干—湿法冷却技术在蒸汽轮机上的应用

介绍了干-湿式冷却系统的工作原理及构成，对该系统的运行特性及节水情况进行了分析，指出了干-湿式冷却技术的应用优势，为水电厂的节水节能提供了一条可行的途径。     

资源节约与环境保护重大示范工程重点领域和重点技术

一、节水1.以循环冷却水高浓缩、浓浆输灰、干除灰、干除渣、海水利用等为主要内容的火力发电工业节水技术。2 .以逆流漂洗、印染废水深度处理回用、溴化锂冷却等为主要内容的纺织工业节水技术。3.以制浆封闭筛选、中浓操作、多圆盘过滤机白水回收等为主要内容的造纸工业节水技术。4 .以高炉煤气干法除尘、污水处理及回用等为主要内容的钢铁工业节水技术。5 .以循环冷却水高浓缩、稠油污水处理回用、污水深度处理回用等为主要内容的石油石化工业节水技术。6 .以实现工业废水“零”排放为主要内容的节水工艺和技术。7.高效、低成本节水产品与…     

综合节水灌溉技术研究与应用

针对水稻灌溉全过程的每一环节，总结，分析当今国内外水稻灌溉先进技术，提出了水稻综合节水灌溉技术优选模型，并结合湖南省的具体情况，建立了现状条件下灌区渠系利用系数测算的理论模型，研究提出了一种新的水稻节水灌溉制度－“控灌中蓄”     

一种新的过程节水分析方法──水夹点技术及应用研究

介绍利用水夹点技术进行过程节水的分析方法,阐述了水夹点系统设计的Ｃ－Ｍ图,浓度组合曲线的构造原理,及水夹点系统设计的原则和具体步骤．应用研究表明,与常规技术相比水夹点技术节水提高１６．３％．     

大型燃气—蒸汽联合循环机组的型式和特点

洁净燃烧技术是未来能源工业发展的方向，其中燃用天然气的大型燃气－蒸汽联合循环机组具有节能、节水、改善环境等优点。本介绍了目前国际上大型燃气－蒸汽联合循环机组的型式、特点和相关系统的配置，供参考。     

农田灌溉中的新技术——单片机检控仪系统

本文介绍了利用ＭＳＣ－５１单片机检控仪系统在农作物灌溉方面节水的新技术。     

谈干湿混合式冷却塔节水技术

本文介绍了干湿混合式冷却塔系统的工作原理、主要应用形式及系统设计要点。通过对该系统的节水分析，阐明了该系统节水的可行性及经济性。     

晋城矿务局用水现状与节水潜力研究

通过对晋城矿务局历时２年多的水平衡测试，取得了全局及所属１１个单位的大量水平衡测试资料，本文对测试成果进行了多角度多层次分析，提出了该局现状用水特点，与先进企业用水指标杆比存在差距，可挖掘的节水潜力及相应节水措施。     

干灰碾压贮灰场设计与运行中几个问题的探讨

电力工业的迅速发展，使电厂灰渣排放量剧增，灰渣即时的综合利用仅一小部分，大部分灰渣贮存亟待解决。以调剂综合利用量，改善贮灰场对环境的污染，节约土地及水资源，降低基建投资的新的贮灰方式－干灰调湿碾压贮灰技术正得到发展。本文即对干灰碾压贮灰场设计与运行管理中部分关键问题进行探讨。     

制氧生产中的节水降耗

WaterSavinginOxygenPlantZhangLingxiao;YinJicheng(AirSeparationDepartimentofTaiyuanChemicalIndustyFactory,TaiyuanShanxiProvince,030021)1存在的问题太原地处山西中部盆地，近年来由于地下水位逐年下降，水资源更加短缺。为此，太原化工厂空分车间采取了一系列的节水措施，如定时供给生活用水，建立软化水的自循环系统等等，但收效不大。用水的主要数据：（l）平均水压为0．IMPa。（2）主要耗水设备为SL－16／50空气压缩机，冬季供水温度12－125℃，回水温度历一18℃，温差45℃；夏季供水温度20－30℃，回水温度35℃，温…     

欧美发展氢能和燃料电池汽车的举措及对我国的建议

目前发达国家都在加快对新型车用能源和车辆技术的研发。氢能和燃料电池技术被一些发达国家视为未来道路交通能源的理想解决方案,并投入巨资开展研发活动。目前欧美等国已经形成政府支持下的多方联合开发、推广氢能和燃料电池汽车技术的模式,企业之间也建立起优势互补、强强联合的合作伙伴关系。重点介绍了在欧洲氢能和燃料电池技术领域处于领先地位的德国的主要做法及取得的进展。我国氢能和燃料电池汽车技术的研发、示范和推广工作起步时间不长．国外先进国家的经验和做法值得借鉴。最后为我国发展氢能和燃料电池汽车提出了建议。     

