核酸代谢抑制剂对水稻光敏核不育性的影响

在稻穗分化的二次枝梗期后,观察比较了叶片喷施核酸代谢抑制剂５ＦＵ对水稻光敏核不育性及幼穗发育的影响,结果表明：长日照下,５ＦＵ在使农垦５８Ｓ穗长缩短、颖花数减少的同时,却使其抽穗提前,可育性得到一定程度的恢复;５ＦＵ处理还使农垦５８的抽穗被完全阻止。在短日照下,５ＦＵ处理则使农垦５８Ｓ与农垦５８在穗长与颖花数减少的同时,其抽穗反被延迟,可育性受到抑制而结实率显著降低,上述效应还可被随后施用的恢复剂乳清酸所弱化。因此可以认为光敏核不育现象与稻穗发育中核酸代谢的改变有关。     

光敏核不育水稻开花和育性转变不同的光反应

从光敏核不育水稻"农垦585"幼穗分化至二次枝梗期开始,在每天的短日照光期（10h日光）结束、暗期开始时（EOD）进行15d的远红光（FR）照射实验,以比较开花、育性转变过程对短暂的远红光（FR）或红光（R）的反应。EODFR明显抑制水稻植株开花（穗分化）,导致"农垦585"和原种"农垦58"的抽穗期均比短日照下推退7d,表现为长日照效应,而"农垦58S"的结实率与原种相比却无显著变化。这暗示诱导农垦58S开花、育性转变过程的光反应可能有差异,前者不仅与光周期有关,且受EODFR的剧烈影响,而育性主要受光周期（临界暗期）控制,基本上不受EODFR的调控。     

免疫测定光敏核不育水稻中光敏色素I含量

光敏核不育水稻（农垦58S）是中国水稻研究中的一个重要发现,水稻杂交育种上有巨大潜力。研究表明：农垦58S的雄性不育性受光周期调控,光敏色素是育性转变过程中光周期反应的光受体。然而,鉴于高等植物中存在至少两种不同的光敏色素分子,并且它们同时存在水稻中,人们对调节农垦58S雄性不育过程的光敏色素分子种类及作用方式仍然不清楚。本文采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）,比较了不同光周期下农垦58S和对照品种农垦58叶片（光周期感受器官）中光敏色素（phyA）的含量。从农垦58S的二次技梗原基分化期开始,进行10天的光周期处理,一组为短日照（SD）,另一组为长日照（LD）。在第10个暗期结束前,于暗绿光下收获每株水稻的最上部两片新展叶,立即保存在液氮中。样品在研钵中磨成液氮粉,然后加入提取液（含50mmol/LTris-HCI和0．2mol／L巯基乙醇,pH8．5）匀浆。粗提液经0．5％聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）沉淀一,上清液供ELISA分析。以燕麦phyA的多克隆隆抗体、单克隆抗体分别作ELISA的一抗和检测抗体。供ELISA分析。以燕麦phyA的多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体分别作ELISA的一抗和检测抗体。采用ELISA可以专一性地检测水稻phyA(Table1)。几次独立的实验说明,光周期处理对phyA含量有较大的影响。要相同的光周期下,农垦58S的phyA在较长时间暗期中的合成速度明显比农垦58快,这证实了前人的推测,即农垦58S甲基化程度较低的phyA基因的表达可能比农垦59更活跃。许多研究指出,pohyA含量的高低必然影响有关的生理过程。两种基因型相同的大麦品种对光周期、远红光（FR）敏感性的不同反应正是phyA含量差异所致。因此,SD下叶片积累较多的phA可能是农垦58S花粉育性恢复所必需的。另外,在农垦58S育性转变敏感期内每天的光周期结束时（EOD）进行短暂（15分钟）的FR照射实验,以推测光敏色素(PhyB)在育性转变中的作用,因为EODFR反应由phyB介导。10次EODFR处理后,农垦58S的抽穗、开花期均比SD对照相应地推迟2天。这与穗、开花（LD效应）,其花粉败育、种了结实率却没有变化（图1）,说明开花与花粉育性的调控机制有所不同。从上述结果我们认为,可能是phyA,而不是pohyB参与光周期诱导的农垦58s花粉育性转变过程,并且phyA可能通过其含量的变化起调节作用;phyB与水稻的抽穗、开花等现象有关。农垦58S可能通过其含量的变化起调节作用;phyB与水稻的抽穗、开花等现象有关。农垦58s控制花粉正常发育的phyA信号传导链可能存在某些缺陷,从而导致对光周期的敏感性增加,SD下积累较多的phyA则可以弥补这些缺陷。     

