广州新建住宅室内氡浓度调查

采用活性炭盒法测量广州地区新建住宅楼室内氡浓度,在对1796个样本进行统计后得到近年来新建住宅室内氡浓度平均值为84.2Bq/m~3,在检测房间中有3%的房间室内氡浓度大于200Bq/m~3。土壤氡浓度对高层住宅室内氡的影响不大。室内氡浓度检测时的状态不同,检测结果也完全不同。     

河北省遵化市居室内氡浓度调查

通过对河北省遵化市60个城镇居室内氡浓度测量表明：居室内氡浓度变化范围在15.5Bq/m3~180Bq/m3,平均52±25Bq/m3,比全国平均氡浓度高。居民所受氡照射剂量1.31mSv/a.     

室内氡浓度的非线性分析

氡是一种天然放射性气体,其中室内氡与人类健康密切相关,室内氡浓度成为公众关注的问题之一。假定室内外空气中氡及氡子体均一混合的前提下,推导出一个关于室内氡浓度计算的模型,据此计算室内氡浓度。结果表明：室内氡浓度随时间和通风量系数的增加,趋向一个稳定的值,最终达到室内外氡浓度平衡。该模型计算出的室内氡浓度理论值（6.35～40 Bq/m 3）与任天山和王玫等的实测结果（6～50 Bq/m 3）一致,表明模型可靠。     

冬季警惕室内氡污染

据2007年1月对北京地区家庭住房氡污染调查数据显示。其房间内氡污染指标达到240Bq／m^3，国家标准为200Bq／m^3，一般检测家庭应为50Bq／m^3以下。据悉如果生活在室内氡浓度为200Bq／m^3的环境中．相当于每人每天吸烟15根。而氡与人体脂肪有很高的亲和力。能在脂肪组织、神经系统、网状内皮系统和血液中广泛分布，对细胞造成损伤．最终诱发癌变。由于氡无色、无味、无臭，人体又没有明显的不适感觉．且潜伏期长、难以根除．可以说氡气是室内最危险的有害物质。     

一种新型氡子体采样装置的测试研究

氡子体的测量对环境氡暴露危害的评估具有十分重要的意义。氡子体的采样技术是实现氡子体准确测量的关键步骤,本文通过实验测试,对800Bq/m-3、1500 Bq/m-3、3000 Bq/m-3、4500 Bq/m-3和6000 Bq/m-3五个不同氡浓度情况下的测试结果进行分析,结果表明:测试结果随氡浓度的升高呈近似线性增长,符合氡及其子体的测量规律。且修正结果与理论计算值非常吻合,说明该装置用于氡子体的采样是可行的。     

地下空间氡的产生机理及通风控制

本文建立了土壤和建材的氡析出模型,在充分考虑各个影响因素的前提下,推导出了土壤和建材的表面析氡率公式,并依据此公式,进而推导出了室内氡浓度与通风换气效率的关系式。应用以上公式,对一典型的地下空间模型进行了计算,结果表明:地下空间氡的主要来源是土壤氡气的逸出,约占总析氡量的70豫～90豫;在较高的氡浓度状态下,室内氡浓度对通风十分敏感,增大地下空间的通风换气率,会使空气氡浓度大幅度的降低。因此,若按照地下空间的标准新风量进行设计,控制室内氡水平在400Bq/m3以内是很容易的,但是若要控制室内氡水平在200Bq/m3以内,则至少需要25.2m3/h的人均新风量,考虑新风不能得到完全利用,所需引入的室外新风量至少为31.5m3/h(以地下商场为例)。     

家用新风系统对室内氡浓度的控制作用研究

本文使用RAD7测氡仪测量了衡阳某新装修住宅在关闭门窗、使用新风系统和打开门窗三种条件下的室内氡浓度并研究了其变化规律。结果表明：关闭门窗的情况下室内氡浓度最高,约是启用新风系统时的3倍,是自然通风的8～10倍。关闭门窗时室内氡浓度最大值高达145 Bq/m³,超过了我国新建住房目标水平。关闭门窗和使用新风系统时客厅浓度均高于卧室,可能与客厅氡析出面积大、地面装饰材料瓷砖放射性高于木地板有关。室内氡浓度与温度不具有简单的负相关关系。该住宅在三种通风条件下,年有效剂量均低于国家控制标准,其中密闭条件下最大,启用新风系统时明显降低,自然通风时最低。使用新风系统可以有效降低室内氡浓度,减少氡对人体健康的危害。     

中国锦屏地下实验室空气氡浓度监测(2010—2011)

为评估中国锦屏地下实验室的氡本底辐射环境对稀有物理事件探测实验及极低本底伽玛能谱测量装置的影响,使用测氡仪对实验大厅的空气氡浓度进行了跨度为10个月(134d)的实时监测。监测数据显示:在无通风情况下,实验大厅空气氡浓度平均值为101Bq·m-3,波动范围为60~149Bq·m-3;在通风情况下,实验大厅空气氡浓度平均值为86Bq·m-3,波动范围为19~179Bq·m-3;与国际地下实验室相比,中国锦屏地下实验室的空气氡浓度处于平均水平,能够保证各低本底实验的正常运行。     

