Gamma-band activity dissociates between matching and nonmatching stimulus pairs in an auditory delayed matching-to-sample task

Electro- and magnetoencephalography studies have suggested that increased gamma-band activity (GBA) is a correlate of activated neural stimulus representations. In this study, a delayed matching-to-sample paradigm for auditory spatial information was employed to investigate the role of magnetoencephalographic gamma-band activity in the differentiation between matching and nonmatching stimulus pairs. Twelve subjects made same-different judgments about the lateralization angle of pairs of filtered noise stimuli (S1 and S2) presented with 0.8-s delays. One half of the subjects had to respond to matching stimulus pairs, the other half to nonmatching stimulus pairs. Cortical oscillatory activity in the memory task was compared to a control task requiring the detection of background noise intensity changes. Memory-related GBA increases were revealed over midline parietal areas in the middle of the delay phase and during the presentation of S2 and over frontocentral areas at the end of the delay phase. This replicated previous findings. In addition, nonmatching trials were associated with increased GBA over right parietal areas in response to S2. The midline parietal GBA increase during S2 in the memory condition may have reflected the representation of S1 needed for a comparison between S1 and S2. When S1 and S2 were identical, no further representation was required. In contrast, for nonmatching pairs, a second representation was activated over right parietal areas.     

Spatiotemporal reconstruction of the auditory steady-state response to frequency modulation using magnetoencephalography

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in the perception of perceptually salient frequency modulation (FM) using auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) measured with magnetoencephalography (MEG). Previous MEG studies using frequency-modulated amplitude modulation as stimuli (Luo et al., 2006, 2007) suggested that a phase modulation encoding mechanism exists for low (< 5 Hz) FM modulation frequencies but additional amplitude modulation encoding is required for faster FM modulation frequencies. In this study single-cycle sinusoidal FM stimuli were used to generate the ASSR. The stimulus was either an unmodulated 1-kHz sinusoid or a 1-kHz sinusoid that was frequency-modulated with a repetition rate of 4, 8, or 12 Hz. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) of each MEG channel was calculated to obtain the phase and magnitude of the ASSR in sensor-space and multivariate Hotelling's T² statistics were used to determine the statistical significance of ASSRs. MEG beamformer analyses were used to localise the ASSR sources. Virtual electrode analyses were used to reconstruct the time series at each source. FFTs of the virtual electrode time series were calculated to obtain the amplitude and phase characteristics of each source identified in the beamforming analyses. Multivariate Hotelling's T² statistics were used to determine the statistical significance of these reconstructed ASSRs. The results suggest that the ability of auditory cortex to phase-lock to FM is dependent on the FM pulse rate and that the ASSR to FM is lateralised to the right hemisphere.     

Amplitude modulations and inter-trial phase stability of alpha-oscillations differentially reflect working memory constraints across the lifespan

Working memory (WM) capacity increases across childhood, peaks in young adulthood, and declines thereafter. Developmental and aging theories suggest that deficient inhibitory control processes in children and older adults may underlie the lower performance relative to younger adults. Recently, oscillatory alpha power (7-13 Hz) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) has been suggested as a neural marker of inhibition processes contributing to WM performance (Sauseng et al., 2009). We examined 20 children (10-13 years), 12 younger adults (20-26 years), and 20 older adults (70-76 years) in a cued change-detection paradigm. Behaviorally, we observed the expected lifespan peak in younger adults. EEG alpha power was generally reduced in older adults compared to children and younger adults. In line with previous research, hemispheric differences in alpha power related to attention and WM processes during the retention interval increased with load in younger adults. In children and older adults, lateralized alpha power increased from low to medium load conditions, but decreased for high load conditions. Furthermore, older adults showed higher inter-trial phase stability shortly after stimulus onset compared to children and younger adults. Our results show that inhibitory control processes as indexed by local alpha power modulations can be observed in children and older adults but seem to break down when WM load is high. In addition, older adults are more entrained by external stimulation what may increase a need for inhibitory control during later processing. We conclude that differences in inhibitory control processes and information uptake as reflected in amplitude modulations and inter-trial phase stability of alpha rhythms interactively determine WM constraints across the lifespan.     

