珠江三角洲大气光化学氧化剂(Ox)与PM2.5复合超标污染特征及气象影响因素

基于粤港澳珠江三角洲区域空气监测网络12个监测子站的大气污染物数据,梳理2013~2017年大气光化学氧化剂O_x（NO₂+O₃）与PM_2.5质量浓度的变化趋势.O_x+PM_2.5复合超标污染定义为NO₂和PM_2.5质量浓度日平均值以及O₃浓度日最大8 h平均值（O₃ MDA8）同时超过二级浓度限值,分析了不同类型站点复合超标污染的时空分布特征以及气象因素影响.结果表明,2013~2017年珠三角PM_2.5年均质量浓度由（44±7）μg·m^-3下降至（32±4）μg·m^-3,实现PM_2.5连续3 a达标.O_x年均质量浓度由2013年（127±14）μg·m^-3下降至2016年（114±12）μg·m^-3,2017年反弹至（129±13）μg·m^-3,O₃浓度上升明显（10 μg·m^-3）.以O₃为首要污染物的污染过程占比由2013年33%增多至2017年78%,多个城市同时发生污染的区域特征明显.研究时段内O_x+PM_2.5复合超标污染事件共发生60次,主要在城区站点（78%）和郊区站点（22%）.秋季发生复合超标污染天数最多（52%）,是因为强太阳辐射有利于臭氧生成,大气氧化性增加,进而促进了PM_2.5二次生成.造成珠三角复合超标污染的天气形势主要为高压出海型（43%）、高压控制型（30%）和热带低压型（27%）.就具体气象因素而言,气温在20~25℃且相对湿度在60%~75%的范围内时,复合超标污染事件发生占比最高（22%）.在O₃重污染过程中,夜间高湿和低风速使得NO₂和PM_2.5浓度显著上升,日间高温加剧了复合超标污染.     

2020年初疫情管控对山东省空气质量影响的模拟

利用2020年初新冠疫情对人类生产、生活的一次自然冲击及由此导致的大气污染状况变化,研究了空气质量对污染物减排及气象因素的响应关系.通过对疫情管控前（1月15~23日）和疫情控制关键期（1月24日~2月7日）这2个阶段空气质量对比分析发现,疫情期间山东省除O₃浓度上升外,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO₂、SO₂及CO浓度分别降低72.6 μg·m^-3、47.4 μg·m^-3、25.6 μg·m^-3、3.0 μg·m^-3和0.5 mg·m^-3;降幅分别为45.86%、41.24%、58.00%、17.71%和31.40%;RAMS-CMAQ模拟显示,疫情期气象扩散条件改善导致的PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO₂、SO₂和CO浓度改善幅度为26.04%、33.03%、28.35%、43.27%和23.29%,人为减排造成的各污染物浓度降低幅度为19.82%、8.21%、29.65%、-25.56%和8.12%.疫情期间O₃浓度上升20.51%,气象因素和人为活动的影响分别占10.47%和10.04%.结果表明一次污染物对减排响应更敏感,二次污染物对减排响应有一定时滞性且受气象因素影响更显著,臭氧浓度对污染物减排线性响应关系不明显,总体呈负相关,说明臭氧的控制需探索科学的污染物减排比例.     

2015年北京市两次红色预警期间PM2.5浓度特征

利用北京市及周边地区大气污染物监测数据,综合分析了2015年北京市两次空气重污染红色预警期间PM_2.5浓度变化特征并初步评估了减排措施对PM_2.5浓度的影响.结果表明:第1次红色预警期间,北京市PM_2.5平均最高小时浓度出现在12月9日19:00,为282μg·m^-3,单站最高小时值出现在京东南市界永乐店站,浓度达496μg·m^-3.第2次红色预警期间,PM_2.5全市平均最高小时浓度出现在12月22日20:00,为421μg·m^-3;单站最高小时值出现在京西南市界琉璃河站,浓度达831μg·m^-3.两次红色预警累积持续时间均呈现出南部站 > 城区站 > 北部站的特征,且第2次红色预警期间PM_2.5浓度南北差异明显大于第1次,PM_2.5平均浓度在150μg·m^-3以上的面积明显大于第1次,第2次红色预警期间重污染面积可达总面积的93%.两次预警期间气象条件均不利于污染物的扩散,均存在不同程度的二次转化和区域输送现象,极端气象条件是重污染形成的外因,区域污染物排放量大才是导致重污染形成的内因.初步评估结果显示红色预警应急措施实施后,北京市PM_2.5环境浓度下降约20%~25%,减排效果显著.     

