减少耻骨后前列腺癌根治术并发症的体会

目的探讨耻骨后前列腺癌根治术手术技巧及改进,减少手术并发症。方法对16例前列腺癌患者进行耻骨后前列腺癌根治术。结果16例患者手术顺利,平均手术时间3.5h,术中平均出血量700ml,术中无直肠损伤者。术后尿瘘1例,尿道狭窄1例,无尿失禁。结论有效控制背深静脉丛,精细解剖前列腺尖部,保护尿控神经,以及良好的尿道膀胱吻合术能有效地减少手术并发症。     

前列腺癌根治术中保护控尿功能的技巧

目的：探讨改进前列腺癌根治术的手术技巧，促进患者术后控尿功能的恢复。方法：对T1～T2期前列腺癌患者36例行保护控尿功能的解剖性耻骨后前列腺癌根治术。结果：手术平均时间3h20min．术中平均出血量420ml，输血19例。术后病理检查肿瘤局限于包膜内者34例，切缘阳性1例．盆腔淋巴结微转移1例。随访11～58个月．平均26个月，均生存。术后拔除导尿管1周内立即控尿23例(63．9％)．3个月时控尿30例(83．3％)，6个月时控尿33例(91.7％)．12个月时全部恢复控尿(100％)。结论：解剖性耻骨后前列腺癌根治术中注意肿瘤切除原则．保护控尿神经、肌肉和筋膜．可缩短术后控尿功能的恢复时间，提高控尿率。     

前列腺增生症术后行前列腺癌根治术的临床观察

目的：总结前列腺增生症术后行耻骨后前列腺癌根治手术的体会。方法：对11例经尿道前列腺电切、2例经耻骨上前列腺切除术后病理检查证实为前列腺癌的患者行耻骨后前列腺癌根治术，患者平均年龄65岁，TNM分期为T1a-b 4例，T1c 8例，T2b 1例。结果：13例平均随访2年，全部无瘤存活，1例发生尿道狭窄，1例发生轻度尿失禁，最大尿流率15～32ml／min，3例恢复性功能。结论：前列腺增生症术后前列腺尖部有一定程度粘连，在耻骨后前列腺癌根治术中，通过仔细解剖，采用保护耻骨前列腺韧带和膜部括约肌的方法，同样可获得满意的尿控效果。     

提高腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后控尿的临床研究

目的 分析总结腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术51例手术控尿技术的经验.方法 回顾性总结腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者51例.术前均病理证实前列腺癌诊断.T la～1b 4例(8%),T 1c 15例(29%),T2a 7例(14%),T2b 5例(10%),T2c 20例(39%).结果 腹腔镜下成功完成前列腺癌根治术49例.术后发生尿漏3例,均自愈.术后尿管留置14～45 d,平均16 d.术后随访3～53个月,平均17个月.术后3个月随访51例患者,13例尿失禁;术后6个月随访39例患者,7例尿失禁;术后12个月随访患者20例,5例尿失禁,其中完全性尿失禁1例.前20例和后31例在术后3个月时尿失禁发生率分别为6/20(30%)和7/31(22%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).直肠损伤2例,行结肠造口术.术后复发2例,一例行内分泌治疗后停药.另一例肺转移手术后死亡.其余病例前列腺特异抗原<0.2μL.结论 腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗局限性前列腺癌是安全、有效的.术后控尿功能主要与术中前列腺尖部、耻骨前列腺韧带和神经血管束的处理及手术经验相关.     

保留尿控功能在耻骨后前列腺癌根治术的应用

目的:探讨保护耻骨前列腺韧带和保护尿道膜部括约肌群在耻骨后前列腺癌根治术后减少尿失禁的作用.方法:Ⅰ组32例前列腺癌按常规操作行耻骨后前列腺癌根治术,Ⅱ组32例前列腺癌采用保留耻骨前列腺韧带和尿道膜部括约肌群的方法行耻骨后前列腺癌根治术,术后1、3、6、12个月分别随访尿失禁情况.结果:两组年龄和PSA无显著差异,两组前列腺尖端切缘均无肿瘤残留,前列腺侧缘阳性率类似.Ⅱ组术后1、3、6个月尿控效果明显优于I组(P<0.05),但1年随访,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组尿控效果类似.结论:在耻骨后前列腺癌根治术中保留耻骨前列腺韧带作用和尿道膜部括约肌群有显著提高近期尿控的效果,但1年随访两组尿控率无明显差异.     