光敏核不育水稻的育性与^45Ca的关系（简报）

光敏核不育水稻农垦58s育性转换始期,以涂叶法和灌根法对长日、短日处理植株饲喂的45Ca可自叶片或根部转入功能器官（叶、幼穗）,转入量随标记强度的增加而增加;植株吸收的45Ca可明显提高长日照下稻株的花粉可育率和自交结实率,而短日照下稻株的效应则相反。     

光周期对光敏核不育水稻光敏色素A含量及其mRNA丰度的影响

光敏核不育水稻(农垦58S)是我国特有的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)种质材料,光敏色素是光周期诱导其育性转变的受体。报道了育性转换敏感期间的光周期处理对农垦58S及对照“农垦58”叶片中光敏色素A(Phy A)含量及其mRNA丰度的影响。在10个光周期处理的最后一个暗期结束前,收获每株水稻的上部两片叶,用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定Phy A。和长日照(LD)相比,短日照(SD)处理导致农垦58SPhy A相对含量增加38.5％;而“农垦58”只增加18.5％。显然,在较长的暗期中,农垦58S中Phy A的积累比对照快。在水稻幼苗中也得出相似的结果。以光敏色素A基因(phy A)的特异性片段RPA3作探针,用RNA斑点杂交的方法对叶片中Phy A mRNA丰度进行分析的结果表明,光周期处理5d和10d时,两品种水稻的Phy A mRNA丰度都是SD处理的比LD的高,而且SD下农垦58S Phy A mRNA的丰度均比“农垦58”的高。这些结果表明,甲基化水平较低的农垦58S phy A可能比“农垦58”的phy A更活跃地表达。另外,在育性转换敏感期每日主光期结束时(EOD)进行10次短暂的远红光(FR)照射。结果表明,农垦58S植株抽穗和开花期比SD处理推迟2d,而花粉败育率、种子结实率却无变化。暗示农垦58S开花和育性转变过程的光周期反应可能不同。     

ADH在光敏感核不育水稻中反应特征的研究

乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性在湖北光敏感核不育水稻(HPGMR)幼穗发育的育性诱导阶段对光周期反应非常敏感。此时,在短日照或远红光处理的条件下,乙醇脱氢酶同工酶AdhII活性高,湖北光敏感核不育水稻原始不育株农垦58雄性可育;在长日照或红光间断长暗期的条件下,AdhII活性陡降,表现雄性不育。因此认为AdhII与湖北光敏感核不育水稻育性转换有关,可能是它参予了育性基因表达的调控作用。     

温光敏核雄性不育小麦雄性败育的细胞学观察

为了掌握小麦温光敏核雄性不育系雄性败育发生的时期和类型,为两系法利用小麦杂种优势提供依据,用涂抹压片法观察了其减数分裂和小孢子发育过程.结果表明,在低温短日照条件下,在叶枕距-5cm 左右、幼穗长5cm 左右、孕穗前5～10d的时段处于花粉母细胞形成期,发育正常;叶枕距-2～1cm 、幼穗长8cm 左右、孕穗前4～5d到孕穗当天的时段处于减数分裂期,减数分裂行为基本正常,能形成正常的四分体;叶枕距5cm 左右、穗长9cm左右、孕穗后到抽穗前的时段处于小孢子发育期,小孢子能发育到单核靠边期,但此后就发育停滞,细胞质和核物质逐渐解体,不能被苏木精或碘液染色,出现败育;发生败育的高峰在小孢子单核晚期,败育花粉的主要类型是圆败型.而在高温长日照条件下,减数分裂和小孢子发育过程与常规对照品系相同,能形成正常可育的三核花粉粒.     