手术室短期综合干预对经尿道前列腺电切术患者焦虑及术中配合的影响

目的:探讨手术室短期综合干预对经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)老年患者焦虑及术中配合的影响.方法:将160例行TURP老年患者随机分为对照组和实验组各80例,对照组实施常规护理,实验组给予心理干预、行为干预、提醒告知等手术室短期综合干预,干预前后运用焦虑自评量表(SAS)对两组进行评估,记录操作配合(静脉置管、硬膜外置管)一次成功率、术中不适(体位不适、恶心、呕吐、胸闷、呼吸困难)的情况.结果:两组入手术室后焦虑评分比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),干预后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);实验组静脉置管一次成功率高于对照组(P＜0.01),体位不适发生率低于对照组(P＜0.05);两组硬膜外置管一次成功率及恶心、呕吐、胸闷、呼吸困难发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:手术室短期综合干预能减轻患者焦虑程度,使静脉通路建立与麻醉穿刺操作更顺利,术中经过更平稳,为患者术后恢复打下良好基础.     

SAS病人持续气道正压通气治疗前后记忆和情绪改变

目的 :探讨睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (SAS)病人治疗前后记忆功能和情绪障碍的变化。方法 :SAS25例 ,单纯鼾症12例 ,以标准的记忆和情绪测试量表评分。SAS患者中12例接受持续正压气道通气 (CPAP)治疗 ,治疗后复查评分。结果 :SAS组记忆功能评分显著低于对照组 ,25例SAS中12例以抑郁和焦虑为主的情绪变化 ,12例SAS经CPAP治疗后评分明显改善。结论 :SAS病人有记忆功能的损害和情绪变化 ,并与低氧血症和睡眠结构有关 ,CPAP治疗能明显改善。     

Tension-type headache and stressful events: the role of selective memory in the reporting of stressors

This study examined evidence for the role of selective memory for stressful events in women with headache. Previous studies have reported that on retrospective measures of stress, those with tension-type headache report more stressful events and rate the events as more stressful than did headache-free controls. However, when ratings are made concurrently, participants with headache and controls did not differ in their ratings of equivalent stressors presented in the laboratory. One theory for why differences are found in stress ratings made retrospectively, but not concurrently, is that selective memory biases recollection of past events in patients with headache. This study compared self-report ratings of stressful events and their perceived impact made either concurrently or retrospectively to determine if selective memory might explain the discrepancies found in earlier studies. Participants included 20 patients with tension-type headache and 22 headache-free controls. Participants were compared on hourly, daily, and weekly measures of stressors and their perceived impact via hourly and nightly visual analog scale ratings, the Daily Stress Inventory, and the Weekly Stress Inventory. If support was to be offered to the hypothesis that selective memory biases the retrospective memory of patients with headache, then an interaction between group assignment (ie, headache versus control group) and time of rating would be expected. No such interaction occurred. Results from the study suggest that all participants have a tendency to overestimate stress on retrospective measures, but that patients with headache do not do so at a significantly different rate than do headache-free controls. The alternative hypothesis that patients with headache tend to appraise everyday events as more stressful is supported.     

阿立哌唑与氟哌啶醇对首发精神分裂症智力和记忆力的影响

目的探讨阿立哌唑与氟哌啶醇对首发精神分裂症智力和记忆力的影响。方法对60例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为阿立哌唑组30例和氟哌啶醇组30例，系统治疗8周。用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS-RC）、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）进行评估。结果治疗后，患者PANSS总分明显下降，但两组间无显著性差异（P〉0．05），阿立哌唑组与氟哌啶醇组治疗前后WAIS-RC也无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。阿立哌唑组WMS的100→1、积累、图片、再生、再认、触觉、理解、记忆商（MQ）治疗前后有显著改善（P〈0．05～0．01），MQ的平均增值为18．46；氟哌啶醇组MQ增值为11．15，且有较多项目与治疗前无显著性差异，两组治疗前后各项目增值比较以阿立哌唑组显著。结论阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症记忆力的影响明显好于氟哌啶醇。     

