食源性晚期糖基化终末产物检测技术研究进展

晚期糖基化终末产物（advanced glycation end products,AGEs）是还原糖与蛋白质自由氨基间发生美拉德反应形成的一类异质性共价化合物的总称。研究发现食源性AGEs摄入后会在体内蓄积并对机体健康产生有害影响,因此有必要开展食物中各类AGEs的检测分析研究。食品中的AGEs种类繁多、结构复杂,目前缺少通用的检测分析方法。因此,本文针对食源性AGEs的结构和类型、与人体健康的关系以及相关检测技术进行综述,重点介绍食源性AGEs的免疫分析和仪器分析方法,深入探讨各类技术的特点和优劣势,并对后续研究方向进行展望,以期为食源性AGEs检测技术的发展以及相关研究体系的形成提供参考和借鉴。     

食源性晚期糖化终末产物的研究进展

晚期糖化终末产物(Advanced glycation end products,AGEs)是由还原糖与氨基发生美拉德反应产生的一类化合物。人体及动物实验表明,AGEs与糖尿病、人体老化相关的慢性病有着密切的关联,而食源性AGEs是体内AGEs的重要来源。由于AGEs的种类繁多,结构复杂,对食源性AGEs的分类,食品中AGEs的分布,影响因素和抑制措施等缺乏系统性的总结。本文主要从AGEs的结构和分类,危害性,消化吸收特性,食品中的分布,影响因素和措施等方面进行系统性论述。     

肉制品中晚期糖基化终末产物研究进展

肉类富含蛋白质和脂质,有利于晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)的生成。研究表明,AGEs会对人体产生多种危害,应尽量减少其在加工过程中的生成量。本文对近年来食品中尤其是肉制品中AGEs的形成、危害、检测进行介绍,并综述影响肉制品中AGEs生成量的因素,以期为探究减少肉制品加工过程中AGEs生成量的新方法提供思路。     

食品中晚期糖基化终产物的研究进展

晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)被认为和氧化应激、多种慢性疾病以及人体衰老等具有密切关系,近年来成为医药和健康领域的研究热点,但在食品领域研究相对较少。事实上,食物由于不同的加工处理方法和存放条件,可能会产生AGEs;若长期摄入AGEs可能增加体内的AGEs水平从而对人体造成危害,对食品中AGEs的研究已引起食品领域科学家的关注。文中主要对食品中AGEs的生成机理、主要种类、检测方法、对人体的影响,以及控制方法等几方面进行综述。     

牛蒡多酚对荧光性晚期糖基化终产物形成的抑制作用

目的:晚期糖基化终产物(Advanced glycation end products,AGEs)是由还原糖的羰基和多肽、蛋白质等分子的自由氨基通过非酶反应形成的一系列复杂的化合物。多项研究发现,AGEs具有多种不可忽视的生理毒性。文章通过检测模拟食品热加工和人体环境模型中荧光性AGEs的生成情况,评价牛蒡多酚的抗糖化作用。方法:分别建立体外模拟食品热加工和人体环境形成AGEs的模型,采用荧光分析法测定2种模型中总荧光AGEs、特征荧光AGEs(戊糖素)以及蛋白质氧化产物双酪氨酸、犬尿氨酸生成量,对牛蒡多酚的抗糖化作用进行评价。结果:在食品热加工模型中,牛蒡多酚对总荧光AGEs生成的抑制率最高可达60.62%,对戊糖素生成的抑制率最高可达81.47%;同时,对蛋白质氧化产物双酪氨酸和犬尿氨酸的抑制率分别为57.36%和44.25%。在模拟人体环境形成AGEs模型中,牛蒡多酚对总荧光AGEs抑制率最高可达48.37%,对戊糖素生成的抑制率最高可达52.81%;对蛋白质氧化产物抑制率分别为双酪氨酸42.63%和犬尿氨酸30.72%。结论:在食品热加工和人体环境形成AGEs的模型中,牛蒡多酚均具有较好的抗糖化作用,可作为糖化反应抑制剂用于功能性食品添加剂或膳食补充剂。     

赖氨酸在Maillard 反应中形成有害产物AGEs的研究

模拟食品加工条件,构建赖氨酸—还原糖和精氨酸—赖氨酸—还原糖体系,分析各影响因素在体系发生Maillard反应中产生有害AGEs(晚期糖基化终末产物)的作用,比较两个体系添加和不添加黄酮条件下对AGEs形成量的影响。用荧光光谱法(λex/λem=370/440nm)测定AGEs的含量,考察不同因素如还原糖种类、浓度、金属离子、温度、pH和染料木素对有害AGEs形成的影响,以及赖氨酸/精氨酸并存对AGEs形成量的影响。结果表明:在赖氨酸发生Maillard反应过程中,温度越高、还原糖中核糖,糖浓度越大、pH 9.2,形成的AGEs越多;不同的金属离子对AGEs的作用各异,Mg~(2+)和Fe~(2+)能促进AGEs的形成,Ca~(2+)抑制AGEs的形成;抑制剂染料木素浓度越大(9mmol/L),AGEs抑制效果越好;赖氨酸/精氨酸混合体系中AGEs形成量主要由赖氨酸来决定。各影响因素对赖氨酸Maillard反应过程中产生AGEs均有一定作用,时间是最主要因素,其次是pH和温度;而赖氨酸/精氨酸混合体系中AGEs的形成量取决于赖氨酸的含量。     

