有机磷灭蚊剂投放浓度和时间对水体总磷的影响

为分析新型低毒有机磷杀虫剂“1%双硫磷颗粒”投放对河道水质的影响,设置不同药剂投放浓度和不同反应时间的室内试验,以TP、NH₃-N及S^2-为目标因子,分析该药剂投放后水体污染物浓度。结果表明:不同试验组水样中S^2-质量浓度均小于0.02 mg/L,NH₃-N质量浓度处于0.029~0.036 mg/L之间,均达到地表水Ⅰ类标准;不同浓度药剂投放1 h后,水体TP质量浓度已达到稳定状态,且在60 h内均保持稳定,药剂投加量与水体TP质量浓度呈显著正相关(R²=0.85);不同处理组的药剂在水体中的TP释放量无明显差异,均在1.06~1.30 mg/g之间。“1%双硫磷颗粒”推荐适宜投放量不会使河道水质恶化到劣Ⅴ类,但增加药剂投放量会增加水体TP污染及富营养化风险。     

铬污染场地铁碳微电解法原位修复实例研究

以某电镀厂为研究对象,在收集研究区水文地质、污染现状等资料的基础上,开展以铁碳微电解填料为还原剂去除Cr6+的室内实验研究,在确定修复参数后,开展了土壤原位淋洗的中试试验研究。室内实验结果表明铁碳微电解法可在60 min内将水中Cr6+质量浓度由22.52 mg/L降至0.012mg/L;野外中试试验结果表明,污染羽得到有效控制,试验运行5个月后,受污染区域的各监测井Cr6+质量浓度均小于0.05 mg/L。修复治理效果评估表明,修复治理工程的运行明显地抑制了Cr6+向下游的扩散,保证了居民用水安全和地下水环境。     

新型高效除磷剂的应用研究

针对新疆某污水处理厂总磷(TP)超标的问题,尝试采用了一种高效除磷剂"益维磷",小试结果表明,TP在高浓度(TP=25.32mg/L)和低浓度(TP=0.77mg/L)条件下,此除磷剂均能表现出良好的除磷效果,去除率分别为98.01%和68.64%;中试结果显示在投加该药剂后,出水TP=0.34mg/L左右,水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准。     

镧对黄河包头段水体中混合藻类的影响

选取黄河水体中含量较多的稀土元素镧(La)作为研究对象,以引黄水库富营养化水体中的混合藻类为受试生物,进行藻类的培养试验,探讨了稀土元素对黄河水体中混合藻类生长生理的影响规律。结果表明:低浓度(2 mg/L)La对藻类的生长具有刺激作用;高浓度(50 mg/L)La对藻类的生长具有抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越强;中等浓度(5～10 mg/L)La对藻类生长的刺激与抑制作用受光照强度影响;La在任何浓度下都会改变藻类种群结构、抑制水体中藻类的生物多样性,且浓度越高,抑制作用越强;引黄水库每年3月份藻类的爆发及黄河水体的富营养化可能与水体中的La有关。     

高铁酸钾预氧化-絮凝-吸附工艺处理巢湖源水

针对巢湖水质富营养化污染现状，采用高铁酸钾预氧化-聚合 铝铁絮凝-沸石吸附组合工艺处理巢湖水中藻类、氨氮、磷和COD_Mn。试验结果表明：投加ρ=1.6ｍｇ／L高铁酸钾，氧化5ｍｉｎ后，再加入ρ=40ｍｇ／L聚合铝铁、ρ= 1.2ｇ／L沸石，搅拌2ｈ，出水藻类浓度从7.8×10⁷个／L降至2.1×10⁶个／L，氨氮质量浓度从1.82ｍｇ／L降至0.459ｍｇ／L，磷质量浓度从0.221ｍｇ／L降至0.0558ｍｇ／L，COD_Mn质量浓度从7.59ｍｇ／L降至3.77ｍｇ／L。 藻类浓度显著降低，氨氮、磷和COD_Mn质量浓度达到生活饮用水卫生标准。     