保留神经血管束的耻骨后前列腺癌根治术的疗效观察

目的：小结开展保留神经血管束的耻骨后前列腺癌根治术（RRP）的经验和教训。方法：对40例穿刺活检证实的前列腺癌患者行RRP，术前采用新辅助治疗，术中采用保护尿道膜部括约肌和前列腺侧旁神经血管束，并在重建膀胱颈部粘膜充分外翻后的后壁行折叠缝合1针。间断、无张力行残留尿道和外翻的膀胱颈缝合。结果：经3～78个月随访，全部患者排尿通畅，无肿瘤复发；除2例发生轻度尿失禁外，余38例在6个月内均恢复尿控能力。结论：充分做好耻骨后前列腺癌根治术前的准备工作，有利于手术操作；术中保护好尿道膜部括约肌和前列腺侧旁神经血管束，在充分外翻膀胱粘膜的重建膀胱颈后壁折叠缝合，能减少前列腺癌根治术后尿失禁的发生。     

腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术中尿控功能保护的方法和手术技巧

目的探讨腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术中尿控功能的保护,预防术后尿失禁的手术方法及技巧。方法对2008年10月至2012年6月施行的81例腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术资料进行回顾性研究。81例TNM分期为T1C～T2C的前列腺癌患者行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术,其中经腹膜外径路15例,经腹腔途径66例。术中注重以下策略：①可靠处理背血管复合体;②尽量保留神经血管束,对部分低危患者施行筋膜内根治性前列腺切除术;③保留足够的功能性尿道;④黏膜对黏膜无张力吻合。所有患者于术后1、3、6和12个月随访尿控情况。结果术后留置导尿管7～23d。所有患者均随访满6个月,77例患者随访满12个月。术后6个月,白天62例（76．5％）患者尿控良好,尿失禁19例;夜间68例（84．0％）患者尿控良好,尿失禁13例。术后12个月,白天70例（90．9％）患者尿控良好,尿失禁7例;夜间74例（96．1％）患者尿控良好,仍有尿失禁3例。筋膜内根治性前列腺切除术5例,术后7～11d拔除导尿管后,仅1例白天有尿失禁,随访至术后3个月,已无一例存在尿失禁。随访期间无一例出现尿道狭窄。结论腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术后的尿控功能恢复是渐进式的,绝大多数患者在术后12个月恢复尿控能力。术野清晰,努力做到解剖性前列腺切除,保留尽可能多的功能性尿道长度,黏膜对黏膜无张力吻合（避免术后尿道狭窄）,将膜部尿道缝合至趾骨后就能获得良好的尿控效果。对低危的前列腺癌患者施行筋膜内根治性前列腺切除术将能获得最佳尿控结果。     

个体化改良术式防止前列腺癌根治术后尿失禁

目的：探讨前列腺癌根治术中保护控尿功能的方法。方法：对51例临床局限性前列腺癌患者(TNM分期为T1a～3hN0M0)，采用个体化改良术式行耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术，术中为保留控尿功能仔细解剖前列腺尖部并作无张力膀胱颈一尿道残端吻合。结果：术后12～14d拔除尿管时22例(43．1％)控尿满意，术后1个月45例(88．2％)控尿满意．术后3个月至今，所有患者控尿满意。平均随访14个月(3～24个月)，随访期间无生化复发及尿道狭窄发生。结论：术中注意以下几点可提高耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术后的控尿功能：①良好控制背静脉丛以获得无血手术视野；②在保证尖部切除范围前提下，尽量延长功能性尿道长度；③根据术中具体解剖情况再造膀胱颈口；④膀胱黏膜外翻并与尿道残端无张力吻合(7针或9针缝合法)，减少术后漏尿及尿道狭窄发生。     

提高前列腺癌根治术后尿控能力的临床研究

目的：探讨提高前列腺癌根治术后尿控能力的方法。方法：对15例前列腺癌采用保留尿道膜部括约肌及前列腺侧旁神经血管束的方法进行前列腺癌根治术。结果：经6—45个月随访，15例患者排尿通畅，无肿瘤复发，除1例有轻度尿失禁外，余14例6个月内均恢复尿控能力。结论：保留尿道膜部括约肌及前列腺侧旁神经血管束的方法能减低前列腺癌根治术后尿失禁。     

耻骨后顺行前列腺癌根治术(附16例报告)

