卫星编队连续推力控制的燃料平衡方法

在卫星编队飞行中,编队重构等机动过程会导致整个编队卫星之间燃料消耗不均匀,甚至出现某一成员卫星燃料消耗完,而导致整个编队构型提前结束乃至任务失败。针对该问题,文章提出了在卫星编队轨道重构过程中可采用的一种燃料平衡方法,即基于连续推力控制,以燃料最优为控制目标,通过建立燃料消耗函数,推导了不同相位角及重构半径时的最优控制加速度,通过减小各从星之间的燃料消耗函数的差异,使得不同成员卫星燃料消耗差别最小。编队卫星燃料平衡程度取决于初始相位角,文章给出了最佳初始相位角的表达式。最后,对以一主二从的三星编队在从星轨道重构中的从星燃料平衡问题进行了仿真,分别验证了卫星编队连续推力控制方法和编队卫星燃料平衡方法的正确性和有效性。     

基于多目标进化算法的MEO区域通信星座优化设计

在分析星座轨道要素的基础上，研究了用改进非劣分层遗传算法（NSGA—Ⅱ）对中轨道（MEO）卫星的区域通信卫星近地点幅角、升交点赤经和平近点角等星座参数进行优化的方法，并对有5颗椭圆中轨卫星的星座进行了优化仿真。结果表明，优化后的星座不仅能在我国领土范围内提供实时通信服务，而且具有一定的全球覆盖能力。     

同步卫星E/W轨道控制盒划分策略

对于当代同步轨道通信卫星来说,星载设备寿命一般都高于星载燃料使用寿命,因此卫星设计寿命都是以星载燃料消耗殆尽为依据的。卫星轨道保持不仅是卫星测控任务的重要工作之一,同时也是星载燃料消耗的主要途径。文中从卫星平经度漂移量、测站定轨精度、星载推进器推力误差、卫星南北机动对东西方向耦合等多方面探讨同步轨道通信卫星E/W轨道保持策略,介绍一种细化轨道控制区间、估算偏心率控制圆半径范围的方法。     

卫星轨道圆化的有限推力点火控制策略

本文研究卫星轨道圆化的点火控制策略，发动机推力为有限常值，方向可调。考虑了燃料消耗引起的质量损失。假设圆轨道上有一飞行器在运动，称为虚拟轨道器。只要卫星与虚拟轨道器软交会，就完成了轨道圆化。文中给出了使卫星与虚拟轨道器软交会的推力方向控制策略和点火位置与关车位置的求取方法。仿真结果表明，本文方法与水平推力策略和切向推力策略相比，具有更高的控制精度，而且燃料消耗接近最优。     

基于轨道动力学的椭圆轨道悬停方法

连续有限推力条件下,基于动力学原理设计了伴随卫星相对于椭圆轨道的参考卫星在任意位置实现悬停的方法。给出了对任意椭圆参考轨道实现悬停的开环控制律,推导了一个周期内的速度增量计算公式。特别分析了参考卫星为“Molniya”轨道时,实现悬停需要的控制推力及速度增量。仿真结果表明,“Molniya”轨道正下方 1 km 的悬停伴飞,一个轨道周期时间内连续有限推力发动机需要产生的速度增量为10.317 m／s。文章提出的方法也可用于椭圆轨道的空间圆或水平圆等非自然编队构型设计。     

升力式航天器太阳同步冻结回归轨道保持策略

针对超低轨道升力式航天器对地观察的优势及其高机动特性，设计了一种近地点位于临近空间的太阳同步冻结回归轨道，并对气动力辅助与发动机推力相结合的轨道保持策略进行了研究。策略将轨道保持过程分为3个阶段：第1阶段自远地点飞向大气层，不施加控制；第2阶段在大气层内飞行，通过控制攻角和倾侧角调整航天器所受气动力，小幅改变轨道的升交点赤经；第3阶段自跃出大气层到远地点，利用轨控发动机调整轨道参数，回到远地点时除升交点赤经其他轨道参数不变。以燃料最省为性能指标，对轨道保持策略进行了仿真分析，结果表明可以实现14.7天太阳同步冻结回归轨道的在轨运行。     

