗化,局域地区出现了不规则共晶组织.对于Pb-50wt%Sn亚共晶,初生相(Pb)的生长方式由粗大枝晶转变为细小的球状颗粒,且晶粒显著细化.     

Zr 对 DZ38合金凝固行为和持久性能的影响(英文)

研究了普通定向凝固 DZ38高温合金中,Zr 含量对 DZ38合金凝固行为和持久性能的影响。结果表明,微量元素 Zr 严重影响合金的凝固偏析,Zr 含量超过0.03wt-%时,合金中γ+γ′共晶的析出最明显增加,合金偏析严重,因而降低了合金的初熔和终凝温度;降低 Zr 含量,合金的持久寿命明显提高,特别是无 Zr 合金的横向持久性能比普通 DZ38(含0.057wt-%Zr)合金提高一倍以上。     

Co-Cr-C合金激光重熔时γ-Co与Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3的共晶共生生长研究

本文以 Stellite 合金的基础合金系 Co-Cr-C 三元合金为对象,考察研究了在激光重熔时合金中γ-Co 和 Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共生生长形态选择及其生长条件。研究表明,该合金系存在着一个朝碳化物成分方向倾斜的共晶生长区。在足够高的凝固生长速率时共晶成分合金的激光熔沟中出现初生γ-Co 枝晶,而含碳化物量高达55%的过共晶合金的熔沟内仍能观察到很宽的γ-Co 和 Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共生生长的共晶组织区域,实验还观察到 Co-Cr-C 合金在足够大的过冷度下发生的非晶转变。     

COUPLED GROWTH OF_γ-Co AND Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3 FOR Co-Cr-C ALLOYS UNDER LASER REMELTING

本文以Stellite 合金的基础合金系Co-Cr-C 三元合金为对象,考察研究了在激光重熔时合金中γ-Co 和Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共生生长形态选择及其生长条件。研究表明,该合金系存在着一个朝碳化物成分方向倾斜的共晶生长区。在足够高的凝固生长速率时共晶成分合金的激光熔沟中出现初生γ-Co 枝晶,而含碳化物量高达55%的过共晶合金的熔沟内仍能观察到很宽的γ-Co 和Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共生生长的共晶组织区域,实验还观察到Co-Cr-C 合金在足够大的过冷度下发生的非晶转变。     

SIMULATION OF COUPLED GROWTH OF γ-Co AND Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3 FOR Co-Cr-C ALLOYS UNDER LASER REMELTING

计算机模拟技术为凝固组织选择形态的研究提供了强有力的手段。本文对Co—Cr—C 合金系在激光重熔条件下γ—Co 与Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共晶生长形态选择过程进行了模拟实验;提出了基本假设并认为在可能存在的各种生长形态中先导相生长前沿界面应具有最高温度或最低过冷度;依此建立相应的数模系统进行研究。对该合金系激光重熔时凝固组织生长形态选择演绎过程的模拟实验研究表明,Co—Cr—C 合金系存在着朝碳化物倾斜的γ—Co 与Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共晶生长区。伪二元共晶合金在足够过冷条件时会在激光熔池中出现树枝晶形态的初生γ—Co 组织,并且共晶生长形态区将延伸到相当宽的过共晶合金成分区内。这些计算机模拟结果得到了激光重熔实验的证实。     

Co-Cr-C 合金在激光熔池中γ-Co 与 Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共晶生长的计算机模拟实验研究

计算机模拟技术为凝固组织选择形态的研究提供了强有力的手段。本文对 Co—Cr—C 合金系在激光重熔条件下γ—Co 与 Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共晶生长形态选择过程进行了模拟实验;提出了基本假设并认为在可能存在的各种生长形态中先导相生长前沿界面应具有最高温度或最低过冷度;依此建立相应的数模系统进行研究。对该合金系激光重熔时凝固组织生长形态选择演绎过程的模拟实验研究表明,Co—Cr—C 合金系存在着朝碳化物倾斜的γ—Co 与 Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共晶生长区。伪二元共晶合金在足够过冷条件时会在激光熔池中出现树枝晶形态的初生γ—Co 组织,并且共晶生长形态区将延伸到相当宽的过共晶合金成分区内。这些计算机模拟结果得到了激光重熔实验的证实。     