籼型光敏核不育水稻育性可转换性的基因定位和基因互作研究

本研究以来源于农垦58S的籼型光敏核不育系培矮64S(短日条件下育性难转换)和8902S(短日条件下育性易转换)及其F１、F２群体为材料,通过短日不同光温和不同生态条件4种处理,利用RFLP分子标记研究了影响光敏核不育水稻在短日条件下的育性可转换性的遗传、基因定位和基因互作,主要结果表明：影响光敏核不育水稻的育性可转换性表现为微效基因的作用,定位了7个控制光敏核不育水稻的育性可转换性QTL,即S2、S3a、S3b、S5、S8和S10。揭示了基因互作真实存在于光敏核不育水稻中,基因互作形式和互作类型对光敏核不育水稻的育性可转换性的影响表现多种多样,不同类型的基因互作所解释的遗传变异处于2.15%～10.07%之间。     

光周期调节光敏感不育水稻叶片抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性

从第二次枝梗原基分化期开始用长日照(LD)或短日照(SD)处理光敏感核不育水稻农垦58S和常规水稻农垦58。与SD处理比较,LD处理明显抑制农垦58S和农垦58的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsAPOD)的活性,对农垦58S的AsA POD活性的抑制效应较之农垦58的大。随着AsA POD活性下降,抗坏血酸(AsA)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量逐渐增加,AsA POD活性与AsA和MDA含量之间呈负相关。LD抑制ASA POD活性和抑制幼穗发育的时间有一定的一致性。推测在LD处理下AsA POD活性下降与幼穗发育受阻有某些内在的联系。     

光周期调节光敏感核不育水稻叶片抗环血酸过氧化物酶的活性

从第二次枝梗原基分化期开始用长日照(LD)或短日照(SD)处理光敏感核不育水稻农垦58S 和常规水稻农垦58。与 SD 处理比较,LD 处理明显抑制农垦58S 和农垦58的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsAPOD)的活性,对农垦58S 的 AsA POD 活性的抑制效应较之农垦58的大。随着 AsAPOD 活性下降,抗坏血酸(AsA)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量逐渐增加,AsA POD 活性与 AsA 和MDA 含量之间呈负相关。LD 抑制 ASA POD 活性和抑制幼穗发育的时间有一定的一致性。推测在 LD 处理下 AsA POD 活性下降与幼穗发育受阻有某些内在的联系。     

氮素形态对烤烟光合特性影响的研究

1996～1997年连续二年进行了固定氮素用量,改变铵态、硝态氮肥的施用比例试验,对烤烟的一些光合生理特性进行了研究。试验结果表明,在烤烟生长前、中期,增施铵态氮施用比例,烤烟的叶绿素含量增加,但达100％铵态氮时,叶绿素含量反而下降,低于施用50％和75％铵态氮的处理;在烤烟生长后期．功能叶片叶绿素含量基本上与施用铵态氮比例高低—致,以100％铵态氮处理的叶绿素含量最高。另外增加铵态氮施用比例,烤烟功能叶片的希尔反应活性及光合磷酸化活性有所提高,但P/O比值基本不变。从叶绿素诱导荧光动力学特征参数及比值情况来看：增加铵态氮施用比例,Fm和Fv值升高;几种荧光参数的比值如Fd/Fs、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm比值有所上升,但均以25％硝态氮+75％铵态氮的处理最高;并且其烤后烟叶的产量最高、品质最好。     

