On RF material characterization in the stripline cavity

We examine the accuracy of the air-filled stripline cavity in measuring the dielectric and magnetic properties of bulk materials in the frequency range of 150-2000 MHz. Measured data on complex permittivity and permeability for several different-sized specimens of dielectric and magnetic materials were compared with reference values obtained using other techniques of known uncertainties. Major differences were noted for both complex permittivity and permeability data, and we largely attribute these to less-than-optimal perturbation of the internal cavity fields by the material specimens under test. The technique is particularly unsuited to measuring the dielectric loss of the higher-permittivity low-loss materials due to energy scatter by the specimen under test. In order to improve measurement accuracy, we suggest guidelines on the range of specimen electric and magnetic volume needed for optimal cavity perturbation     

Modeling of magnetizing processes

Quasi-static magnetic processes such as those found in magnetic recording are examined. The hysteresis in medium-hard magnetic materials of the type used in recording media and the magnetizability of soft magnetic materials such as those used in recording heads are discussed. Two general modeling techniques are used to describe these processes: physical modeling and phenomenological modeling. In physical modeling, the basic processes involved are simulated in order to be able to describe the basic magnetizing modes. In phenomenological models, the gross behavior of the material is described mathematically by Preisach-type models in order to couple the material properties to Maxwell's equations so as to obtain solutions of field problems. The latter models are computationally more efficient than the former, but they do not give any insight into the physical principles involved     

The field distributions and dispersion characteristics in chiroferrite central-loaded waveguide

The field distributions and dispersion characteristics of hybrid modes in circular chiro ferrite central-loaded waveguide are investigated numerically in this paper. Especially, the effects of constitutive parameters of chiro ferrite material on the propagation behaviour of hybrid modes are examined in detail, and some novel features are pointed out. The results show that, as reciprocal chiral and gyrotropic media, nonreciprocal chiroferrite materials have potential applications for the design of microwave, millimeter wave and integrated optical devices.     

Waveguides Containing Moving Dispersive Media

Perturbation formulas are derived for the changes in the dispersion curves and phase velocity for the modes in an arbitrary composite waveguide structure containing dispersive media in relative motion. The formulas are also valid when the media are fluids with arbitrary velocity distributions. It is shown that the relativistic transformation laws for the frequency and wave vector of uniform plane waves are also valid for waveguide modes provided that all moving media that make up the guide move with the same velocity. There are also difficulties when the moving media are dispersive. In general, one most therefore obtain the dispersion relation directly from the field equations or from the perturbation formulas. An example involving a simple surface wave along the interface of a moving plasma and a dielectric is worked out by both methods. As an interesting side result, it is found that plane waves in an unbounded isotropic plasma have phase velocities independent of the motion of the plasma.     

降低光子晶体谐振腔Q值的方法分析

该文在分析计算金属光子晶体的正三角形晶格TE模式的色散特性、全局带隙分布图的基础上,针对金属光子晶体结构谐振腔Q值较高的问题,对降低光子晶体谐振腔Q值的方法进行了分析和设计。采用加载介质柱的混合结构和介质微扰两种方法分别对谐振腔的Q值进行有效的控制,并分析了两种方法对谐振腔模式选择性的影响。结果表明,两种方法都能在不改变谐振腔模式选择性和场分布的基础上有效降低Q值,而介质微扰的方法还同时清除了与TE04竞争的两种杂模,提高了模式选择性。     

Bragg reflection waveguide composite structures

The Bragg reflection waveguide directional coupler is analyzed rigorously in terms of the normal modes of the complete structure. A perturbation analysis leading to an explicit expression for the coupling constant in a general configuration with nearly degenerate modes is performed. The results are compared to those for a conventional directional coupler structure. It is shown that the bandlike dispersion diagram arising from the periodic lateral confining media is responsible for the unique features of the coupling constant and coupling length that are observed     

Standing Wave Reduction in an RFI Laboratory

After review of some general properties of RF absorber materials, several of the standard and semistandard techniques for measuring absorber and anechoic chamber quality are discussed. A general purpose RFI laboratory is described together with a simple technique for evaluating the performance of absorber material as it is actually used. An effective background reflectivity of about 4% from 1 - 10 Gc was measured and is believed to be adequate for many applications.     