麻花加工与贮藏过程中晚期糖基化末端产物（AGEs）的形成及抑制研究

油炸食品加工与贮藏过程中易发生美拉德反应、脂肪氧化反应而形成晚期糖基化产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)。AGEs与人类诸多慢性疾病的发生密切相关。本文研究了油炸麻花加工与贮藏过程中荧光性AGEs和羧甲基赖氨酸(Nε-(Carboxymethyl)lysine,CML)的变化规律及AGEs抑制剂(槲皮素、阿魏酸和硫胺素)对荧光性AGEs和CML的抑制特性。结果表明,荧光性AGEs和CML均随着油炸温度升高和油炸时间的延长呈上升趋势,荧光性AGEs含量为258.34~1068.90 AU/g样品,CML为1036.56~1603.72 mg/kg蛋白质;较高贮藏温度和氧气对荧光性AGEs的变化有显著(P0.05)影响,光照对荧光性AGEs的影响较小。随着温度升高和贮藏时间延长CML显著(P0.05)升高,氧气和光照对CML的形成无影响;AGEs抑制剂(槲皮素、阿魏酸和硫胺素)能够有效的抑制麻花加工过程中荧光性AGEs和CML的形成,硫胺素的抑制效果最好。因此,在麻花的加工和贮藏过程中,通过部分条件的改变如油炸温度、油炸时间、贮藏条件和加入适量的AGEs抑制剂,在一定程度上调控AGEs的形成是可行的。     

大豆7S蛋白-糖体系晚期糖基化终产物形成因素

目的:在大豆蛋白糖基化改性过程中会引发非酶糖基化反应,形成有害的晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs),为提高食品安全性,模拟糖基化加工条件,构建大豆7S蛋白-糖体系模型,考察影响该体系AGEs形成的因素并进行有效调控。方法:采用荧光光谱法(λ_(ex)/λ_(em)=340 nm/465 nm)检测糖种类、还原糖质量浓度、pH值、反应温度、抑制剂种类及其浓度对AGEs形成的影响,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳表征有害产物的形成及抑制效果。结果:糖种类为果糖、蛋白质与葡萄糖质量浓度配比1∶4、pH 9.2、反应温度121℃条件下产生荧光性AGEs的作用效果最强,4种黄酮类化合物槲皮素、染料木素、芦丁和木犀草素对荧光性AGEs的形成均可达到较好的抑制效果,且呈现良好的剂量-效应关系。结论:糖的种类与抑制剂种类对AGEs的形成有一定影响;降低还原糖质量浓度、降低pH值和降低反应温度,添加0.1 mmol/L大豆源染料木素可有效抑制大豆加工过程中有害产物AGEs的形成。     

肉制品加工过程中晚期糖基化终产物形成、检测及抑制研究进展

晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs)是还原糖的羰基与蛋白质、脂质或核酸的游离氨基通过美拉德反应等途径产生的一系列结构复杂的化合物总称。目前已有不少研究证明AGEs在体内的积累会导致衰老、糖尿病、阿尔兹海默症等相关慢性疾病的发生, 也会引起肿瘤的发展与恶化。近年来, 随着国民生活水平的不断提高, 肉制品消费的不断增加, 其加工过程中AGEs的生成逐渐引起广泛关注。本文阐述了肉类加工过程中AGEs的结构、分类、形成途径与机制、检测方法, 总结了在不同加工方式下, 采用不同检测方法测量肉类中羧甲基赖氨酸和羧乙基赖氨酸的含量, 并重点介绍了AGEs形成的影响因素及其抑制, 旨在为肉制品加工过程中AGEs的生成控制等深入研究提供理论基础。     

牛乳加工中非酶蛋白糖基化的研究进展

晚期糖基化终产物(Advance glycation end products,AGEs)是还原糖与蛋白质和核酸在没有酶参与条件下,通过美拉德反应途径形成的稳定聚合物.而这类物质在体内的蓄积可能引发心脑血管疾病和糖尿病等多种疾病.牛乳和奶制品在加工和贮藏过程中均会产生AGEs,从而产生安全隐患.本文综述了牛乳中AGEs形成的途径,各种分析检测手段,以及加工方法、加工温度和贮藏湿度等条件对AGEs形成的影响,进而提出了消除和抑制牛乳中AGEs形成的对策.     

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in foods and their detecting techniques and methods: A review

BackgroundAdvanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are a sort of complex products formed by the Maillard reaction between the carbonyls of reducing sugars and the free amino groups of amino acids. Some of AGEs ingested through foods accumulate in human body, causing a series of chronic diseases. However, due to the complex and varied structures, there is lack of systematic reviews on dietary AGEs.Scope and approachThis paper summarizes the aspects of AGE formation, influencing factors and hazards, as well as their distribution in foods. The detecting methods available for dietary AGEs are also highlighted. Finally, the main challenges and future efforts for studying AGEs in foods and their effects on health are discussed.Key findings and conclusionsThe study of AGEs has great significance in foods and human health. Although great advances in understanding the effects of AGEs in human body are made, more unequivocal guidance for dietary AGEs to people should be provided in future.     