北京市2014~2020年PM2.5和O3时空分布与健康效应评估

细颗粒物（PM_2.5）和臭氧（O₃）是我国的主要大气污染物,严重危害人群健康.北京市自2013年以来大力开展大气污染治理工作,现已取得显著成效.通过分析2014~2020年北京市34个大气环境监测站的PM_2.5和O₃浓度变化特征并评估大气污染防治的健康效应,对推进大气污染防治具有重要意义.结果表明,2014年北京市PM_2.5年均值和4~9月平均O₃日最大小时（O_{3_max}）值分别为92.0 μg·m^-3和81.9 nmol·mol^-1.2014~2020年PM_2.5平均每年降低7.5 μg·m^-3,但是O_{3_max}持续偏高.在季节尺度,冬季的12月和1月PM_2.5浓度最高,夏季的8月浓度最低.相反地,O_{3_max}在每年6月浓度最高.PM_2.5浓度日变化规律为,夜间22：00至次日00：00最高,14：00~16：00最低.而O₃浓度在07：00最低,随后逐步升高并在午后达到最高.在空间分布上,PM_2.5在2014和2019年都呈现南高北低的趋势,O_{3_max}在全市范围内均较高,仅在道路区域偏低.大气污染对人群健康影响的评估结果表明,2014年北京市与PM_2.5相关的心血管和呼吸道疾病超额死亡人数分别为1580人和821人,与O₃相关的呼吸道疾病超额死亡人数为2180人.2019年与PM_2.5相关的超额死亡人数仅为2014年的50%,而与O₃相关的超额死亡人数与2014年持平.北京市细颗粒物治理成效显著,但是O₃污染问题凸显,O₃已经成为危害北京市居民健康的首要大气污染物.未来需要加强PM_2.5和O₃协同治理.     

长沙地区PM2.5传输路径和潜在源区时空分析

长沙地区是长江中下游重要的经济发展核心区,受本地排放与外来源输送等多因素的共同作用,其大气污染状况一直都是区域乃至国家高度重视的生态环境问题.前期研究揭示了长沙地区大气污染的扩散规律,为进一步研究该地区大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）外来源特征,采用拉格朗日混合型单粒子轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）探究2013—2020年长沙地区PM_2.5外来源区分布特征,继而采用轨迹聚类、潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）、浓度权重轨迹（CWT）方法等从年、季节等不同尺度分析区域PM_2.5时空分布规律及其外来污染物输送源特征.结果表明,在国家与地区大气污染联防联控等政策的驱动下,2013—2020年长沙地区年均PM_2.5浓度由81.80 μg·m^-3下降至42.96 μg·m^-3并呈显著季节差异,大气污染防治措施成效显著.季节尺度上,PM_2.5浓度主要呈现冬高夏低的态势,冬季最高（81.48 μg·m^-3）,其次为秋季（50.90 μg·m^-3）与春季（47.39 μg·m^-3）,最小值出现在夏季（25.74 μg·m^-3）;另一方面,2013—2020年长沙地区外来源潜在源区主要分布于湘东北、赣西北、豫南和鄂中地区.具体而言,春、秋、冬三季大气污染物主要来源于蒙古国西南部的长距离西北气流,分别占当年轨迹比重的4.73%、12.93%、12.66%,而夏季大气污染物主要来源于南海南部的中长距离南方气流,占当年轨迹比重的19.06%.     