The Measurement of Conductivity and Permittivity of Semiconductor Spheres by an Extension of the Cavity Perturbation Method

A technique based on cavity perturbation theory is described with which one can determine the microwave conductivity and dielectric permittivity of a small sphere of completely arbitrary conductivity. These properties follow from the measured frequency shift and quality change occurring when the sample is inserted into a region of maximum electric field in a cavity resonator. The range of validity of the quasi-static internal field approximation is discussed, and curves are provided for extending the measuring technique beyond this range. The extended theory is valid for the entire conductivity range from zero to infinity. Measurements on several samples of known conductivity and permittivity in which the approximation is not satisfied are seen to agree with the theory. For highly conductive materials, the present method is closely related to the "eddy current loss" measuring technique discussed by others. The two methods are compared from the point of view of perturbation theory in order to determine their relative merits. Because the measuring technique employs a spherical sample, it may be applied profitably to materials with nonisotropic carrier nobilities and to semiconducting materials for which contact fabrication techniques are poorly known.     

Composite Hole Conditions on Complex Permittivity Measurements Using Microwave Cavity Perturbation Techniques

This paper examines the edge effects of introducing a dielectric test cylinder with a test material into a cavity via a metallic support tube extending outside the cavity. A first-order perturbation theory is used for this metallic hole containing two different concentric dielectric materials. The Galerkin method is used to determine the amplitudes of numerous evanescent modes which exist in such composite hole geometries. Comparisons are made with the effects produced by a simple hole in which a single dielectric is postulated inside the metallic support tribe. The effects of the composite hole on the measurement of the dielectric properties of materials are given.     

各向同性手征媒质均匀填充手征波导中的耦合波方程

本文从麦氏方程组和手征媒质的本构关系出发，运用耦合波理论，对各向同性手征媒质均匀填充的手征波导中存在的耦合孪生模式的电场和磁场矢量进行了推导并得到耦合波方程组的一般表达式，同时指出了在弱耦合近似条件下，应用微扰原理求解耦合波方程组的一般思路，为从耦合波的观点来分析手征波导中的各种不连续问题提供了一条新的理论途径。     

微波腔体微扰方法测量非电量技术

本文简述微波腔体微扰方法测量湿度、厚度等非电量的原理.根据电磁场理论,导出分辨率公式.计算及实验均表明,用微波腔体微扰方法测量非电量具有高的分辨率.文中还介绍几种检测腔体失谐的方法,着重讨论了鉴相方法和实验结果.     

测量糊状物质复介电常数的级联网络分解法

提出了测量糊状物质复介电常数的级联网络分解法。先采用标量检测矢量变换法测出三个网络的散射参数,再用两种分解计算法求得糊状物样品的散射参数,最后用奇偶模法求得复介电常数。文中给出了三种糊状物的测试结果及误差分析结果。文中提出的方法也可用于测试粉末状材料、薄板材以及材料的高温测试及低温测试。     

正负材料的一维矩形光子晶体特性研究

对正负折射率材料构成的一维光子晶体,在横向矩形受限的条件下,推出了光波在其中不同模式所满足的条件,并利用特征矩阵法研究了光波不同模式的传播特性。结果表明：介质厚度为半波长时透射峰出现在中心波长处,与正折射率介质构成的光子晶体在中心波长或半波长处出现禁带完全不同;模式数即入射角不大时,透射波基本上具有相同的特性;介质折射率相差越大、周期增加都能使透射波谱宽度变窄。     

液晶电视材料进展

介绍LCD TV在垂直阵列（VA）、共面开关（IPS）和扭曲向列相（TN）等三种模式下，其工作电压和响应时间与液晶材料介电各向异性等主要参数的关系。探讨这三种模式对液晶材料主要参数的要求和这三种模式液晶材料发展状况。由Merck新开发的极性材料A、挥发性材料B以及强极性材料C可很好地改善LCD TV工作电压和响应时间。     

