Geometrically invariant image watermarking using SVR correction in NSCT domain

Based on the support vector regression (SVR) geometric distortions correction, we propose a robust image watermarking algorithm in nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) domain with good visual quality and reasonable resistance toward geometric attacks in this paper. Firstly, the NSCT is performed on original host image, and corresponding low-pass subband is selected for embedding watermark. Then, the selected low-pass subband is divided into small blocks. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into host image by modulating the NSCT coefficients in small blocks. In digital watermark detecting procedure, the SVR geometrical distortions correction is utilized. Experimental results show that the proposed image watermarking is invisible, and robust against common image processing and some geometrical attacks.     

A new robust digital watermarking based on exponent moments invariants in nonsubsampled contourlet transform domain

Geometric distortions are usually difficult for watermark to survive. It is a challenging work to design a robust image watermarking scheme against geometric distortions. Exponent moments (EMs) is a new kind of orthogonal moment defined on the circular domain. EMs are free of numerical instability so that high order moments can be computed accurately. The modulus of EMs is invariant to geometric transformation. In this paper, we propose a new robust image watermarking based on EMs invariants in nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) domain. Firstly, the NSCT, which has better directional frequency localization and a fast implementation, is applied on host image. Secondly, the EMs of the low-pass NSCT subband are computed, and the accurate EMs are selected. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded by quantizing the modulus of the selected EMs. Experimental results confirm the validity of our approach and its higher robustness against geometric distortions.     

Robust digital watermarking in PDTDFB domain based on least squares support vector machine

Geometric distortion is known as one of the most difficult attacks to resist, for it can desynchronize the location of the watermark and hence causes incorrect watermark detection. It is a challenging work to design a robust image watermarking scheme against geometric distortions. Based on the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) geometric distortions correction, we propose a new image watermarking scheme in shiftable complex directional pyramid (PDTDFB) domain with good visual quality and reasonable resistance toward geometric distortions in this paper. Firstly, the PDTDFB decomposition is performed on the original host image. Then, the corresponding lowpass subband is divided into small blocks. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into host image by modulating the selected lowpass PDTDFB coefficients in small blocks. The main steps of digital watermark detecting procedure include: (1) the PDTDFB decomposition is performed on the test images, and some low-order Gaussian–Hermite moment energy of highpass subbands are computed, which are regarded as the effective feature vectors; (2) the appropriate kernel function is selected for training, and a LS-SVM training model can be obtained; (3) the watermarked image is corrected with the well trained LS-SVM model; and (4) the digital watermark is extracted from the corrected watermarked image. Experimental results show that the proposed image watermarking is not only invisible and robust against common image processing operations such as filtering, noise adding, and JPEG compression etc, but also robust against the geometrical distortions.     

A robust image watermarking algorithm using SVR detection

Geometric distortion is known as one of the most difficult attacks to resist. Geometric distortion desynchronizes the location of the watermark and hence causes incorrect watermark detection. According to the Support Vector Regression (SVR), a new image watermarking detection algorithm against geometric attacks is proposed in this paper, in which the steady Pseudo-Zernike moments and Krawtchouk moments are utilized. The host image is firstly transformed from rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates, and the Pseudo-Zernike moments of the host image are computed. Then some low-order Pseudo-Zernike moments are selected, and the digital watermark is embedded into the cover image by quantizing the magnitudes of the selected Pseudo-Zernike moments. The main steps of watermark detecting procedure include: (i) some low-order Krawtchouk moments of the image are calculated, which are taken as the eigenvectors; (ii) the geometric transformation parameters are regarded as the training objective, the appropriate kernel function is selected for training, and a SVR training model can be obtained; (iii) the Krawtchouk moments of test image are selected as input vector, the actual output (geometric transformation parameters) is predicted by using the well trained SVR, and the geometric correction is performed on the test image by using the obtained geometric transformation parameters; (iv) the digital watermark is extracted from the corrected test image. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking detection algorithm is not only robust against common signal processing such as filtering, sharpening, noise adding, and JPEG compression etc., but also robust against the geometric attacks such as rotation, translation, scaling, cropping and combination attacks, etc.     

可有效抵抗一般性几何攻击的数字水印检测方法

以回归型支持向量机理论为基础, 结合性能稳定的伪Zernike矩和Krawtchouk矩, 提出了一种可有效抵抗一般性几何攻击的强鲁棒数字图像水印检测算法. 该算法首先选取图像的低阶Krawtchouk矩作为特征向量, 然后利用SVR对几何变换参数进行训练学习并对待检测图像进行数据预测, 最后对其进行几何校正并提取水印信息. 仿真实验结果表明, 该数字图像水印检测算法不仅具有较好的不可感知性, 而且对常规信号处理和一般性几何攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性.     