基于脉冲初值的小推力转移轨道优化研究

针对小推力转移轨道优化过程往往忽略初值多样性的现状,研究了基于不同脉冲初值的小推力转移轨道优化问题。基于直接法的离散思想建立了小推力转移轨道优化模型,提出了基于粒子群和序列二次规划的组合优化算法,以地球1∶1共振近地小行星2016HO3交会任务为例,将3种典型的脉冲轨道作为初值设计了燃料最优小推力转移轨道。仿真结果表明:3种初值轨道优化得到了2个小推力转移发射窗口,两者燃料消耗差距不超过6%。不同的初值对小推力轨道的整体性能指标影响较小,但开关机时刻和推力方向的变化会产生较大差异,从而得到不同的最优控制曲线。     

大椭圆轨道挠性卫星姿态快速机动控制研究

对具挠性附件的大椭圆轨道卫星快速姿态机动控制进行了研究。针对此类卫星的非线性姿态动力学特点,用非线性矩阵二阶系统形式建立了卫星刚体与柔性结构模态耦合的动力学模型,用反馈非线性化将其转换为一类多胞线性参变系统。针对该系统设计线性状态反馈控制律实现区域极点配置,将相应控制律参数的求解转换为线性矩阵不等式约束下的凸优化问题。仿真结果表明:所提控制方法可同时实现挠性卫星的快速机动控制和挠性振动的有效抑制,能满足大椭圆轨道运行的挠性卫星完成不同观测区域切换的姿态控制任务。研究为大椭圆轨道挠性卫星的小角度快速机动控制提供了理论支撑。     

一种小推力航天器变轨优化方法

针对连续小推力航天器在轨道转移及制导控制过程中,传统方法需优化大量参数,且无法保证得到近优解的问题,提出一种新的轨道转移和规划算法.该算法将电推进式小推力卫星模型的变轨过程转化为最优控制中两点边值问题,引入混合遗传算法,实现了小推力航天器由低轨向高轨的飞行轨道规划及优化,并在开源的科学工程计算软件SCILAB6.0.1...     

基于序优化理论的同步轨道入轨优化

基于序优化理论的多目标遗传(GA)算法,对小推力同步轨道卫星入轨控制方案设计与优化进行了研究.针对直接法中优化参数搜索范围大的缺点,提出了一种基于序优化理论的参数选定算法.给出了远地点变轨轨道控制优化方案,并利用序优化理论确定优化参数初始区间与约束关系.仿真结果表明:采用序优化算法可明显加快收敛速度,提高计算效率.对相同的GA参数设置,用序优化算法有可能得到比原来性能更好的子代,获得更理想的目标函数值.     

中低轨道卫星控制方法

针对中低轨道卫星，对平面内卫星半长轴α、偏心率e和近地点幅角w联合调整，以及平面外轨道倾角调整等进行了理论推导.用α，e，w联合修正法对初始轨道捕获、轨道保持和轨道倾角调整进行的仿真实验结果表明，用α，e，w同时修正可实现高精度的平面内轨道调整。另外，平面外倾角调整应尽可能在近地点和远地点完成，以使对升交点赤经的影响最小。     

考虑地球扁率效应的两圆轨道之间的双共切最优转移

两圆轨道之间的双共切转移轨道是其近地点和远地点分别在这两个圆轨道上的椭圆轨道。本文用两次冲量法给出了沿双共切椭圆轨道实现从一圆轨道向另一圆轨道转移的最优方案，并考虑到地球扁率造成的轨道摄动。文中的所谓圆轨道指的是变轨时刻的密切轨道为圆形的轨道，是对近圆轨道的近似替找。     