静电纺丝法制备硅碳纳米纤维及其在锂钠离子电池中的应用

静电纺丝法由于具有工艺简单、功能多样等优点,是一种重要的制备一维锂钠离子电池纳米结构电极材料的方法。目前,已有大量利用静电纺丝技术制备高性能电极材料的研究报道,但具有系统性和针对性的综述论文尚十分有限。碳材料是最早被研究且已实现商业化的锂离子电池负极材料,硅材料则是理论容量最高的负极材料,因此,两者一直是学术界和工业界关注的重点;但碳材料理论容量低和硅材料体积变化大的问题严重阻碍了各自更广泛的实际应用。静电纺丝技术被证明是一种可以解决上述问题的十分有效的方法。因此,本文系统地综述了静电纺丝法制备的硅基和碳基纳米纤维在锂钠离子电池负极材料上的应用和发展,重点从静电纺丝原理、硅碳材料的设计及合成、结构的调控与优化、复合材料的制备到电化学性能的提高等方面作了详细介绍和讨论,同时也指出静电纺丝法在大规模生产中的不足及未来可能的发展方向。希望此综述可以为先进储能材料（尤其是硅基和碳基纳米电极材料）的设计和制备提供一些有益的指导和帮助。     

The energy ecology derived from thermodynamic mass equivalence reveals critical energy reliability faults

The recent articulation of the thermodynamic mass-enthalpy equation on the basis of natural law was generalized and found to be compatible with observed wave-particle duality. Original causal derivations of premiere energy equations were obtained in a compact, interlocked manner, an energy ecology, which unifies historically disjointed physical concepts. The popular perception of the vacuo velocity of light was demoted to subconsequence status as a manifestation of the universal constant velocity found by extracting the square root of the universal proportionality constant between enthalpy and mass, the natural registry of which is given by the thermodynamic equivalence statement. All relationships with explicit vacuo light velocity connotations are affected. In particular, the classic formulae of Einstein, Planck, De Broglie and Compton are too. For the first time, an unambiguous natural law based method for performing absolute and coordinated mass and enthalpy balances is described. The methodology reveals the general presence of unexpected mass and enthalpy shortfalls in well studied systems wholly consistent with the existence of a novel fundamental particle. Dubbed the Avogadron, it has properties beyond and can function as both a companion to and a constituent of the entire inventory of known particles. As such, it represents a supraparticle, the first discovered, which appears to be the ultimate parcel of energy and matter with a universal presence in all processes and conversions. A sampling of the Avogadron's importance and applications is presented. The overall study revealed an enormous run of energy reliability conundrums which affect current science, technology and general practice. Popular expositions of thermodynamic law are shown to be misleading and prone to error. The fields of nuclear energy, medicine, genetics and weights and measures seem to be critically impacted. An international program for establishing definitive hierarchical energy codes, re-educating and re-qualifying personnel, conducting in-depth reliability assessments and implementing indicted correctives constitutes an immediate and dire imperative.     

Theoretical models for effective electrical and electrochemical properties of nano-particle infiltrated electrode of solid oxide fuel cell

Single- and binary-phase nano-particle infiltrated electrodes (SIE and BIE) have been actively studied experimentally. To properly understand the experimental results and the benefits of SIE and BIE designs, new models for electrical conductivities of BIE and TPB lengths of SIE and BIE are proposed here. The models agree with experiments on the variation of conductivity with LSM loading. SIE and BIE may provide adequate electronic conductivity at low loading of conducting material. The theoretical effective properties are further used in multi-physics modeling and the obtained I–V curves also agree with the experiments. Quantitative comparisons of the ionic conductivities of SIE, BIE and conventional composite electrode (CE) are made. BIE possesses the longest TPB length and SIE may also yield a TPB length that is one order of magnitude larger than that of CE. The new theory allows for in-depth analysis and design optimization of BIE and SIE for improved performance.     