基于SIFT的椭圆区域鲁棒数字水印方案

如何有效抵抗去同步攻击是数字图像水印研究领域的热点问题之一。利用图像仿射协变特征,提出一种可有效抵抗去同步攻击的鲁棒水印算法。对目前流行的利用多尺度Harris和SIFT描述算子来匹配图像的方法,后者有较好的匹配效果,对恢复同步水印更加稳定,并且能较好抵抗去同步攻击。该算法利用性能稳定的SIFT算子提取图像特征点,并通过基于最小生成树聚类算法的选择策略获得一组稳定且彼此独立的椭圆仿射协变特征区域,基于特征区域,利用椭圆归一化得到具有缩放和旋转不变性的圆形区域。将圆形区域进行非下采样轮廓变换（NSCT）,其中非下采样轮廓变换不仅克服了小波（Wavelet）变换的非奇异性最优基缺点,而且提供了优于轮廓（Contourlet）变换的平移不变性。将水印嵌入变换后的低频子带中。该算法实现盲提取,仿真实验结果表明,提出的算法是有效的且对常规图像处理、几何攻击以及组合攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性。     

一种新的基于伪Zernike矩的图像盲水印算法

抵抗几何攻击的鲁棒性是目前数字水印技术中的热点也是难点。提出一种新的基于伪Zernike矩的图像盲水印算法,首先计算图像归一化后的伪Zernike矩,然后选取部分合适的矩通过量化调制嵌入水印信息。水印提取时,利用伪Zernike矩的相位信息估计旋转角度进行几何校正,以提高矩的几何不变性。实验结果表明,本算法对于抗几何攻击尤其是旋转攻击具有很好的鲁棒性,同时也能抵抗常规的信号处理攻击。     

一种基于SVR几何校正的数字水印检测算法

以回归型支持向量机（SVR）理论基础,提出了一种可有效抵抗几何攻击的图像水印检测新算法.该算法首先选取图像的组合矩作为特征向量,并通过SVR对旋转、缩放、平移等几何变换参数进行训练学习,以获得SVR训练模型;然后利用SVR训练模型对待检测图像进行数据预测,并结合预测输出结果对其进行几何校正;最后从已校正数字图像内提取出水印信息.仿真实验结果表明,本文算法对常规信号处理（滤波、叠加噪声、JPEG压缩等）和几何攻击（旋转、缩放、平移、剪切等）均具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于DWT-DCT和Zernike矩的灰度级鲁棒性水印算法

鲁棒性是数字水印极为重要的指标.目前大多数文献中的鲁棒性水印方案对常规信号处理攻击均具有良好的鲁棒性,但抗几何攻击的鲁棒性相对较弱.提出了一种新的灰度级鲁棒性水印算法,对常规信号处理攻击和几何攻击均具有良好的鲁棒性.水印算法的鲁棒性由以下3方面获得:1)选择载体图像的内切圆盘作为Zernike矩的计算域,选择内切圆盘的内接正方形作为水印的嵌入区域.2)在载体图像嵌入区域的层叠DWT-DCT域嵌入水印,获得对常规信号处理攻击的强鲁棒性.3)保存原始含水印图像的2个Zernike矩作为校正几何攻击的参数,获得抗几何攻击能力.实验结果表明,该水印算法嵌入容量大,不仅对大角度旋转和大尺度缩放等几何攻击具有很好的鲁棒性,而且可以有效地抵抗有损压缩和常规信号处理攻击.     

A novel color image watermarking scheme in nonsampled contourlet-domain

Geometric distortion is known as one of the most difficult attacks to resist, for it can desynchronize the location of the watermark and hence causes incorrect watermark detection. It is a challenging work to design a robust color image watermarking scheme against geometric distortions. Based on the support vector regression (SVR) and nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT), we propose a new color image watermarking algorithm with good visual quality and reasonable resistance toward geometric distortions in this paper. Firstly, the geometrically invariant space is constructed by using color image normalization, and a significant region is obtained from the normalized color image by utilizing the invariant centroid theory. Then, the NSCT is performed on the green channel of the significant region. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into host color image by modifying the low frequency NSCT coefficients, in which the HVS masking is used to control the watermark embedding strength. In watermark detection, according to the high correlation among different channels of the color image, the digital watermark can be recovered by using SVR technique. Experimental results show that the proposed color image watermarking is not only invisible and robust against common image processing operations such as filtering, noise adding, and JPEG compression etc., but also robust against the geometrical distortions.     