不同冷却条件下Al-Si/SiC颗粒系统二维凝固过程数值模拟

本文采用多相流模型对不同冷却条件下Al-Si/SiC系统二维凝固过程进行了数值模拟,对顶面冷却、底面冷却、侧面冷却和四面冷却条件下,无颗粒、小颗粒和大颗粒的情况进行了研究。溶质分布表明:对于分凝系数小于1的合金,先凝固的地方出现负偏析,后凝固的地方出现正偏析。顶面冷却和底面冷却时会出现A型偏析,侧面冷却和四面冷却时出现V型偏析。共晶分布验证了Scheil方程,共晶的产生会受到宏观偏析的影响,而且大颗粒的堆积会抑止共晶的产生。     

综论偏晶合金的制备技术:外场下凝固、快速凝固及激光技术

当偏晶合金液过冷至液相分离温度(Tsep)以下时,进入亚稳态难混溶区间,由单一液相分离成两个液相:L1(主体液相,质量分数大于50%)与L2(次生液相,收缩成液滴)。微观组织演化呈现三个阶段:(1)相分离自发进行阶段;(2)主体相合金熔体进入结晶过程;(3)残余的次生相合金熔体进入凝固阶段。尤其是当次生相凝固后弥散分布于主体相基体内时,偏晶合金具有高强、高导以及高耐磨性能,其在航空航天和汽车等工业领域具有重要的应用前景,长期以来受到了研究者的广泛关注。偏晶合金组织结构特征有两种,即第二相弥散型和核/壳结构型。然而,常规凝固条件下,制备的偏晶合金极易形成严重偏析或分层组织,导致制备大块匀质偏晶合金变得困难。为了深入研究偏晶合金液相分离行为,以及微结构特征对偏晶合金性能的影响,研究者提出了许多制备偏晶合金的方法。早在1958年,液相分离现象就在Cu-Fe偏晶合金中被发现,当即引起学者们的广泛关注。近年来,为了制备组织均匀和性能优异的偏晶合金,开发了许多外场作用下的偏晶合金制备方法,旨在消除常规重力场下熔体对流造成的凝固组织偏析、位错、空洞等缺陷。例如,在微重力场条件下,对流作用减弱,可制备接近无偏析的凝固组织;在电磁场条件下,实现了对材料工艺过程的控制和材料组织与性能的改善;在直流磁场和电场交互作用下,熔体流动得到抑制,实现了电磁搅拌控制凝固;在交流磁场和电场交互作用下,实现了电磁搅拌和电磁悬浮,达到减小偏析和改善组织结构特征的目的;在超声场作用下,实现了材料无容器凝固。此外,快速凝固是一个典型的非平衡相变过程,可以消除合金的溶质偏析,获得常规凝固条件下无法获得的成分、相结构和显微组织,显著提高合金的强度、塑性、韧性、延展性和磁性等。为深入了解各类偏晶合金的制备方法,本文主要从外场下凝固、快速凝固、激光技术角度综述了偏晶合金的各种凝固制备工艺和研究方法。     

一种含铼多晶铸造高温合金的凝固行为

在多晶铸造高温合金中加入铼并观察其铸态组织,发现在(γ+γ')共晶附近有μ相和类树枝晶γ'相析出,测定合金中各种相的形成顺序和共晶反应偏析,分析了初生μ相和类树枝晶γ'相的形成机理,研究了Re在多晶铸造高温合金凝固过程中的作用和对合金凝固组织的影响.     