Ariane 5 ECA's upper stage perigee reduction via passivation manoeuvre

When Ariane 5 ECA development has been decided by Europe to increase Ariane 5 performance, the rule of 25 years in GTO orbit for the upper stage has been anticipated. This was 14 years ago and this rule was known to be satisfied with a perigee lower than 250 km. Even when lowering slightly Ariane 5 ECA performance, this maximum perigee altitude has been held and the whole Launch System has been developed under CNES responsibility with this GTO perigee. In the meantime, more precise calculations demonstrated that such a GTO perigee was giving for the ESCA a mean lifetime higher than 25 years. So studies are in progress inside CNES to decrease the perigee and re-enter inside the 25 years lifetime domain. This paper presents a CNES study to reduce the orbital lifetime of Ariane 5's upper stage that last in GTO after each commercial mission. Usually the aimed orbit has a perigee altitude of 250 km, an apogee altitude near to the geostationary position and an inclination between 2° and 7°. These conditions make stage's mean lifetime superior to 90 years. The CNES study is to expose the possibility to decrease this lifetime by reducing the perigee altitude of the final upper stage orbit through a passivation process optimised to produce orbit modification. It is shown that taking into account material and functional stage constraints the optimised passivation process is able to decrease the perigee by a few tenths of kilometres.     

Reachable domain of spacecraft with a single tangent impulse considering trajectory safety

The reachable domain of the two-body transfer orbit with a single upper-bounded tangent impulse is studied. Three cases are analyzed for either the magnitude of the tangent impulse or the initial impulse point being free, or both being free. For a fixed impulse magnitude and a free initial impulse point, the initial orbit is proved to be one of the envelopes of the reachable domain. Moreover, the trajectory safety for the transfer orbit requires a lower bound on the perigee altitude and an upper bound on the apogee altitude. Then the ranges of the impulse magnitude and the initial true anomaly can be obtained by solving quadratic and cubic inequalities, respectively. If both constraints are required for an arbitrary impulse point, the range of the impulse magnitude is obtained with impulses at the perigee and the apogee. Several numerical examples with different eccentricities are provided to show the geometry of the reachable domain and to verify the proposed method.     

Orbit design for the Spektr-R spacecraft of the ground-space interferometer

In order to carry out tasks of the RadioAstron mission, a high-apogee orbit was designed. On average, the period of its satellite’s orbit around the Earth is 8.5 days with evolution due to gravitational perturbations produced by the Moon and the Sun. The perigee and apogee of this orbit vary within the limits 7500–70000 km and 270000–333000 km, respectively. The basic evolution of the orbit represents a rotation of its plane around the line of apsides. Over 3 years, the plane normal to the orbit draws on the celestial sphere an oval with a semi-major axis of about 150° and semi-minor axis of about 45°.     

GPS-based relative navigation for the Proba-3 formation flying mission

The primary objective of the Proba-3 mission is to build a solar coronagraph composed of two satellites flying in close formation on a high elliptical orbit and tightly controlled at apogee. Both spacecraft will embark a low-cost GPS receiver, originally designed for low-Earth orbits, to support the mission operations and planning during the perigee passage, when the GPS constellation is visible. The paper demonstrates the possibility of extending the utilization range of the GPS-based navigation system to serve as sensor for formation acquisition and coarse formation keeping. The results presented in the paper aim at achieving an unprecedented degree of realism using a high-fidelity simulation environment with hardware-in-the-loop capabilities. A modified version of the flight-proven PRISMA navigation system, composed of two single-frequency Phoenix GPS receivers and an advanced real-time onboard navigation filter, has been retained for this analysis. For several-day long simulations, the GPS receivers are replaced by software emulation to accelerate the simulation process. Special attention has been paid to the receiver link budget and to the selection of a proper attitude profile. Overall the paper demonstrates that, despite a limited GPS tracking time, the onboard navigation filter gets enough measurements to perform a relative orbit determination accurate at the centimeter level at perigee. Afterwards, the orbit prediction performance depends mainly on the quality of the onboard modeling of the differential solar radiation pressure acting on the satellites. When not taken into account, this perturbation is responsible for relative navigation errors at apogee up to 50 m. The errors can be reduced to only 10 m if the navigation filter is able to model this disturbance with 70% fidelity.     