尼莫通对新生大鼠缺氧缺血后学习记忆和海马星形胶质细胞的影响

目的 研究尼莫通对缺氧缺血性脑损伤（HI）后大鼠学习和记忆能力的影响,并探讨其作用机理.方法 7日龄大鼠行右侧颈总动脉接扎后吸入8%氧气2 h建立HI模型.随机取13只予尼莫通腹腔注射,每日1次,共5天;至80 d左右行Y迷宫测试,然后用胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）免疫组化染色标记星形胶质细胞.结果 HI组学习记忆能力明显低于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,尼莫通可提高学习能力,但对记忆无明显作用.HI组海马结构辐射层GFAP阳性细胞数密度高于对照组和治疗组（P〈0.05）,其他各层差异不显著.结论 缺氧缺血性脑损伤可致大鼠学习记忆障碍,可能与缺氧缺血后海马结构中胶质细胞改变导致神经元微环境调节能力减退有关,尼莫通对脑缺氧缺血有一定的改善作用.     

不同放疗剂量对局部晚期肺癌患者近远期疗效、血清肿瘤标志物水平与不良反应发生率的影响

目的 探究不同放疗剂量对局部晚期肺癌患者近远期疗效、血清肿瘤标志物水平与不良反应发生率的影响.方法 前瞻性选取2014年1月至2017年11月南通市肿瘤医院收治的接受放疗的局部晚期肺癌患者60例.根据随机数字表法分为高剂量组(n=31)和低剂量组(n=29),高剂量给予等效生物剂量为76～86 Gy,低剂量为60～66...     

Influence of mental practice and movement observation on motor memory,cognitive function and motor performance in the elderly

Background

With aging, it is important to maintain cognitive and motor functions to ensure autonomy and quality of life. During the acquisition of motor skills, it is necessary for the elderly to understand the purpose of the proposed activities. Physical and mental practice, as well as demonstrations, are strategies used to learn movements.

Objectives

To investigate the influence of mental practice and the observation of movement on motor memory and to understand the relationship between cognitive function and motor performance in the execution of a sequence of digital movements in the elderly.

Method

This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 45 young and 45 aged subjects. The instruments used were Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Manual Preference Inventory and a Digital Motor Task (composed of a training of a sequence of movements, an interval and a test phase). The subjects were divided into three subgroups: control, mental practice and observation of movement.

Results

The elderly depend more strongly on mental practice for the acquisition of a motor memory. In comparing the performances of people in different age groups, we found that in the elderly, there was a negative correlation between the MMSE score and the execution time as well as the number of errors in the motor task.

Conclusions

For the elderly, mental practice can advantage motor performance. Also, there is a significant relationship between cognitive function, learning and the execution of new motor skills.     

电针对实验性血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力和脑组织细胞凋亡的影响

目的：观察电针对实验性血管性痴呆（VD）大鼠学习记忆能力和脑组织细胞凋亡的影响。方法：实验中用4－血管阻断模型，用Morris水迷宫测定大鼠学习记忆能力，并用Tunel法检测鼠脑皮质和海马细胞凋亡情况。结果：模型大鼠表现明显的学习记忆障碍，在定位航行实验中，与假手术组相比，潜伏期显著延长；在空间探索试验中，在原平台象限跨越平台次数与其余三个象限无显著差异，其顶叶皮层及海马有大量的凋亡细胞出现。而电针能显著缩短定位航行试验的潜伏期，在空间探索试验中，在原平台象限跨越平台次数显著多于其余三个象限，与假手术组无显著差异；其顶叶皮层及海马CA1区的凋亡细胞数显著减少，受损程度明显轻于模型组。结论：电针能改善VD大鼠学习记忆能力，有拮抗脑组织细胞凋亡的作用。     

不同上下台阶方式的能量消耗分析

目的：探讨不同上下台阶方式对能量消耗的影响。方法：用气体分析装置K4测定10名健康者(平均年龄32．2岁)在4种上下台阶方式(即双脚一阶前方、双脚一阶侧方、双脚一阶斜方、单脚一阶前方)下的氧耗量、二氧化碳消耗量、换气量、呼吸频率和心率，计算消耗的能量。上下台阶的频率为1秒1阶。结果：氧耗量为双脚一阶斜方上和双脚一阶前方下最低，单脚一阶前方上下最高；心率为双脚一阶前方上下最低，单脚一阶前方上下最高；换气量为双脚一阶前方上下最低，单脚一阶前方上下最高；呼吸频率为双脚一阶斜方上和双脚一阶前方下最低，单脚一阶前方上下最高。结论：不同上下台阶方式消耗的能量不同；双脚一阶前方和斜方上下适用于老年人和残疾人。     

