黄泛平原区（1∶25万济南幅）浅层孔隙水多年动态变化特征

分析济南幅黄泛平原区浅层孔隙水的补给来源、地下水流场形态变化、地下水排泄途径及水化学多年变化特征,并结合区内浅层地下水开采强度资料综合研究认为,引起济南幅黄泛平原区浅层孔隙水动力场变化的主要原因是地下水开采量的变化与天然补给源的减少。研究表明,局部水位下降甚至产生超采漏斗主要是由于地下水长期过量开采引起的,并对区域地下水流场形态影响较大,区内已形成地下水分水岭。     

论全国1:250000数据库的建立与更新

全国l：250000数据库是国家基础地理信息系统的重要组成部分,该数据库于1998年建成,目前已在国家许多部门得到广泛应用。它的设计和建立成功与否直接影响到数据库的使用方便程度和应用方向。同时随着时间的推移和用户使用的不断深入,数据库的更新问题变得越来越重要,国家测绘局于200l～2002年底立项并完成了对l：250000数据库的全面更新工程,使数据库主要要素的现势性达到2000～2002年。基本可以满足现阶段用户的使用需求。本文主要介绍l：250000数据库主要数据内容,数据库设计及建立;数据库更新的各种资料使用、技术流程以及更新数据库的建库等。     

Changes in Huanghe （Yellow） River estuary since artificial re-routing in 1996

With the combination of historical data, field observations and satellite remotely sensed images(Landsat TM/ETM and CBERS), changes in Huanghe (Yellow) River estuary since 1996 when artificial Chahe distributary was built up were studied, mainly including water and sediment discharge from the river, tides, tidal currents, suspended sediment diffusion, coastline changes and seabed development. During following six and half years (up to the end of 2002), runoff and sediment loads into the river mouth declined dramatically. At the beginning of the re-routing, abundant sediment loads from the river filled up nearshore shallow water areas so that the newborn delta prograded quickly. With rapid decrease of sediment loads transported to the estuary, the delta retrograded. In 1997, subaerial tip of the abandoned delta receded 1.5km; its annual mean recession rate was about 150 m in following years. In addition, marine dynamic condition near the artificial outlet had also changed. Under the interaction of ocean and river flow, most of incoming sediment loads deposited in the vicinity of the outlet. Seabed erosion occurred at the subaqueous delta front. Between 1999 and 2002, erosion thickness averaged at 0.3 m in the subaqueous delta of 585.5 km2.     

1:25万多目标区域地球化学调查样品的分析测试质量监控方法

在1：25万多目标区域地球化学调查样品分析的质量监控方法中,提出以准确度与精密度并重,标准物质监控与重复样监控相结合。利用“多目标化探样品计算机管理软件”,实现对调查样品分析质量监控的自动化管理。应用该系统软件,只要建立好相应的分析数据库,就可自动获得分析报告、报出率、内检样检查、标样检查、标样监控图等监控数据。     

基于Google Earth的1:50000地质地理底图更新

数字地理底图是地质环境调查不可缺少的组成部分,但现有数据大多现势性较差,如何更新值得探讨.文中提出利用Google Earth进行地理底图更新的方法,并介绍了更新的步骤和精度,该方法简单快捷、可操作性较强,具有一定的实用价值.     

风力发电机对黄河三角洲水体蒸发的影响研究

蒸发是湿地水循环的重要组成部分和水分损失的重要途径,风力发电对水体蒸发的影响干扰湿地生态系统的水热平衡。利用SEBAL模型,采用风力发电机建设前2004年、2005年、2009年的Landsat 5数据,风力发电机建成后2013年、2015年的Landsat 8数据,以及MODIS数据和气象数据,通过对比风力发电机建设前后以风机点为中心200m缓冲区范围内水体蒸发的变化,研究风力发电机对黄河三角洲湿地水体蒸发的影响。结果表明:①与建成前相比,风力发电机建成后风机周围各风向水体的蒸发在空间特征上趋于均匀;②与其他风向相比,风力发电机对下风向的影响更大,使下风向水体的蒸发值的均匀程度远大于上风向和旁风向。     

Influence of a Flood Event on Salinity and Nutrients in the Changshan Archipelago Area (Northern Yellow Sea)

River discharge can deliver nutrients to the coastal zone and change the hydrologic properties of the water column. Soon after a flash flood from the Yalu River (Northeast China) in August 2010, we investigated the salinity and nutrient concentrations, as well as other environmental conditions in the Changshan Archipelago area, located approximately 100 km west of the river mouth in the northern Yellow Sea. Diluted water was mainly observed in the upper layers shallower than 15 m, with surface salinity between 18.13 and 30.44 in the eastern study area and between 28.16 and 29.72 in the western area. Surface salinity showed a significant negative correlation with concentrations of dissolved nutrients (P < 0.05), but not with that of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), dissolved oxygen (DO), particulate materials or pH. The average concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, and silicic acid decreased from the surface layer to bottom layer and were significantly higher in the east area than in the west area (P < 0.05). In contrast, average ammonium and phosphate concentrations were highest in the bottom layer of both areas, with no significant spatial differences. DO varied between 6.06 and 8.25 mg L-1 in the surface layer, and was significantly higher in the eastern area than in the western area in the surface and middle layers. Chl-a concentration was constantly below 4.09 μg L-1. Our work demonstrated the strong influences of Yalu River on proportions of various nutrient components in the Changshan Archipelago area. Silicic acid and total inorganic nitrogen levels were significantly elevated comparing to phosphate in the eastern area. Such changes can potentially induce phosphate limit to phytoplankton growth.     