地下工程中氡及空气离子环境急待改善

通过对我国五个地区的37个地下工程的空气离子环境和氡水平的测试及试验研究表明;投入正常使用的地下工程,特别是人员较多的掩土工程空气离子环境较差,空气负离子浓度的均值只有201个/cm~3,单极性系数均值高达2.0。大气尘,水分子团等空气中悬浮的凝结核均是空气离子的消失因素,通风空调系统与设备也消耗大量的空气离子。地下工程中氧及其子体虽然是空气离子的产生因素,但由于较高的氡水平对人体有害,必须按“放射卫生标准”使之保持在一定的水平之下。文中给出了空气负离子浓度、氧浓度和含尘量间关系的回归曲线,提出了改善地下工程空气离子环境的有效措施是:降低空气中含尘量和湿度,并适当安装空气负离子发生器。地下工程中氧水平一般比地面室内高一个数量级以上,地下工程中工作人员因吸入氡子体所致剂量限值应为3msv,氡子体导出空气浓度应为93Bq/m~3,在所测使用地下工程中超出此标准的工程占54%,工作人员因吸入氡子体所致年有效剂量均值为3.92msv,是限值(3msv)的131%。地下工程中降低氡水平的经济有效措施是通风换气,文中给出了估算氡平均析出率和防氡通风率的简单、易行、实用的方法,并编制了地下工程防氡通风率估算表。     

苏州市室内氡水平调查与分析

本文利用活性炭盒法测量苏州部分家庭的室内氡浓度,了解并评价苏州市的室内氡浓度水平,同时分析室内氡浓度的影响因素。选取了38户苏州各区居室,布设了160个采样点,用活性炭盒法取样,用NaI(Tl)γ谱仪测量,根据图谱的峰信息计算氡浓度,同时对每户的房屋基本情况进行调查记录。对所有的氡浓度信息进行统计分析,与标准限值比较,进一步分析产生室内氡的影响因素,得出结论,提出针对性处理建议。     

Results of a preliminary survey on radon in Belgium

Results of a preliminary national survey on radon in houses in Belgium are presented. The indoor radon concentration was determined in 1983 in 79 houses with passive integrating detectors. In 77 of the examined cases the radon concentration is less than 250 Bq/m³. The highest reported value is 330 Bq/m³. The frequency distribution is found to be log-normal with a geometric mean of 41 Bq/m³ and a geometric standard deviation of 1.7. The influence of some human and environmental parameters is also studied. Because of the limited scale of the pilot study only a tendency can be derived.     

Indoor radon concentrations caused by construction materials in 23 workplaces

The aim of this study was to compare the measured and the calculated concentrations of indoor radon caused by building materials at 23 workplaces. The measured concentrations of radon were clearly higher than the calculated radon concentrations from the building materials, which indicated that the main source of indoor radon was the soil under and around the buildings. The highest means of continuously (933 Bq m(-3)) and integrated (169 Bq m(-3)) measured and calculated (from 70 to 169 Bq m(-3)) concentrations of radon were found in hillside locations. On the other hand, the median (27 and 43 Bq m(-3)) and maximum (626 and 1002 Bq m(-3)) values of calculated indoor radon concentrations exhaled from construction materials were the highest at the ground level places. On average, only 7-19% of the radon seemed to originate from the construction materials.     

Challenges in Comparing Radon Data Sets from the Same Swedish Houses: 1955–1990

We compare data sets from two different Swedish studies which included measuremem of the indoor radon concentration both in 1955 and in 1990 in 178 of the same houses. The purpose is to learn more about how the indoor radon concentration changes over a time scale of years in the same houses. Many sources of both systematic and random errors exist when comparing these types of data sets. Specific types of errors are due to uncertainties in the calibration of the epuipment, the influence of the weather, the time lengths of sampling, airing of some of the dwellings, and changes in ventilation rates. The data indicate a general increase of the radon concentration in the dwellings between 1955 and 1990, with a 1990/1955 ratio of the averages of 1.3. The average radon concentration in all alum shale houses, (where the building material is a source of radon) in 1990 versus 1955 is 204 ± 22 and 163 ± 23 Bq/m³ and in non-alum shale houses is 62 ± 8 and 42 ± 7 Bq/m³, respectively.     

Experience from retrospective radon exposure estimations for individuals in a radon epidemiological study using solid-state nuclear track detectors

The relation between increased risk of lung cancer and exposure to indoor radon is assessed in epidemiological studies. Both the quality and reliability of smoking data and the radon exposure data are of primary importance. Contemporary measurement of radon concentration in the dwellings of individuals in a case-control study is traditionally used to assess past history of radon exposure. These assessments are somewhat unreliable since presently measured radon concentration might not be representative for a given location long ago. The measurement of long-lived decay products from 222Rn remaining indoors on hard surfaces, such as glass, makes it possible to assess the exposure to indoor radon. At the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, a combination of two different solid-state nuclear track detectors has been developed to assess the 210Pb activity implanted in glass surfaces by measuring 210Po alpha activity. This detector (a RETRO detector) is used in the Swedish radon epidemiological case-control study of non-smokers with the aim to provide an alternative estimate of individual radon exposure and to evaluate the usefulness of RETRO measurements. A total of 576 different objects were found and 568 were measured. For 225 individuals, we measured two personal objects that had been in the same person's possession for more than 20 years. The standard deviation of the average radon concentration obtained from these two objects had a median value of 13 Bq/m3 indicating a precision of exposure of approximately 20%. The correlation between 210Po surface activity measured earlier and the mean values of radon concentrations in a number of Swedish dwellings is used to estimate the historical, average radon concentration. This average correlation factor seems also to be valid for measurements in the non-smoker epidemiological study.     