苯妥英钠对脑缺血再灌注小鼠学习记忆功能的保护作用

目的探讨苯妥英钠对脑缺血再灌注小鼠学习记功能保护作用的作用机制,为苯妥英钠用于脑缺血缺氧的治疗提供理论依据。方法采用清醒小鼠脑缺血再灌注手术方法,应用跳台法和避暗法,脑海马CA1区神经细胞计数等方法研究苯妥英钠对小鼠脑缺血再灌注行为学、脑病理形态学的影响。结果脑缺血再灌注组(模型组)小鼠错误次数明显增多:3.2±1.1(跳台)、8.4±3.2(避暗);逃避潜伏期(EL)延长:(37.5±15.0)s,出现明显的学习记忆功能障碍并使脑海马CA1区神经细胞数明显减少70±6神经细胞数(个/2mm2);苯妥英钠可较好地改善脑缺血再灌注致学习记忆障碍小鼠的学习记忆功能,错误次数减少:1.0±0.5(跳台),2.5±1.7(避暗);EL缩短:(6.7±1.9)s且使脑海马CA1区神经细胞数明显增加:76±6神经细胞数(个/2mm2)。结论苯妥英钠对脑缺血再灌注小鼠的学习记忆障碍有明显的改善作用,其作用机制可能与保护小鼠脑海马CA1区神经细胞有关。     

Reading the mind's eye: online detection of visuo-spatial working memory and visual imagery in the inferior temporal lobe

Several brain regions involved in visual perception have been shown to also participate in non-sensory cognitive processes of visual representations. Here we studied the role of ventral visual pathway areas in visual imagery and working memory. We analyzed intracerebral EEG recordings from the left inferior temporal lobe of an epileptic patient during working memory tasks and mental imagery. We found that high frequency gamma-band activity (50-150 Hz) in the inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) increased with memory load only during visuo-spatial, but not verbal, working memory. Using a real-time set-up to measure and visualize gamma-band activity online - BrainTV - we found a systematic activity increase in ITG when the patient was visualizing a letter (visual imagery), but not during perception of letters. In contrast, only 7 mm more medially, neurons located in the fusiform gyrus exhibited a complete opposite pattern, responding during verbal working memory retention and letter presentation, but not during imagery or visuo-spatial working memory maintenance. Talairach coordinates indicate that the fusiform contact site corresponds to the word form area, suggesting that this region has a role not only in processing letter-strings, but also in working memory retention of verbal information. We conclude that neural networks supporting imagination of a visual element are not necessarily the same as those underlying perception of that element. Additionally, we present evidence that gamma-band activity in the inferior temporal lobe, can be used as a direct measure of the efficiency of top-down attentional control over visual areas with implications for the development of novel brain-computer interfaces. Finally, by just reading gamma-band activity in these two recording sites, it is possible to determine, accurately and in real-time, whether a given memory content is verbal or visuo-spatial.     

bcl-2 transgene expression inhibits apoptosis in the germinal center and reveals differences in the selection of memory B cells and bone marrow antibody-forming cells

Immunization with T cell-dependent antigens generates long-lived memory B cells and antibody-forming cells (AFCs). Both populations originate in germinal centers and, predominantly, produce antibodies with high affinity for antigen. The means by which germinal center B cells are recruited into these populations remains unclear. We have examined affinity maturation of antigen-specific B cells in mice expressing the cell death inhibitor bcl-2 as a transgene. Such mice had reduced apoptosis in germinal centers and an excessive number of memory B cells with a low frequency of V gene somatic mutation, including those mutations encoding amino acid exchanges known to enhance affinity. Despite the frequency of AFCs being increased in bcl-2-transgenic mice, the fraction secreting high-affinity antibody in the bone marrow at day 42 remained unchanged compared with controls. The inability of BCL-2 to alter selection of bone marrow AFCs is consistent with these cells being selected within the germinal center on the basis of their affinity being above some threshold rather than their survival being due to a selective competition for an antigen-based signal. Continuous competition for antigen does, however, explain formation of the memory compartment.     