Optimal trajectories for the aeroassisted flight experiment

This paper deals with the determination of optimal trajectories for the aeroassisted flight experiment (AFE). The intent of this experiment is to simulate a GEO-to-LEO transfer, where GEO denotes a geosynchronous Earth orbit and LEO denotes a low Earth orbit. Specifically, the AFE spacecraft is released from the Space Shuttle and is accelerated by means of a solid rocket motor toward Earth, so as to achieve atmospheric entry conditions identical with those of a spacecraft returning from GEO. During the atmospheric pass, the angle of attack is kept constant, and the angle of bank is controlled in such a way that the following conditions are satisfied: (a) the atmospheric velocity depletion is such that, after exiting, the AFE spacecraft first ascends to a specified apogee and then descends to a specified perigee; and (b) the exit orbital plane is identical with the entry orbital plane. The final maneuver, not analyzed here, includes the rendezvous with and the capture by the Space Shuttle. In this paper, the trajectories of an AFE spacecraft are analyzed in a 3D space, employing the full system of 6 ODEs describing the atmospheric pass. The atmospheric entry conditions are given, and the atmospheric exit conditions are adjusted in such a way that requirements (a) and (b) are met, while simultaneously minimizing the total characteristic velocity, hence the propellant consumption required for orbital transfer. Two possible transfers are considered: indirect ascent (IA) to a 178 NM perigee via a 197 NM apogee; and direct ascent (DA) to a 178 NM apogee. For both transfers, two cases are investigated: (i) the bank angle is continuously variable; and (ii) the trajectory is divided into segments along which the bank angle is constant. For case (ii), the following subcases are studied; 2, 3, 4 and 5 segments; because the time duration of each segment is optimized, the above subcases involve 4, 6, 8 and 10 parameters, respectively. It is shown that the optimal trajectories of cases (i) and (ii) coalesce into a single trajectory: a two-subarc trajectory, with the bank angle constant in each subarc (bang-bang control). Specifically, the bank angle is near 180° in the atmospheric entry phase (positive lift projection phase) and is near 0° in the atmospheric exit phase (negative lift projection phase). It is also shown that, during the atmospheric pass, the peak values of the changes of the orbital inclination and the longitude of the ascending node are nearly zero; hence, the peak value of the wedge angle (angle between the instantaneous orbital plane and the initial orbital plane) is nearly zero. This means that the motion of the spacecraft is nearly planar in an inertial space.     

Mission design and analysis of European astrophysics missions orbiting libration points

The main characteristics of the trajectory design of space observatory missions in the Earth–Sun libration point region is highlighted, based on experiences gained in work performed by the authors on ESA missions. Free transfers always lead to large-amplitude orbits around L₂, their properties (amplitudes, phases, non-linear behaviour) are related to the conditions at perigee. Launch scenarios with different degrees of freedom in the perigee geometry and different strategies of sharing the apogee raising between launcher and spacecraft propulsion for Soyuz (with circular parking orbit or direct injection) and Ariane 5 launches from French Guiana will be discussed. Besides the orbit selection and transfer analysis, an important aspect of libration missions is the maintenance of the operational orbit. For some missions it is required to maximise the time between maintenance manoeuvres, and for some the thrust authority is limited. In both cases the exponential nature of the state transition matrix has to be considered. If the equivalent velocity error in the unstable direction becomes too large, the orbit can become unrecoverable, leading to a departure from the environment of the Lagrange point within a few months.     

挠性飞行器的脉冲调制控制

三轴稳定控制是大挠性飞行器有效和重要的姿态控制方式，喷嘴控制是实现三轴稳定控制的手段之一。本文针对伪速率调制器（ＰＳＲＭ）和脉冲调宽调频调制器（ＰＷＰＦＭ），采用非线性脉冲调制器线性化和描述函数两种方法来分析大挠性航天飞行器的姿态稳定性问题，并对某型卫星的远地点点火姿态控制系统进行了分析和仿真。     

液体远地点发动机工作期间卫星姿态的自适应控制

本文将全系数自适应控制方法用于带有液体晃动和挠性太阳帆板的三轴稳定地球同步轨道卫星在远地点发动机工作期间的姿态自适应控制。仿真结果表明,用全系数自适应控制方法设计的控制器,其动态性能好,对参数变化的适应性强,抗干扰能力强,鲁棒性好,性能指标完全满足设计要求。