基于几何校正与非下采样Shearlet变换的图像水印算法

为了解决当前图像水印技术难以抵御几何失真,使其鲁棒性较低与误检率较高的问题,提出了几何校正与非下采样Shearlet变换的图像水印算法.首先,引入Cat映射,对水印信息图像进行置乱;随后,借助非下采样Shearlet变换机制,对载体图像进行处理,获取低通子带和高通子带,并将低通子带分割为尺寸相同的小块;通过修改低通子带的Shearlet系数,建立水印嵌入机制,将水印信息植入到载体图像中,获取水印密文;构建几何失真图像训练样本,基于极谐变换,计算水印图像的极谐变换系数模,充分描述其鲁棒特征;基于模糊支持向量机,预测几何失真参数,对水印图像进行几何校正;最后,再次利用非下采样Shearlet变换处理校正水印图像,获取低通子带小块,设计水印提取方法,复原其水印信息.实验结果显示：与当前图像水印算法相比,所提算法具有更高的不可感知能力与鲁棒性,对于各种几何攻击,所提取技术的复原水印与初始水印的相关系数均要高于0.95.     

基于小波矩的抗几何攻击数字图像水印算法研究

针对旋转、缩放和平移等几何攻击破坏水印检测同步,从而导致水印检测失败等问题,利用归一化图像的缩放、平移不变性及小波矩的旋转不变特性,结合奇偶量化技术,提出了一种有效抵抗几何攻击的数字图像水印新算法。首先利用图像归一化技术将原始载体映射到几何不变空间内;然后计算归一化图像的小波矩,并选取部分稳定的低阶小波矩用于水印嵌入;最后利用奇偶量化方法将水印信息嵌入到所选小波矩的不变量内。仿真实验结果表明,该图像水印方案不仅具有良好的透明性,而且具有较强的抵抗常规信号处理、几何攻击、联合攻击等能力。     

Contourlet-based image and video watermarking robust to geometric attacks and compressions

In this paper, we first propose a new blind image watermarking scheme robust to geometric attacks and compressions. The scheme is based on contourlet transform (CT) and principal component analysis (PCA). The scheme uses the principal components of the largest contourlet coefficients of the last directional subband of the cover image to embed the watermark. Meanwhile, with the noise visibility function (NVF), the watermarking strength is adjusted adaptively to preserve the perceptual quality of the image. The watermark can be detected with high accuracy after various possible distortions. The normalized correlation (NC) between the original watermark and the watermark extracted from the distorted watermarked image is used as the robustness evaluation criterion. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has good performance in terms of both quality and robustness against a variety of image-processing attacks, such as rotation, scaling and image compressions. Then we extend the scheme to blind video watermarking. The performance of the video watermarking scheme is evaluated against video attacks like rotation, frame averaging, noise additions and video compressions. The introduction of the CT produces robustness against image and video compressions, and the PCA yields resistance to geometric attacks.

     

Novel robust image watermarking based on subsampling and DWT

This paper presents a robust digital image watermarking scheme based on subsampling and DWT. Subsampling is firstly used to construct a subimage sequence as a video segment. Then, a random watermark sequence satisfied with Gaussian distribution is block-wised embedded into the DWT domain of these subimages repeatedly using the video watermarking technique. And watermark is detected through computing correlation between watermark and watermarked frames. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves good robustness against JPEG compression, common image processing operation and geometric distortions. Furthermore, the proposed watermarking scheme is also robust against linear collusion and other video watermarking attacks.     

基于SIFT的NSCT-SVD域水印算法

提出一种利用尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）关键点对图像几何校正的非抽样Contourlet变换-奇异值分解域（NSCT-SVD）彩色图像水印算法。该算法利用蓝色与绿色分量的NSCT域低频子块的最大奇异值的关系,在蓝色分量上嵌入经过混沌加密的水印信息。水印检测时,先利用红色分量NSCT域低频系数上匹配的SIFT关键点信息对被检测图像进行几何攻击校正,恢复了水印的同步信息后再提取水印。实验结果表明,该算法对于噪声、滤波、压缩以及各类几何攻击具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于LFRs的大容量抗几何攻击水印算法*