Radon in indoor air of primary schools: a systematic survey to evaluate factors affecting radon concentration levels and their variability

In order to optimize the design of a national survey aimed to evaluate radon exposure of children in schools in Serbia, a pilot study was carried out in all the 334 primary schools of 13 municipalities of Southern Serbia. Based on data from passive measurements, rooms with annual radon concentration >300 Bq/m³ were found in 5% of schools. The mean annual radon concentration weighted with the number of pupils is 73 Bq/m³, 39% lower than the unweighted 119 Bq/m³ average concentration. The actual average concentration when children are in classrooms could be substantially lower. Variability between schools (CV = 65%), between floors (CV = 24%) and between rooms at the same floor (CV = 21%) was analyzed. The impact of school location, floor, and room usage on radon concentration was also assessed (with similar results) by univariate and multivariate analyses. On average, radon concentration in schools within towns is a factor of 0.60 lower than in villages and at higher floors is a factor of 0.68 lower than ground floor. Results can be useful for other countries with similar soil and building characteristics.     

Radon concentration in houses over a closed Hungarian uranium mine

High radon concentration (average 410 kBq m-3) has been measured in a tunnel of a uranium mine, located 15-55 m below the village of Kovágószolos, Hungary. The mine was closed in 1997; the artificial ventilation of the tunnel was then terminated and recultivation works begun. In this paper, a study has been made as to whether the tunnel has an influence on the radon concentration of surface dwellings over the mining tunnel. At different distances from the surface projection of the mining tunnel, radon concentration, the gamma dose, radon exhalation and radon concentration of soil gas were measured. The average radon concentration in the dwellings was 483 Bq m-3. Significantly higher radon concentrations (average 667 Bq m-3) were measured in houses within +/-150 m from the surface projection of the mining tunnel +50 m, compared with the houses further than the 300-m belt (average 291 Bq m-3). The average radon concentration of the soil gas was 88.8 kBq m-3, the average radon exhalation was 71.4 Bq m-2 s-1 and higher values were measured over the passage as well. Frequent fissures crossing the passage and running up to the surface and the high radon concentration generated in the passage (average 410 kBq m-3) may influence the radon concentration of the houses over the mining tunnel.     

Re-Entrainment and Dispersion of Exhausts from Indoor Radon Reduction Systems: Analysis of Tracer Gas Data

Tracer gas studies were conducted around four model houses in a wind tunnel, and around one house in the field, to quantify re-entrainment and dispersion of exhaust gases released from residential indoor radon reduction systems. Re-entrainment tests in the field suggest that active soil depressurization systems exhausting at grade level can contribute indoor radon concentrations 3 to 9 times greater than systems exhausting at the eave. With a high exhaust concentration of 37,000 Bq/m³, the indoor contribution from eave exhaust re-entrainment may be only 20% to 70% of the national average ambient level in the U.S. (about 14 Bq/m³), while grade-level exhaust may contribute 1.8 times the ambient average. The grade-level contribution would drop to only 0.18 times ambient if the exhaust were 3,700 Bq/m³. Wind tunnel tests of exhaust dispersion outdoors suggest that grade-level exhaust can contribute mean concentrations beside houses averaging 7 times greater than exhaust at the eave, and 25 to 50 times greater than exhaust midway up the roof slope. With 37,000 Bq/m³ in the exhaust, the highest mean concentrations beside the house could be less than or equal to the ambient background level with eave and mid-roof exhausts, and 2 to 7 times greater than ambient with grade exhausts.     

Ventilation and radon transport in Dutch dwellings: computer modelling and field measurements

In 1995 and 1996 radon concentrations and effective air flows were measured in approximately 1500 Dutch dwellings built between 1985 and 1993. The goal of this investigation was to describe the trend in the average radon concentration by supplementing the first survey on dwellings built up to 1984 and to quantify the contributions of the most important sources of radon. In the living room of new dwellings the average radon concentration was 28 Bq m(-3), which is 50% higher than in dwellings built before 1970. Measurements of effective air flows showed the most important source of radon in the living room of new dwellings to be the building materials, with an average contribution of 70%. The other 30% comprised outside air and air from the crawl space in equal quantities. The long-term increase in the indoor radon concentration is mainly due to improvements in insulation since 1970, resulting in a fourfold decrease in infiltration through the building shell. Model calculations, supplementing the field measurements, confirmed the dominant effect of increasing airtightness of dwellings compared to effects of the observed trend in the use of building materials.