2013-2014年河南省PM2.5浓度及其来源模拟研究

随着城市化和工业化水平的逐渐提高,河南省的空气污染问题也日益严重.利用嵌套网格空气质量模式（NAQPMS）,数值模拟了2013年7月-2014年6月年河南省大气细颗粒物及其前体物（NO₂、SO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5）的地面浓度,并量化了其主要来源.结果表明：模式能够较好地再现污染物的时空演化特征.整体来讲,河南省PM_2.5的高值区集中在中部和北部地区,呈现冬季高、夏季低的特点.在线源解析模拟发现,河南省不同地区PM_2.5的来源有所不同,中西部地区主要来自于本地,而在东部和北部地市,来自周边省份的区域输送更为显著,其贡献达到40%～50%,且在PM_2.5浓度的高值区更为明显.就行业贡献而言,居民源、工业源和机动车排放是河南省PM_2.5浓度的主要来源,其浓度贡献分别为23.7 μg·m^-3（贡献比例24%,下同）、20.6 μg·m^-3（21%）和21.3 μg·m^-3（22%）,电厂、农牧业和地面扬尘的浓度贡献分别为7.0 μg·m^-3（7%）、8.7 μg·m^-3（9%）和17.8 μg·m^-3（18%）.受居民源影响最大的地区是河南中东部和北部地市,其贡献达到PM_2.5浓度的27%、27%和25%.工业源影响最大的地区集中在太行山南部地市,其浓度贡献为26.4 μg·m^-3（24%）,在其他地市的贡献为17%～23%.机动车对河南东部影响最为显著,其浓度贡献为22.9 μg·m^-3（24%）.电厂和农畜牧业对全省PM_2.5的贡献分布比较均匀,分别为6%～9%和8%～10%.分析不同浓度下的PM_2.5来源,发现工业源和扬尘贡献随PM_2.5浓度增加逐渐降低,而居民源和机动车排放的贡献则有所增加,在PM_2.5浓度高于100 μg·m^-3期间,达到22%和20%.     

2006~2015年北京市不同地区O3浓度变化

对2006~2015年北京市定陵、官园、琉璃河和前门这4个站点的O₃连续监测数据进行分析,探讨其浓度水平、变化趋势、时间变化规律以及和前体物、气象要素的关系.结果表明,定陵站十年平均浓度水平最高（65.2 μg·m^-3）,其次为琉璃河（53.4 μg·m^-3）、官园（49.6 μg·m^-3）和前门（40.4 μg·m^-3）.定陵O₃浓度呈下降趋势［0.5 μg·（m³·a）^-1］,而官园［0.9 μg·（m³·a）^-1］、琉璃河［0.3 μg·（m³·a）^-1］和前门［0.3 μg·（m³·a）^-1］均呈上升趋势.从月变化来看,各站点O₃浓度最高值均出现在6~8月,出现频次最高的为7月（17次）,平均月均浓度为99.8 μg·m^-3;最低值均出现在11、12月和1、2月,出现频次最高的为1月（14次）,平均月均浓度为16.6 μg·m^-3.从日变化来看,近年来O₃浓度峰值出现的时间明显提前,近3年峰值均在15：00~16：00出现,提前了1~2 h.2015年定陵站O₃重污染天数达到11 d,比2013年增加了10 d,表明近年来夏季北京下风向山区的O₃重污染状况愈发严重.与前体物的相关性分析表明,定陵站O₃浓度与NO₂浓度呈正相关,其余站点两者浓度均呈负相关,暗示定陵站O₃生成的前体物控制区可能为NO₂控制区,而其他站点为VOCs控制区.与气象要素的相关性分析表明,O₃浓度与温度呈正相关关系,与湿度和气压呈负相关关系,温度对O₃浓度的影响最大,其次是气压和湿度.当日最高温度超过30℃,相对湿度介于30%至70%之间时,北京市O₃日最大8 h滑动平均浓度超过200 μg·m^-3的概率较高,空气质量级别会达到轻度至中度污染的级别.     