Automatic Digital Method for Measuring the Permittivity of Thin Dielectric Films

One of the most promising techniques for measuring the electric permittivity at microwave frequencies of thin dielectric materials of the order of 0.1 to 10 /spl mu/m, is the cavity perturbation method. For thin films of this type, it is necessary to determine accurately and display small changes in the resonant frequency and Q factor of the cavity in the presence of the material sample. A circuit for the simultaneous measurement and digital readout of the resonant frequency and Q factor of microwave cavity is described. For the resonant frequency measurement, a very efficient automatic frequency circuit, with a homodyne modulation-detection bridge and frequency stabilization loop, is applied. Theoretical analysis and experiments results with this circuit show that an accuracy of 5x10/sup -7/can be achieved in the resonant frequency measurement. For measuring the Q factor, two similar circuits are described. The technique is based on measuring the phase shift of the envelope of an amplitude modulated microwave signal when this signal is transmitted through a resonant cavity at resonance. Although an accuracy of 0.5 percent in the Q factor can be achieved, it is shown that the main limiting factor in both circuits is the accuracy of phase shift determination at RF frequencies.     

Some effects of anisotropy on planar antiresonant reflectingoptical waveguides

In this paper, propagation characteristics of some planar antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROW's) comprised of anisotropic media are studied using an integral equation approach. The integral equation method is rigorous and general, with the added advantage that multiple layers of crystalline material with arbitrary anisotropy can be accommodated in a straightforward manner. The integral equation method is applied to study basic propagation characteristics of the ARROW structure where one or more dielectric layers are allowed to be anisotropic. Practically, the presence of anisotropy may be unintentional, due to material fabrication or processing techniques, or it may be intentionally utilized to allow integration of anisotropy-based devices and waveguiding structures on a single semiconducting substrate. Propagation characteristics and field distributions are shown for a uniaxially anisotropic ARROW where the material's optic axis is rotated in each of the three principal geometrical planes of the structure. It Is found that even moderately large levels of anisotropy do not significantly affect the propagation characteristics of the ARROW if either the optic axis of the material is aligned with one of the geometrical axes of the waveguide, or if the optic axis is rotated in the equatorial plane. In these cases, pure TE ₀ modes can propagate, resulting in a low-loss structure. In the event of misalignment between the geometrical axes and the material's optic axis in the transverse or polar planes, the influeuce of even small levels of anisotropy is quite pronounced. In this case, pure TE₀ modes do not exist, and attenuation loss increases significantly due to the hybrid nature of the fundamental mode     

聚变能激光驱动装置的激光材料选择

基于美国LIFE激光驱动装置的放大器构型,使用Nd玻璃,Yb:YAG,Yb:S-FAP,Yb:CaF2四种材料的参数进行抽运储能过程的模拟计算,分析了介质口径、抽运强度、抽运脉宽及介质温度等参数对装置性能的影响,得到了各材料的优化设计参数,对上述材料应用于聚变能半导体抽运固体激光器(DPSSL)系统主放大器的可行性进行了判断,并提出了理想材料的参数要求,为寻找合适的激光材料提供依据。     

TM-polarized surface-plasma modes on metal-coated dielectriccylinders

TM-polarized surface plasma modes on a thin metallic cylindrical shell embedded in dielectric media are investigated. The dispersion characteristics of both bound modes and leaky waves are obtained for two sets of material parameters, the first corresponding to an optical fiber in which the metallic shell occupies a region between the core and the cladding and the second corresponding to a metal coated cylindrical rod in vacuum     

A new model for microwave characterization of composite materialsin guided-wave medium

A method of determining the permittivity and the permeability of heterogeneous materials from microwave measurements in a coaxial line or in a rectangular waveguide is presented. Fluctuations are observed in the curves of the transmission and reflection coefficients measured in a guided space cell which are caused by the propagation of modes higher than lowest order. The measuring cell containing the sample is represented by an unperturbed line in series with resonators which model the coupling between the sample and the measurement cell for each higher mode resonating inside the sample. Finally, the intrinsic characteristics of the material are computed from the data for the unperturbed line. Results for several composite materials and measurement cells are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of this model     

Analysis of grating-coupled radiation in GaAs:GaAlAs lasers and waveguides--II: Blazing effects

Grating-coupled radiation in lasers and waveguides is analyzed for trapezoidal-shaped grating teeth which includes all triangular shapes. A perturbation technique is used which involves calculating the modes in a geometry with an inhomogeneous refractive index profile in the grating region. Curves are presented for radiated power from traveling waves as a function of blazing angle, grating tooth height, refractive index, and grating period. It is shown that the ratio of power radiated into the outer media depends greatly on tooth shape and size. By judiciously selecting parameters this ratio can exceed 50:1.