电 Y迷宫中大鼠纹状体边缘区与海马学习记忆功能的差异

目的:比较大鼠纹状体边缘区(marginaldivision,MrD)与海马在学习记忆方面的差别,探讨MrD与海马两个不同脑区在大脑学习记忆功能上的区别和作用地位。方法:在电Y迷宫训练大鼠后即刻或24h化学损毁大鼠双侧MrD或切断双侧穹窿海马伞(fornix/fimbria,FF),训练后6d再观察化学损毁双侧MrD组、MrD对照组、切断双侧FF组和FF对照组大鼠在电Y迷宫中学习记忆的行为表现。结果:训练后即刻或24h后损毁双侧MrD组大鼠的正确反应次数分别为10.11±3.89和9.27±4.29,其相应的MrD对照组大鼠正确反应次数则分别为22.63±3.58和22.56±4.25,损毁双侧MrD组与MrD对照组的正确反应次数相比均呈显著性意义的减少(P均<0.01);训练后即刻切断双侧FF组大鼠正确反应次数为12.80±3.99,其相应的FF对照组大鼠则为20.60±4.88,两者相比差异有显著性意义(P<0.01),但训练24h后切断双侧FF组大鼠与其相应的FF对照组大鼠的正确反应次数分别为21.10±4.68和22.00±4.89,两者相比差别则无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:海马仅参与电Y迷宫逃避性学习任务记忆巩固的早期阶段,而MrD则与早、晚两个阶段均有关。     

调神方对老年性痴呆大鼠学习记忆和细胞因子调节的实验研究

目的探讨调神方对老年性痴呆(AD)大鼠学习记忆和细胞因子调节的作用机制。方法建立AD鼠模型,分为正常组、衰老组、假损伤组、模型组、调神方组、他克林组,观察Y-电迷宫和血清细胞因子。结果调神方能明显提高Y-电迷宫正确次数,明显下调血清白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)的水平。结论调神方可能通过调整AD大鼠的免疫状态而提高学习记忆能力。     

From perception to sentence comprehension: the convergence of auditory and visual information of language in the left inferior frontal cortex

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize cortical activation associated with sentence processing, thereby elucidating where in the brain auditory and visual inputs of words converge during sentence comprehension. Within one scanning session, subjects performed three types of tasks with different linguistic components from perception to sentence comprehension: nonword (N(AV); auditory and visual), phrase (P; either auditory or visual), and sentence (S; either auditory or visual) tasks. In a comparison of the P and N(AV) tasks, the angular and supramarginal gyri showed bilateral activation, whereas the inferior and middle frontal gyri showed left-lateralized activation. A comparison of the S and P tasks, together with a conjunction analysis, revealed a ventral region of the left inferior frontal gyrus (F3t/F3O), which was sentence-processing selective and modality-independent. These results unequivocally demonstrated that the left F3t/F3O is involved in the selection and integration of semantic information that are separable from lexico-semantic processing.     

高压氧对脑梗死患者记忆、智力、日常生活能力的影响

目的：评价高压氧治疗脑梗死的效果。探讨脑梗死患者高压氧治疗前后记忆商数(MQ)、长谷川智力量表(HDS)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)得分的变化情况，以及这些指标的应用价值。方法：将60例脑梗死患者随机分为高压氧综合治疗组和药物对照组，两组均以疗效标准判断疗效，并测定两组患者治疗前后MQ、HDS、ADL得分。结果：高压氧组有效率为86．67％，对照组有效率为63．33％，高压氧组有效率明显高于对照组。治疗后两组患者MQ、HDS得分均较治疗前增加，高压氧组MQ、HDS得分明显高于对照组；ADL得分两组均较治疗前减少，两组比较无显著性差异。结论：高压氧综合治疗脑梗死效果明显优于单纯药物治疗。MQ、HDS得分可作为脑梗死患者病情变化及高压氧综合治疗效果判定的参考指标。