基于VB的柴油机工作过程计算

本文运用Visual Basic高级编程语言对柴油机的热力过程和动力过程进行编程计算,对参数进行优化设计,计算结果可列表显示,并绘制出示功图和各种受力图。程序界面友好,操作简单,提高设计效率,缩短开发周期,节约成本。     

A framework for reviewing the trade-offs between, renewable energy, food, feed and wood production at a local level

High fuel prices and concerns about energy security and anthropogenic climate change are encouraging a transition towards a low carbon economy. Although energy policy is typically set at a national level, tools are needed for people to engage with energy policy at regional and local levels, and to guide decisions regarding land use, distributed generation and energy supply and demand. The aim of this paper is to develop a per-capita approach to renewable energy demand and supply within a landscape and to illustrate the key trade-offs between renewable energy, food, (animal) feed and wood production. The chosen case study area (16,000 ha) of Marston Vale, England is anticipated to have a population density midway between that for England and the UK. The daily per capita demand for energy for heat (31 kWh), transport (34 kWh) and electricity (15 kWh) when combined (80 kWh) was seven-fold higher than the combined demand for food (2 kWh), animal feed (6 kWh), and wood (4 kWh). Using described algorithms, the combined potential energy supply from domestic wind and photovoltaic panels, solar heating, ground-source heat, and municipal waste was limited (<10 kWh p⁻¹ d⁻¹). Additional electricity could be generated from landfill gas and commercial wind turbines, but these have temporal implications. Using a geographical information system and the Yield-SAFE tree and crop yield model, the capacity to supply bioethanol, biodiesel, and biomass, food, feed and wood was calculated and illustrated for three land-use scenarios. These scenarios highlight the limits on meeting energy demands for transport (33%) and heat (53%), even if all of the arable and grassland area was planted to a high yielding crop like wheat. The described framework therefore highlights the major constraints faced in meeting current UK energy demands from land-based renewable energy and the stark choices faced by decision makers.     

堤防多尺度监测与分析评价

在分析堤防特点和多尺度概念基础上,提出了堤防多尺度监测和分析评价的相关概念及方法,给出了具体监测尺度评价方法,重点研究了监测自动化和信息系统集成,并探讨跨尺度评价方法及存在的问题,为堤防多尺度监测和分析评价提供了参考.     

Developing the geothermal resources map of Iran

Geothermal exploration involves a high degree of uncertainty and financial risk, and requires reliable exploration data to constrain development decisions. The paper describes a geothermal exploration and resource identification method that is based on building a map of potential geothermal resource areas by combining geological, geochemical and geophysical datasets; it is a powerful tool for visualizing new and existing data during decision-making processes. By performing suitability analysis and geothermal area identification, and by establishing criteria to define geothermal resources with development potential, a map of Iran was constructed highlighting 18 promising areas.     

生物质与煤流化床催化气化制备燃气

基于单一流化床两步气化法,以煤作为热载体和发热体,水蒸气为气化剂,CaO为催化剂,在自行研制的流化床热态装置上对生物质（锯木）气化制备燃气进行了研究。探讨了温度和水蒸气与锯木比对燃气组分和低位热值的影响。在所研究的操作参数范围内,（H2 + CO）含量为67.58% ~ 74.9%,燃气低位热值为10719.09 kJ/Nm3 ~ 12002.44 kJ/Nm3。实验结果表明,含少量N2的中热值燃气可以被获得,H2和CO是燃气中最主要的两种气体。随着温度的升高,燃气中H2和CO含量增加,而CH4和CO2含量及燃气低位热值则呈现下降趋势。随着水蒸气与锯木比的增加,燃气中H2和CO2含量增加,而CH4和CO含量则相应的减小。     

End-use energy utilization efficiency of Nigerian residential sector

In this paper, the end-use efficiencies of the different energy carriers and the overall energy efficiency in the Nigerian residential sector (NRS) were estimated using energy and exergy analysis. The energy and exergy flows were considered from 2006 to 2011. The overall energy efficiency ranges from 19.15% in 2006 to 20.19% in 2011 with a mean of (19.96±0.23)% while the overall exergy efficiency ranges from 4.34% in 2006 to 4.40% in 2011 with a mean of (4.31±0.059)%. The energy and exergy efficiency margin was 15.58% with a marginal improvement of 0.07% and 0.02%, respectively when compared with previous results. The contribution of the energy carriers to the total energy and exergy inputs were 1.45% and 1.43% for electricity, 1.95% and 3% for fossil fuel and 96.6% and 95.57% for bio-fuel. The result shows that approximately 65% of the residence use wood and biomass for domestic cooking and heating, and only a fraction of the residence have access to electricity. LPG was found to be the most efficient while kerosene, charcoal, wood and other biomass the least in this order. Electricity utilization exergy efficiency is affected by vapor-compression air conditioning application apart from low potential energy applications. In addition, this paper has suggested alternatives in the end-use application and has demonstrated the relevance of exergy analysis in enhancing sustainable energy policies and management and improved integration techniques.