Effect of End-of-day far-red light exposures on fertility alteration and flowering in photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile rice

The rice photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile mutant (PGMR) is sterile under long days, but fertile in short days. Phytochrome is involved in the photoperiod-induced male-sterile process. To investigate the mechanisms, of phytochrome action in PGMR, end-of-day (EOD) experiments were carried out. Flowering in PGMR was delayed considerably by EOD far-red light exposures following a short day of 10 hr, whereas its fertility decreased to the same extent as the original line. This result suggests that photoperiod response mediating fertility alteration in PGMR somewhat differed from that in flowering,i.e., fertility alteration and flowering might be under the separate phytochrome signaling control.     

免疫测定光敏核不育水稻中光敏色素Ⅰ含量

光敏核不育水稻（农垦５８Ｓ）是中国水稻研究中的一个重要发现,在水稻杂交育种上有巨大潜力。研究表明：农垦５８Ｓ的雄性不育性受光周期调控,光敏色素是育性转变过程中光周期反应的光受体,然而,鉴于高等植物中存在至少两种不同的光敏色素分子,并且它们同时存在于水稻中,人们对调节农垦５８Ｓ雄性不育过程的光敏色素分子种类及作用方式仍然不清楚。本文采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）,比较了不同光周期下农垦５８Ｓ和对照品种农垦５８叶片（光周期感受器官）中光敏色素Ｉ（ｐｈｙＡ）的含量。从农垦５８Ｓ的二次枝梗原基分化期开始,进行１０天的光周期处理。一组为短日照（ＳＤ）,另一组为长日照（ＬＤ）。在第１０个暗期结束前,于暗绿光下收获每株水稻的最上部两片新展叶,立即保存在液氮中。样品在研钵中磨成液氮粉,然后加入提取液（含５０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＴｒｉｓ－ＨＣＩ和０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ巯基乙醇,ｐＨ８．５）匀浆。粗提液经０．５％聚乙烯亚胺（ＰＥＩ）沉淀后,上清液供ＥＬＩＳＡ分析。以燕麦ｐｈｙＡ的多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体分别作ＥＬＩＳＡ的一抗和检测抗体。采用ＥＬＩＳＡ可以专一性地检测水稻ｐｈｙＡ（Ｔａｂｌｅ１）。几次独立的实验说明,光周期处理对ｐｈｙＡ含     

Studies on Photoperiod-sensitive Genic Malesterile Rice in Terms of Developmental Biology

Investigations on the mechanism of fertility alternation and its regulation in photoperiodsensitive genic male-sterile rice (PGMR) have received considerable attention due to the important significance in both basic research of plant developmental biology and PGMR potential value in the development of two line hybrid rice seed programs. The present review described the major achivements of study on PGMR in terms of developmental biology: phytochrome was found to be the photoreceptor involved in photoperiod-modulated fertility alternation in PGMR; chloroplasts played a significant role in the photoperiodic signal transduction; gibberellins and auxin might be the chemical signals for fertility regulation; identifying of special proteins promoted the exploration of specially expressed genes related to fertility regulation in PGMR. The author hypothesized that four main steps of photoperiodic signal transduction were involved in the realization of male sterility-multistage magni-fied injury effects to normal function of PGMR induced by long-day stress. There was defect in the anther development of PGMR, and the resistance of anthers to environmental stress was weakened. The multifactor coaction model for photoperiod regulation in fertility alternation in PGMR was proposed and discussed.     