目的探讨前列腺癌根治术的手术方式。方法对１９８６年８月～１９９７年８月１６例耻骨后顺行前列腺根治术的临床Ｂ期前列腺癌患者进行回顾性总结。结果无直肠、输尿管损伤,无完全性尿失禁及手术死亡发生,术后尿流率、国际前列腺症状评分（ＩＰＳＳ）、生活质量（ＱＯＬ）评分和剩余尿（ＲＵ）均有显著性改善,阳萎发生率较高,达８３％。结论耻骨后顺行前列腺根治术解剖层次清晰,较易掌握,除阳萎外,其它并发症发生率较低。     

Preservation of Putative Continence Nerves during Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy Leads to More Rapid Return of Urinary Continence

Objectives. Urinary incontinence is a significant complication of radical pelvic surgery. A better understanding of the neuroanatomy of the rhabdosphincter has led to the modification of the radical retropubic prostatectomy to optimize the recovery of postoperative urinary control.Methods. Mock radical retropubic prostatectomy was performed on fresh cadavers to determine which surgical maneuvers could injure what may be the continence nerves. To assess the clinical significance of modifying the radical retropubic prostatectomy based on these anatomic studies, a contemporary series of 60 consecutive patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy with continence nerve preservation was compared with a control group of 38 consecutive patients who had a standard anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy.Results. At the level of the prostatic apex, both the pelvic and pudendal nerves gave intrapelvic branches that bilaterally coursed to the external urinary sphincter to enter at the 5 and 7 o’clock positions. The mock radical prostatectomy revealed that the nerves to the external urinary sphincter were most prone to injury when a right angle clamp was used to develop a plane between the posterior rhabdosphincter and anterior rectum and if the urethral anastomotic sutures were placed at the 5 and 7 o’clock positions. In addition, blunt dissection of the tips of the seminal vesicles injured the inferior hypogastric plexus. Modifications to preserve the continence nerves were incorporated in the anatomic radical prostatectomy. Although overall continence rates were similar for the two groups (98.3% for continence nerve-preserving radical prostatectomy versus 92.1% for standard prostatectomy), continence nerve preservation decreased the time to achieve continence.Conclusions. During radical retropubic prostatectomy, surgical maneuvers that avoid injury to the continence nerves resulted in the more rapid return of urinary control.     

Delayed recovery of urinary continence after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

AIM: To study the rate at which patients regained urinary continence during our institution's early experience with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. METHODS: The urinary continence of 34 patients was recorded at various intervals following laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. These data were compared with those from 49 patients who had undergone radical retropubic prostatectomy. RESULTS: For laparoscopic prostatectomy patients, 2.9% had regained urinary continence at 1 month, 29.4% at 3 months, 46.9% at 6 months, 56.0% at 9 months and 60.0% at 12 months. For retropubic prostatectomy patients, the corresponding rates were 22.4% at 1 month, 63.3% at 3 months, 84.1% at 6 months, 92.9% at 9 months and 92.9% at 12 months. Backward stepwise logistic regression analysis indicated that laparoscopic surgery itself significantly predicted urinary incontinence at every interval from 1 to 9 months following surgery (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients' postoperative recovery of urinary continence was not satisfactory in our early experience with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Further efforts to elucidate the reason for this poor functional outcome are mandatory before the procedure is accepted as part of standard practice.     

The impact of open radical retropubic prostatectomy on continence and lower urinary tract symptoms: a prospective assessment using validated self-administered outcome instruments

PURPOSE: We determined the impact of radical retropubic prostatectomy on continence and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between October 2000 and August 2002, 500 men with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy by a single surgeon, and completed the UCLA Prostate Cancer Index and American Urological Association (AUA) symptom index at baseline, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after radical prostatectomy. Univariate analysis was performed to identify factors predisposing the early return of continence. RESULTS: A total of 100%, 98.3%, 97.1%, 94.2% and 98.6% of patients filled out the UCLA Prostate Cancer Index and AUA symptom index at baseline, and 3, 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Based on protective pad requirement or frequency of incontinence 100%, 90.9%, 87.2%, 92.1% and 98.5% vs 98.8%, 80.6%, 91.2%, 95.2% and 98.5% of men were continent at baseline, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery, respectively. Age, severity of lower urinary tract symptoms, Gleason score, nerve sparing status, blood loss or presence of benign prostatic tissue in the apical soft tissue margin did not predict early return of continence. All of the individual urinary symptoms captured by the AUA symptom score showed significant improvement after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Radical prostatectomy was associated with a mean 5.4 unit decrease in AUA symptom score (40% decrease) in men with baseline moderate/severe LUTS (AUA symptom score 8 or greater). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of men regain continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy and maximal continence is achieved by 24 months. No factors were identified that predicted early return of continence in our cohort of men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Radical prostatectomy has a clinically significant impact on improving LUTS.     