2013~2017年中国PM2.5污染防治的健康效益评估

为了评估中国大气环境治理带来的健康效益,确定健康风险评价的主要驱动因素,本文使用结合人群活动因子的综合暴露响应模型,对中国东部和中部地区2013~2017年可归因于PM_2.5的健康经济效益进行了估算,并量化了人口总量、人口老龄化、基准死亡率和PM_2.5暴露浓度这4个因素对健康负担的影响贡献.结果表明,2013~2017年研究区域内PM_2.5人口加权浓度下降了28.73%,PM_2.5年均暴露浓度在35 μg·m^-3及以下的人口比例从11.23%增加到27.91%.PM_2.5浓度下降使得2017年归因死亡数下降了14.43%,可避免经济损失为5588.41亿元.当PM_2.5暴露浓度达到国家二级标准（35 μg·m^-3）、一级标准（15 μg·m^-3）和世卫组织建议标准（10 μg·m^-3）时,归因死亡人数较基准年（2017年）将减少8.22%、55.05%和79.36%,避免经济损失3190.85、21374.38和30812.97亿元.人口总量、人口老龄化、基准死亡率和PM_2.5暴露浓度这4个因素对健康负担的贡献分别为-2.69%、-12.38%、1.66%和14.57%,其中污染物浓度降低是减轻健康负担的主导因素.中国的大气污染治理取得了显著成效,但在高PM_2.5浓度和高人口密度的地区,大气污染导致的健康负担仍然很重,需要实施更加严格的空气污染控制政策.     

2013年1月邯郸市严重霾天气的污染特征分析

利用河北工程大学大气环境监测站点的PM₁₀、PM_2.5、SO₂和NO_x在线监测数据,并结合能见度、湿度数据,对邯郸市2012年12月1日到2013年1月31日的大气污染状况进行分析,特别是2013年1月持续发生的霾天气,以探讨严重霾污染的过程特征.结果表明,2013年1月,SO₂与NO_x的平均浓度分别为225.3 μg·m^-3和217.8 μg·m^-3,PM₁₀和PM_2.5的平均浓度分别为328.5 μg·m^-3和229.4 μg·m^-3,均超过新颁布的环境空气质量标准,是2012年12月平均浓度的1.4~3.5倍.重污染过程分析结果显示,污染峰值附近几天内PM₁₀、PM_2.5的时均浓度变化无明显规律.累积阶段的PM_2.5/PM₁₀在0.42~0.52之间,峰值前后上升并超过0.70,扩散阶段PM_2.5/PM₁₀降到0.70以下,且呈波动式变化.当PM_2.5/PM₁₀小于0.40时,能见度基本位于2~18 km之间;当PM_2.5/PM₁₀在0.40~0.60之间时,能见度在0.7~8 km之间;当PM_2.5/PM₁₀大于0.60时,能见度分布于2 km以下.     

临沂市区主要大气污染物的污染特征及其对居民健康的影响

大气污染是全球性的公共环境健康问题.本研究基于临沂市区2015年6种大气污染物（PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃）的逐日监测数据,分析了污染物的污染特征及其与气象因子的相关性,通过构建广义相加模型,模拟分析了单个污染物与居民呼吸、循环系统疾病门诊人次的暴露-反应关系.结果表明,PM_2.5和PM₁₀是临沂市区首要大气污染物,NO₂和SO₂次之,O₃和CO浓度较低;除O₃外,其它5种污染物之间呈显著正相关,与风速、温度、相对湿度3个气象因子呈负相关,浓度水平冬季高、夏季低;O₃与温度呈显著正相关.对于呼吸系统疾病,单个污染物每增加10 μg·m^-3（CO每增加0.1 mg·m^-3）的最大效应情况是：PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO均在当天（lag0）使得门诊人次分别增加0.36%、1.77%、1.29%、0.69%,PM_2.5和O₃分别在累积滞后6 d（lag05）和单日滞后3 d（lag3）使得门诊人次分别增加0.6%和1.07%;对于循环系统疾病,单个污染物每增加10 μg·m^-3（CO每增加0.1 mg·m^-3）的最大效应是：PM_2.5、PM₁₀均在累积滞后5 d（lag04）使得门诊人次分别增加0.72%、0.80%,SO₂、NO₂均在累积滞后6 d使得门诊人次分别增加3.55%、3.54%,CO和O₃则分别在当天和单日滞后3 d使得门诊人次分别增加0.77%、1.39%.对于呼吸、循环系统疾病,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO、O₃对男性的影响均大于女性,SO₂则反之;NO₂对男性呼吸系统和女性循环系统影响较大.大气污染物对少年（7~17岁）呼吸系统和对中年（41~65岁）循环系统影响较大.临沂市区6种大气污染物存在不同程度的污染,对居民呼吸、循环系统疾病均有不同程度的影响,且存在性别和年龄的差异.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.