Naturally occurring inhibitors against the formation of advanced glycation end-products

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are the final products of the non-enzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and amino groups in proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Recently, the accumulation of AGEs in vivo has been implicated as a major pathogenic process in diabetic complications, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. The early recognition of AGEs can ascend to the late 1960s when a non-enzymatic glycation process was found in human body which is similar to the Maillard reaction. To some extent, AGEs can be regarded as products of the Maillard reaction. This review firstly introduces the Maillard reaction, the formation process of AGEs and harmful effects of AGEs to human health. As AGEs can cause undesirable diseases or disorders, it is necessary to investigate AGE inhibitors to offer a potential therapeutic approach for the prevention of diabetic or other pathogenic complications induced by AGEs. Typical effective AGE inhibitors with different inhibition mechanisms are also reviewed in this paper. Both synthetic compounds and natural products have been evaluated as inhibitors against the formation of AGEs. However, considering toxic or side effects of synthetic molecules present in clinical trials, natural products are more promising to be developed as potent AGE inhibitors.     

末端糖基化产物抑制剂的研究进展

目前研究表明人体的衰老和糖尿病的一些并发症,都与体内的糖基化反应(美拉德反应)所产生的末端糖基化产物有关。为了延迟体内的糖基化反应,末端糖基化产物抑制剂成为了相关研究领域的热点。为此,从末端糖基化产物的形成原理、病理学危害、抑制机理及天然产物中的抑制剂方面做阐述,并对未来研究领域进行展望。     

Protective activity of flavonoid and flavonoid glycosides against glucose-mediated protein damage

The pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications involves the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). AGEs accumulate slowly in the body with age and more rapidly in individuals with diabetes mellitus. An abnormally elevated blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus causes the formation of AGEs. Also, oxidative reactions contribute significantly to the formation of AGEs. The antioxidant flavonoids, quercetin, isoquercitrin, hyperin and cacticin from plants, decrease the formation of AGEs. This activity was examined using an in vitro glycation reaction. Of the tested compounds, isoquercitrin and hyperin showed a strong inhibitory activity against the formation of AGEs. These compounds showed inhibitory activities that were more potent than the positive control, aminoguanidine. These results suggest that isoquercitrin and hyperin may be promising agents to treat glycation-associated diseases.     

体内美拉德反应及其产物的病理作用研究进展

体内美拉德反应(Maillard reaction)是普遍存在于生物体中的还原糖与蛋白质之间的化学反应,其反应过程及产物十分复杂,反应终产物被称为晚期糖基化终产物(Advanced Glycation Endproductions,AGEs)。越来越多的研究表明,体内美拉德反应在疾病发生发展过程中起着重要作用。本文就体内美拉德反应的机制(包括反应过程、重要的反应中间产物和终产物)、在疾病发生发展过程的作用及其美拉德反应抑制剂的研究进行综述。     

Evidence against dietary advanced glycation endproducts being a risk to human health

In vivo, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) are linked to various diseases, particularly those associated with diabetes. AGEs are also formed when many foods are thermally processed. The extent to which dietary AGEs are absorbed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and their possible role in the onset and promotion of disease are currently of considerable interest. This paper reviews information that supports the argument that dietary AGEs are not a risk to human health.     

Toxicity of the AGEs generated from the Maillard reaction: on the relationship of food-AGEs and biological-AGEs

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are generated in the late stages of Maillard reaction in foods and biological systems. These products are mostly formed by the reactions of reducing sugar or degradation products of carbohydrates, lipids, and ascorbic acid. AGEs exist in high concentration in foods, but in relatively low concentrations in most of the biological systems. Recently, some AGEs have been reported to be toxic, and were proposed to be causative factors for various kinds of diseases, especially diabetes and kidney disorder, through the association with receptor of AGE (RAGE). It has also been reported that food-derived AGEs (food-AGEs) may not be a causative factor for pro-oxidation. However, the relationship of food-AGEs and biological-derived AGEs (biological-AGEs) is not clear. In this review, the following issues are discussed: the formation of AGEs in foods and biological systems; identification of the main AGEs in foods and biological systems; absorption of food-AGEs; the effects of AGEs in vivo; relationship between food-AGEs and biological-AGEs; possible defense mechanism against AGEs in vivo and finally, the problems to be solved concerning the toxicity of AGEs.     

植物提取物对晚期糖基化终产物抑制机理的研究进展

晚期糖基化终产物（advanced glycation end products,AGEs）是由还原糖中的羰基与蛋白质、脂类和核酸中的游离氨基反应所形成的一类物质的总称,目前已证实该类物质具有一定的致病性,会导致神经退行性疾病、炎症反应、心脑血管疾病、糖尿病和癌症等疾病。本文旨在概述AGEs的来源、形成途径以及对人体的致病性,并重点介绍了植物提取物对于AGEs抑制机理的研究现状,为控制食品加工过程中产生的AGEs提供理论依据。