Open versus laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a prospective comparison of postoperative urinary incontinence rates

PURPOSE: We compared the 12-month postoperative urinary incontinence rates of open radical retropubic and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included all men with clinically localized prostate cancer scheduled for radical prostatectomy (open retropubic or laparoscopic) at the University of Alberta between October 1999 and July 2002. Preoperative evaluation included a 24-hour pad test, fluid volume voiding diary and International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaire. Postoperative evaluation included a 24-hour pad test at 3 and 12 months, as well as a voiding diary and International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaire at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 239 patients met the eligibility criteria and consented to participate (172 open radical retropubic prostatectomy, 67 laparoscopic radical prostatectomy). Of the patients 87% (148) treated with open radical retropubic prostatectomy and 88% (57) of those treated with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy completed 12-month followup (p = 0.50). According to 24-hour pad testing 13% of those treated with open radical retropubic prostatectomy and 17% of those treated with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy remained incontinent at 1 year (p = 0.26). There was no difference in 24-hour pad weight, urinary symptom score and urinary quality of life at 1 year between the open and laparoscopic groups overall, or when stratified according to 12-month continence status. The majority of subjects in both groups described mild symptoms and a general satisfaction with urinary quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Based on objective and subjective measures, there were no differences in urinary functional outcomes 1 year after open radical retropubic prostatectomy or laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Urinary incontinence was found to affect a similar proportion of patients who underwent open (13%) and laparoscopic (17%) radical prostatectomy 12 months postoperatively.     

Urinary continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy: a modification in the technique of apical dissection

Urinary incontinence impairs the quality of life for patients following radical prostatectomy. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 36 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy between 1987 and 2002, and achieved the time from operation until urinary continence. A modification in the technique of apical dissection was introduced in 1999 and applied in 12 cases of consecutive radical prostatectomy. The principles for this technique were based on sharp division of the dorsal vein complex, continuous suturing cut edges of lateral pelvic fascia, and anterior anastomotic sutures including lateral pelvic fascia as well as urethra and bladder neck. None of the patients undergoing the new technique used pads at 6 months. With introduction of this technique, the rate of continence at 12 months increased from 58.3 to 100.0%. Our results suggest that the surgical technique of apical dissection is an important factor associated with postprostatectomy in continence.     

Nerve sparing open radical retropubic prostatectomy--does it have an impact on urinary continence?

PURPOSE: We prospectively assessed the role of nerve sparing surgery on urinary continence after open radical retropubic prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated a consecutive series of 536 patients who underwent open radical retropubic prostatectomy with attempted bilateral, unilateral or no nerve sparing, as defined by the surgeon, without prior radiotherapy at a minimum followup of 1 year with documented assessment of urinary continence status. Because outlet obstruction may influence continence rates, its incidence and management was also evaluated. RESULTS: One year after surgery 505 of 536 patients (94.2%) were continent, 27 (5%) had grade I stress incontinence and 4 (0.8%) had grade II stress incontinence. Incontinence was found in 1 of 75 (1.3%), 11 of 322 (3.4%) and 19 of 139 patients (13.7%) with attempted bilateral, attempted unilateral and without attempted nerve sparing, respectively. The proportional differences were highly significant, favoring a nerve sparing technique (p <0.0001). On multiple logistic regression analysis attempted nerve sparing was the only statistically significant factor influencing urinary continence after open radical retropubic prostatectomy (OR 4.77, 95% CI 2.18 to 10.44, p = 0.0001). Outlet obstruction at the anastomotic site in 33 of the 536 men (6.2%) developed at a median of 8 weeks (IQR 4 to 12) and was managed by dilation or an endoscopic procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of incontinence after open radical retropubic prostatectomy is low and continence is highly associated with a nerve sparing technique. Therefore, nerve sparing should be attempted in all patients if the principles of oncological surgery are not compromised.     

Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence after Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose

We identified risk factors associated with urinary incontinence after radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Materials and Methods

The time from operation until urinary continence was achieved was determined by chart review and questionnaire in 581 patients who were continent before undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy between 1983 and 1994. Using univariate and multivariate analyses of data gathered prospectively, we examined risk factors associated with incontinence in these patients.