Effect of Photoperiod Treatments on Phytochrome a Levels and Its mRNA Abundance in Photoperiod-Sensitive Genic Male-Sterile Rice Mutant and the Wild Type

The effect of photoperiod treatments on phytochrome A (Phy A) level and its mRNA abundance in the leaves of a photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile mutant (Nongken 58S) and its wild type ("Nongken 58') of Oryza sativa L. was investigated. The top two leaves of each rice shoot were harvested at the end of the last dark phase of 10 cycles during photoperiod-sensitive stage for fertility alteration of the mutant. Phy A was measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rabbit polyclonal and mouse monoclonal antibodies. Compared with longday (LD) treatment,short day (SD) resulted in 38.5% increase of relative Phy A content in the mutant, only 18.5% increase in the wild type. In an extended darkness (25 h), the accumulation of Phy A also appeared to be more rapid in the mutant seedlings than in its wild type. RNA dot blot analyses with RPA3 (a cDNA clone of rice Phy A) as a probe showed:the abundances of Phy A mRNA in top leaves of Nongken 58S and "Nongken 58" were obviously higher in SD than those in ID at the end of dark phase of 5 d and 10 d photoperiod treatments. Moreover, under SD Phy A mRNA contents in Nongken 58S were more than those in "Nongken 58" during the whole photoperi- od-sensitive stage for fertility alteration. In addition, after 10 cycles of end-of-day far-red irradiations (EOD FR), the heading and flowering date of the mutant was delayed for 2 d. However, EOD FR had little or no effect on male fertility of the mutant.     

晚粳,早籼光敏核不育水稻幼穗分化后光周期效应的比较

报道了日长对不同晚粳（Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａｓｕｂ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）及早籼（Ｏ．ｓａｔｉｖａｓｕｂ．ｉｎｄｉｃａ）水稻幼穗发育的影响。发现在晚粳中,二次枝梗期之后所给予的长日处理除延迟幼穗分化进程外,还会影响颍花的发育,表现为颍花密度及结实率下降。而早籼稻中则无明显的类似效应。因此日长对幼穗发育的影响与日长对幼穗分化诱导的影响有一定的相关性。同时,长日对晚粳幼穗发育的影响与引起光敏不育表现的时期相同,表明光敏不育水稻的雄性不育是该突变体雄蕊发育对长日抑制幼穗发育影响的一种特殊反应。     

Comparison of Photoperiodic Effects of Panicle Development After Panicle Initiation Between Late Japonica and Early Indica Photoperiod sensitive Genic Male sterile Rice (PGMR) Lines

For understanding the mechanism of photoperiodic-sensitive male sterility in rice ( Oryza sativa L. ). The authors have studied the day-length effects on the rice panicle development after the initiation of the secondary branch primordia (SBP). It was found that the long-day illumination after the initiation of SBP not only delayed heading, but also affected the panicle morphology of late japonica rice lines. These effects were not seen in the early indica dee lines. The similarity of the day-length effects after SBP and before the panicle initiation, as well as the synchronization between the above-mentioned effects and the one caused male sterility of PGMR, supported the hypothesis that the photoperiodic-sensitive male sterility in PGMR is consequent upon the failure of male organ development response to the long-day stress by the mutation.     

光敏核不育水稻幼穗的乙烯生成与育性转换

研究了在不同光温组合下光敏核不育水稻（ＰＧＭＲ）农垦５８５（ＮＫ５８Ｓ）及普通水稻品种农垦５８（ＮＫ５８Ｂ）的幼穗乙烯生物合成变化及其与育性表达的关系。结果表明ＮＫ５８Ｓ幼穗乙烯生成受光周期和温度的共同调节,而光周期对ＮＫ５８Ｂ幼穗乙烯生成无明显影响。ＮＫ５８Ｓ幼穗乙烯生成的变化与育性转换光温作用模式完全吻合。其幼穗乙烯释放速率（ＥＲＲ）与花粉可育度（ｌｎｙ）呈极显著负相关。用ＡＶＧ抑制乙烯生成可使ＮＫ５８Ｓ（ＬＤ）不育性明显逆转,而用ＡＣＣ促进乙烯生成又可急剧降低ＮＫ５８Ｓ（ＳＤ）的可育水平。表明幼穗乙烯生成与ＰＧＭＲ育性表达密切相关,乙烯参与育性转换的调控并可能起着重要作用。