中国陆表水空间展布及动态变化分析

陆表水是维持人类生存的重要资源之一,而中国是水资源严重匮乏的国家之一。因此,掌握中国陆表水的空间分布及其变化状况对合理利用水资源、提高人们节约用水意识等具有重要作用。利用全球首套空间分辨率为30m的全球地表覆盖数据(Globe Land30))中的2000年和2010年两期数据,首先采用重分类的方法提取出我国2000年和2010年的内陆地区水体数据,再根据我国的主要流域和等降水量线数据,统计出各流域及各降水区域的水域面积、水域率数据,并对其动态变化进行分析。结果表明,我国水资源分布不均,呈现明显的南多北少、东多西少的态势。从2000到2010年,我国的陆表水水域面积趋于减少,其中以长江流域水域面积的减少最为明显。     

The distribution and variation of elements in sediments off the Huanghe (Yellow) River mouth

Surface sediment samples collected off the Huanghe (Yellow) River mouth during the period 2007–2009 were analyzed for major and trace element concentrations. Concentrations of 16 elements were measured using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Results demonstrate that sediment grain size is the dominant factor controlling the spatial variations of elemental concentrations. Correlation and cluster analyses allowed classification of the study area into four geochemical regions: Regions I and III are characterized by high concentrations of Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, MgO, Na₂O, K₂O, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, and contain fine-grained sediments with mean grain size (M _z)<22 μm; and; Regions II and IV contain mostly coarse-grained sediments, and are characterized by high concentrations of SiO₂, Na₂O, and Zr. The sediment entering the sea from the Huanghe River and its tributaries is enriched in Ca. Thus, the Ca/Al ratio was used as an indicator of the proportion of sediments in the study area that originated from the Huanghe River. Ca/Al ratios decrease from Regions I and II (located in the nearshore zone of the Huanghe River delta) to Regions III and IV (distributed in the offshore zone of the northern Huanghe River delta, southern and southeastern Laizhou Bay area).     

渭河干流浅层地下水与地表水中重金属Cd污染特征及风险评价

为了解渭河流域水体重金属污染现状及健康危害风险,沿渭河干流采集浅层地下水和地表水水样,采用单因子指数法和美国环境保护署(USEPA)健康风险评价模型揭示了水体中重金属Cd污染现状和健康风险。结果表明:2018年渭河干流地下水和地表水中Cd浓度分别为426.40~1104.27 ng·L^-1和224.70~1154.12 ng·L^-1;参照《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)和《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)得知,地下水和地表水中Cd浓度均在GB/T 14848—2017和GB 3838-2002Ⅰ~Ⅲ类标准限值内;水体中Cd浓度表现出明显的空间分异性,沿河流流向均表现为逐渐增加的趋势;地下水与地表水中Cd浓度高值区相一致,即集中分布于陕西省兴平市和渭南市临渭区;由水体中Cd浓度单因子指数评价结果可知,渭河干流水体中Cd污染属于清洁水平;沿河流流向,渭河中游和下游水体中Cd浓度单因子污染指数远高于上游;水体中重金属Cd对成人和儿童产生的致癌风险分别为(1.48~2.05)×10^-4和(1.84~2.55)×10^-4,说明水体中Cd对人体可能会产生一定的健康风险。     

Foraminiferal Changes and Response to the Channel Diversion and Discharge Fluctuation of the Yellow River in the North Yellow Sea During the Past Century

Diversion of the Yellow River is a unique geological event in offshore China, causing changes of the sedimentary environment in eastern China Seas. The last diversion took place in AD 1855, with the estuary diverted from the Yellow Sea into the Bohai Sea. The identification of the river diversion events in the shelf sediments would not only provide the definite ages for the sediments, but also give a clue for better understanding of the sedimentation in that area. In this study, 210 Pb, grain size, geochemical element, and foraminiferal data in core H205 from the north Yellow Sea were systematically investigated. A high-resolution sedimentary record was established, which was coupled with the Yellow River diversion and runoff changes. The results show that the foraminiferal composition and foraminiferal abundance of the sediments from the north Yellow Sea had good response to the Yellow River diversion in 1855. Before the change, shallow water assemblages dominated the foraminifera, and the abundance of each foraminiferal species was very low. After the diversion event, the abundance of most foraminifera increased sharply, with a maximum increase of 16 times, and the assemblage was still dominated by shallow water species. Furthermore, the changes in foraminiferal abundance in the core sediments corresponded well with the discharge fluctuation of the Yellow River since 1855. When the Yellow River began entering the Bohai Sea, the Yellow River water, which is rich in nutrients, along with the coastal currents affected the north Yellow Sea, increased the primary productivity in the north Yellow Sea, which is the main reason for the abrupt increase and fluctuation of foraminiferal abundance in this area. At the meantime, the East Asian winter monsoon could also promote the development of nearshore foraminiferal species by enhancing the coastal currents.