Results

The actuarial rate of urinary continence at 24 months was 91 percent for the entire patient populations and 95 percent for those treated after 1990. Many factors were associated with the risk of incontinence in univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (patient age and weight, degree of obstructive voiding symptoms, prior transurethral resection of the prostate, clinical stage, intraoperative blood loss, resection of neurovascular bundles, postoperative anastomotic stricture and technique of vesicourethral anastomosis). However, in a multivariate analysis the factors that were independently associated with increased chance of regaining continence were decreasing age, a modification in the technique of anastomosis (introduced in 1990), preservation of both neurovascular bundles and absence of an anastomotic stricture. With introduction of the new surgical technique in 1990 the median time to continence decreased from 5.6 to 1.5 months and the rate of continence at 24 months increased from 82 to 95 percent.

Conclusions

While the risk of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy is related to the uncontrollable factor of patient age, it is also sensitive to the surgical technique used.     

Seminal vesicle-sparing radical prostatectomy: a novel concept to restore early urinary continence

OBJECTIVES: Urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy continues to be a distressing problem, even with preservation of the neurovascular bundles and meticulous apical dissection. Recent studies suggest that motor and sensory components of the pelvic nerve may be affected by surgery, since both components are anatomically located in intimate contact with the seminal vesicles. We propose seminal vesicle-sparing radical prostatectomy to preserve pelvic innervation and improve the rate of urinary continence. METHODS: Fifty-four patients were enrolled in this prospective study. A standard retropubic radical prostatectomy was performed in 34 patients. A seminal vesicle-sparing radical prostatectomy was performed in a pilot series of 20 consecutive patients. The seminal vesicle tip and surrounding tissue were preserved and carefully handled. In all patients, a modified pad test and posterior urethral sensory threshold test were performed preoperatively and 6 weeks and 6 months postoperatively and correlated with urinary continence. RESULTS: The intraoperative preservation of the seminal vesicle tip was possible in all patients in this pilot series (n = 20). In the seminal vesicle-sparing radical prostatectomy group, the continence rate was 60% after 6 weeks and 95% after 6 months. These rates were significantly higher than the continence rates in the standard prostatectomy group (18% and 82% at 6 weeks and 6 months, respectively). The sensory threshold levels in the seminal vesicle-sparing group were similar to the preoperative values and were significantly lower than the postoperative threshold levels in the standard prostatectomy group. CONCLUSIONS: Seminal vesicle tip-sparing radical prostatectomy may be a surgical option to preserve pelvic innervation and maintain urinary continence after radical prostatectomy. Further randomized studies are necessary to elucidate the impact of seminal vesicle-sparing radical prostatectomy on restoration of urinary continence.     

Clinical usefulness of pelvic floor reeducation for men undergoing radical prostatectomy

INTRODUCTION: Urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy is a significant clinical problem. We evaluated the clinical usefulness of early-onset pelvic floor reeducation (EPFR) as compared with later-onset pelvic floor reeducation (LPFR) in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The continence status of 132 consecutive patients who underwent retropubic radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer was assessed 1 year later by a standardized questionnaire. Fifty-eight patients started EPFR 7 days after surgery. Fifty-five patients attended LPFR 4 weeks after surgery. Forty-six patients received no pelvic floor retraining, 28 attended LPFR without EPFR, 27 patients received EPFR and LPFR, and 31 patients attended EPFR without LPFR. RESULTS: Overall, 87 men were continent, 37 patients felt moderately incontinent, and 8 men suffered from severe incontinence. We could not observe a statistically significant influence of any kind of pelvic floor reeducation on continence status, time to continence, frequency or volume of urine loss, or the use of pads. CONCLUSION: A routine prophylactic use of combined EPFR and LPFR in all patients does not seem to be justified.     

Outcome of precise vesicourethral anastomosis following retropubic radical prostatectomy using a Foley catheter

PURPOSE: In order to evaluate precise anastomosis using a Foley catheter, complications following radical retropubic prostatectomy were examined. METHODS: Twenty-one patients underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy. Precise vesicourethral anastomosis was performed, visualizing the urethral stump by raising up the urogenital diaphragm using a Foley catheter. Complications, such as prolonged urinary extravasation and temporary urinary retention, were checked when the catheter was removed. Incontinence was evaluated both within 6 weeks and more than 6 weeks after operation. Anastomotic and urethral strictures were also checked during follow up. RESULTS: The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 47 months (mean (+/- SD) 22.0 +/- 12.1 months). Eighteen of 21 patients (85.7%) achieved continence after the operation. However, two patients still had stress incontinence and one patient had mild incontinence. Neither prolonged urinary extravasation nor temporally urinary retention were observed. Anastomotic and urethral stricture were not experienced during follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Precise anastomosis using a Foley catheter is technically easy and useful, even for relatively inexperienced urologists, to perform. Patients can often achieve continence following this procedure.