定向凝固Cu-Cr自生复合材料的微观组织演变

为了研究定向凝固Cu-Cr自生复合材料的微观组织构成及其在不同凝固速度条件下的组织演变,在高梯度定向凝固装置上制备了Cu-1.0%Cr、Cu-1.7%Cr(质量分数)两种成分的Cu基自生复合材料,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜以及能谱分析进行了微观组织观察和相的成分分析.研究表明:Cu-1.0%Cr亚共晶合金定向凝固组织为初生α相和棒状(或针状)共晶体(α β)的混合组织;Cu-1.7%Cr过共晶合金为α相、初生β相和共晶(α β)的混合组织;随着凝固速度的提高,α相一次胞(枝)晶逐渐细化,晶间距逐渐减小;共晶体(α β)分布在α相胞(枝)晶间,起到强化基体的作用;初生β相呈颗粒状不均匀地分布在α相基体上.     

Microstructures and Vickers hardness of rapidly solidified Al-Cu alloys near the Al-Al2Cu equilibrium eutectic composition

Al-Cu alloys near the Al-Al₂Cu equilibrium eutectic composition were rapidly solidified by the single-roller method. Two-zone structures were observed in transverse sections of Al-24.8, 30.0, 32.7, 33.2, 37.0 and 40.3 mass % Cu alloy ribbons, which were interpreted on the basis of the difference in cooling rates and of the temperature gradients between the chilled and free-surface sides of the ribbons. Non-equilibrium eutectic structures, cellular and irregular lamellar, were seen at the chilled side because the alloy liquids were directionally solidified with coupled eutectic growth. The coupled zone of the Al-Cu alloy expanded over the composition range 24.8–40.3 mass % Cu by rapid solidification. Dendritic structures were formed at the unchilled side of Al-24.8, 30.0, 37.0 and 40.3 mass % Cu alloys. Vickers hardness values at the chilled side differed from those at the unchilled side due to the difference in the microstructure.     

Effects of high magnetic fields on solidified structures of Mn-90.4 wt% Sb hypoeutectic alloy

Mn-90.4 wt% Sb alloy specimens were solidified under both uniform magnetic field and magnetic field gradient conditions. The solidification behavior was examined to elucidate the effects of high magnetic fields on the solidified structure evolution of this hypoeutectic alloy. The macrostructures on the longitudinal section of the alloys were investigated by optical microscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The volume fraction of primary MnSb phases and the interrod spacing of the eutectic were measured by metallographic analysis. It was found that the segregation of the primary MnSb particles at the certain regions of the specimens occurred under the influence of high magnetic field gradients. The MnSb phases obtained under magnetic fields were oriented with their (h0 l) planes along the direction of the magnetic field. Both the volume fraction of primary MnSb phases and the interrod spacing of the eutectic were decreased upon the application of the high magnetic fields.     

激冷快速凝固Al-Cu共晶合金的层片失稳研究

目的 研究热处理条件下共晶层片组织的失稳机制,通过理论建模定量阐明控制层片失稳的关键因素。方法 以Al-Cu共晶合金为研究对象,采用铜模激冷的方法使合金发生激冷快速凝固,获得2个不同冷却速率下的细化共晶层片组织,进一步对所制备的样品进行不同温度及时间的退火处理。研究了退火条件下层片组织的失稳行为,进一步建立了层片失稳的理论解析模型,并基于模型,阐明了热处理条件下共晶层片失稳的机制。结果 凝固冷速为63 K/s和28 K/s的2个样品层片组织均发生了失稳,且在相同退火温度下,冷速为63 K/s的样品(初始共晶层片更细小)更易发生失稳,当退火温度及时间相同时,冷速为63 K/s的样品层片失稳程度更高。结论 在退火条件下,受瑞利不稳定性的影响,共晶层片失稳遵循由层片组织转为棒状组织、棒状组织转变为粒状组织的演变规律;层片厚度和退火温度是层片粒化的主要影响因素。     

Effects of high magnetic fields on solidified structures of Mn-90.4 wt% Sb hypoeutectic alloy

Abstract

Mn-90.4 wt% Sb alloy specimens were solidified under both uniform magnetic field and magnetic field gradient conditions. The solidification behavior was examined to elucidate the effects of high magnetic fields on the solidified structure evolution of this hypoeutectic alloy. The macrostructures on the longitudinal section of the alloys were investigated by optical microscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The volume fraction of primary MnSb phases and the interrod spacing of the eutectic were measured by metallographic analysis. It was found that the segregation of the primary MnSb particles at the certain regions of the specimens occurred under the influence of high magnetic field gradients. The MnSb phases obtained under magnetic fields were oriented with their (h0 l) planes along the direction of the magnetic field. Both the volume fraction of primary MnSb phases and the interrod spacing of the eutectic were decreased upon the application of the high magnetic fields.     