如何有效抵抗几何攻击是目前水印技术研究的难点之一,且已有抗几何攻击水印算法的嵌入容量有限。提出了一种利用尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）特征点确定的局部特征区域（LFRs）嵌入水印的大容量抗几何攻击的水印算法。算法首先从图像的非抽样的Contourlet域（NSCT）低频分量中提取出SIFT中等尺度的稳定特征点,并通过最小生成树聚类算法的选择策略获得一组分布均匀且彼此独立的圆形特征区域;然后对每个圆形区域进行等角度的扇形分割和等面积的同心圆环分割,划分成等面积的子块;最后采用奇偶量化将经过混沌加密的水印嵌入到     

结合汉明码和图像矫正的彩色图像盲水印

目的 随着互联网技术的飞速发展,彩色数字图像带来极大便利的同时,也产生了一些篡改、剽窃等侵权行为;同时,几何处理对含水印载体的破坏使水印盲检测的难度增加,因此,本文提出一种基于汉明码和图像矫正的彩色图像盲水印方法,旨在解决当前图像版权保护的难点问题。方法 嵌入水印时,使用仿射变换加密彩色水印,并将已加密的信息编为汉明码,然后利用特征值分解计算出像素块的全部特征值,并通过对特征值绝对值的和进行量化来完成水印的嵌入;提取水印时,利用图像的几何属性对多种几何攻击后的图像进行判断、矫正,并借助量化技术提取水印。结果 基于彩色图像标准数据库,将本文方法与7种相关方法进行了对比实验：在不可见性方面,与LU分解的水印方法相比,本文算法峰值信噪比（peak signal-to-noise ratio,PSNR）提高了4 dB;在常规攻击鲁棒性方面,与Schur分解的最新方法相比,本文算法平均归一化互相关（normalized cross-correlation,NC）的值稍有提高;在几何攻击鲁棒性方面,本文算法NC值具有一定的优势;同时,本文算法的水印容量达到了0.25 bit/像素,密钥空间达到了2⁴³²,运行时间仅需3 s左右。结论 所提方法不仅具有较好的水印不可见性和较强的鲁棒性,而且具有较大的水印容量、较高的安全性和实时性。     

A robust content based audio watermarking using UDWT and invariant histogram

Desynchronization attack is known as one of the most difficult attacks to resist, for it can desynchronize the location of the watermark and hence causes incorrect watermark detection. It is a challenging work to design a robust audio watermarking scheme against desynchronization attacks. Based on undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT) and invariant histogram, we propose a new content based audio watermarking algorithm with good audible quality and reasonable resistance toward desynchronization attacks in this paper. Firstly, the undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT) is performed on original host audio. Secondly, the invariant histogram is extracted from a selected wavelet coefficients range in the low frequency subband. Then, the bin of histogram is divided into many groups, each group including four consecutive bins. For each group, one watermark bit is embedded by reassigning the number of wavelet coefficients in this group of four bins. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into the original audio signal in UDWT domain by modifying a small set of wavelet coefficients. Simulation results show that the proposed watermarking scheme is not only inaudible and robust against common signal processing operations such as MP3 compression, noise addition, and low-pass filtering etc, but also robust against the desynchronization attacks such as random cropping, time-scale modification, pitch shifting, and jittering etc.     

基于QR分解的Contourlet域抗几何攻击水印算法

为了提高数字水印产品的抗几何攻击能力,提出一种基于QR分解的Contourlet域抗几何攻击水印算法。该算法首先对宿主图像Contourlet变换后的低频子带进行分块QR分解,通过轻微修改各子块Q矩阵第一列第二行元素和第三行元素的大小关系嵌入Arnold置乱后的水印信息,并且利用R矩阵对各子块进行相应的视觉失真补偿操作。在水印提取前,利用尺度不变特征变换SIFT特征点具有的旋转、缩放和平移不变性对几何失真含水印图像进行几何校正,恢复水印的同步性,使算法具备抵抗几何攻击的能力。实验结果表明,该算法的不可见性良好,而且对于常规攻击和多种几何攻击都具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于回归型支持向量机的数字图像水印新算法

以回归型支持向量机（Support Vector Regression,SVR）理论为基础,提出一种数字图像水印新算法.该算法能够结合图像局部相关性,选取稳定的特征向量并获得SVR训练模型,进而利用SVR训练模型嵌入和提取数字水印信息.该算法以保证不可感知性和鲁棒性的良好平衡为前提,实现了数字水印的盲检测.仿真实验表明,本文算法不仅具有较好的不可感知性,而且对叠加噪声、JPEG压缩、锐化、平滑滤波、对比度增强等常规处理及扭曲、剪切等几何攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性,其整体性能明显优于现有SVM图像水印方案.