Influence of buoyancy convection on solute distribution in Pd40Ni40P20 alloy

The differences in the solute distribution in microstructure of Pd40Ni40P20 alloy solidified on board a Chinese retrievable satellite and on the ground were studied. In comparison with those crystallized under normal gravity conditions (1 g), it was found that the P content was lower, but the Pd content was higher in the primary phase in microgravity conditions ( g). In the eutectic region the P content, however, was increased but the Pd content was decreased. The differences in solute distribution crystallized under 1 g and g conditions show the influence of buoyancy convection on the mass transport coefficient in liquids under normal gravity conditions. © 1998 Chapman & Hall     

强磁场对过共晶铝硅合金中初晶Si分布的影响

对Al-18% (质量分数) Si合金进行磷盐变质处理,分别在变质剂反应温度保温20,40min,发现不施加强磁场条件下,凝固组织中的初晶Si相集中在试样周边附近,试样中心处为共晶组织.施加强磁场条件下,凝固组织中的初晶Si相分布在整个试样中.施加强磁场后试样中的初晶Si的尺寸比没有被施加强磁场的试样中的初晶Si尺寸大.     

Effects of Alloying Elements on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Heavy Section Ductile Cast Iron

The effects of alloying elements on the as-cast microstructures and mechanical properties of heavy section ductile cast iron were investigated to develop press die material having high strength and high ductility. Measurements of ultimate tensile strength, 0.2% proof strength, elongation and unnotched Charpy impact energy are presented as a function of alloy amounts within 0.25 to 0.75 wt pct range. Hardness is measured on the broken tensile specimens. The small additions of Mo, Cu, Ni and Cr changed the-as-cast mechanical properties owing to the different as-cast matrix microstructures. The ferrite matrix of Mo and Ni alloyed cast iron exhibits low strength and hardness as well as high elongation and impact energy. The increase in Mo and Ni contents developed some fractions of pearlite structures near the austenite eutectic cell boundaries, which caused the elongation and impact energy to drop in a small range. Adding Cu and Cr elements rapidly changed the ferrite matrix into pearlite matrix, so strength and hardness were significantly increased. As more Mo and Cr were added, the size and fraction of primary carbides in the eutectic cell boundaries increased through the segregation of these elements into the intercellular boundaries.     

直流电场对Al-Si共晶合金凝固组织的影响

研究了直流电场作用下Al Si共晶凝固组织的变化。试验结果表明:电场作用改变了共晶Si的生长形态,随着电流密度的增加,共晶Si的形态经历一次细化的过程。初步分析了电场作用造成上述结果的机理。     

超重力下Pb—Sn合金定向凝固组织和形态

采用臂长为１．３ｍ的离心机实现１、５、１０和１５克四个重力水平；利用Ｂｒｉｄｇｍａｎ法使Ｐｂ－Ｓｎ共晶在超重力下单向凝固发现Ｐｂ－Ｓｎ共晶生长形态因重力水平而异；１克时为挺直的片晶，５、１０克时呈胞枝状生长，１５克时又以一种挺直的片晶方式生长；共晶组织形态的差异是由于不同重力水平下浮力对流干扰特性不同所致。     

超重力对铅锡共晶凝固组织的影响

采用臂长为1．3m的离心机实现1、5、10、15g（1g=9．8m·s-2）四个重力水平；利用Bridgman法使Ph－Sn共晶单向凝固，以观察重力对凝固组织的影响结果表明，随重力水平的提高，共晶晶团尺寸减小，而共晶相间距不变，表明浮力才流不影响并晶相间的溶质交换