滇池草海大泊口水域水环境整治示范工程效果分析

为改善大泊口水域水质,2015年开展了水污染综合治理示范工程,工程实施后,水质指标COD、BOD、TN、TP、叶绿素a削减率分别为:34.9%、35.2%、45.0%、26.5%和49.4%。研究认为水体TP低于0.068mg/L时,大泊口水域水体叶绿素a浓度低于0.05mg/L,因此TP低于0.068mg/L是促进良性水生态系统重建的重要条件。     

强化微电解-水解酸化-SBR处理造纸废水的效果

研究采用混凝、强化微电解、水解酸化和SBR组合技术处理造纸废水的效果。结果表明,废水经混凝处理、H_2O_2/MnO_2/微电解处理后,废水COD、SS、NH3-N、TP、BOD的去除率分别为88.23%、98.47%、86.78%、98.68%和82.56%,废水的可生化性由0.32提高到0.42;经水解酸化和SBR处理后,出水中COD平均质量浓度为85 mg/L,SS质量浓度为0 mg/L,NH3-N平均质量浓度为1.42 mg/L,TP平均质量浓度为0.1 mg/L,BOD平均质量浓度为30 mg/L。工程连续运行15d,进水中COD平均质量浓度为5 865 mg/L,出水中COD平均质量浓度为85 mg/L,COD总去除率为98.55%,出水达到废水一级排放要求。     

不同生物联合对滇池草海水质的净化作用

为了解不同沉水植物种植密度、不同沉水植物组合、沉水植物和鲫组合对滇池草海富营养化水体的净化效果,于2017年9—12月在滇池草海东风坝试验平台,选取4种滇池现存土著沉水植物(篦齿眼子菜(Stuckenia pectinata)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton wrightii))、1种鱼(鲫(Carassius auratus))进行不同组合模拟试验。结果表明:种植密度为(0.63±0.06)g/L的篦齿眼子菜和轮叶黑藻对于TP的去除效果明显优于(0.33±0.05)g/L的种植密度;不同沉水植物组合均能够提高水体中的氮磷比,对草海富营养化水体的TN、TP、Chl-a具有明显的去除效果,试验组TN、TP、Chl-a的平均去除率分别提高了49.67%、9.06%、39.41%;鲫对于轮叶黑藻和篦齿眼子菜的生长具有明显的促进作用,加入鲫的穗花狐尾藻和马来眼子菜组合TN去除率提高了87.48%,且试验结束后,水体TN、TP去除效果稳定;沉水植物组合中,穗花狐尾藻和轮叶黑藻在高营养盐水体中生长状况最好,同时能有效控制水体中的TN、TP和Chl-a的质量浓度;鲫+穗花狐尾藻+马来眼子菜组合对草海富营养化水体的SS、TN、TP、Chl-a都具有较高的去除能力。     

多级高浓度活性污泥法脱氮除磷中试研究

多级高浓度活性污泥法在不征地、不增加处理构筑物的情况下,以提高活性污泥浓度为指导思想,对现有城市污水处理厂进行升级改造,达到脱氮除磷的目的。中试研究表明,在试验条件下,出水CODCr为33～43mg/L,去除率92%左右;NH3-N为3～5mg/L,去除率90%左右;TP为1～1.7mg/L,去除率72%左右。系统保证了良好的脱氮除磷效果。     

厌氧—混凝—高级氧化工艺处理转运站污水的中试研究

开发了转运站污水厌氧生化调节池和基于混凝沉淀及高级氧化技术的快速处理设备,在转运站现场建立中试系统,优化系统运行的工艺参数,研究中试规模下组合工艺对转运站污水的处理效果,并进行了技术经济分析。该组合工艺可将CODCr从进水的15 000 mg/L降至1 230 mg/L,油脂从进水的10 000 mg/L以上降至50 mg/L,色度去除率在90%以上,出水澄清透明且无恶臭。     

Tastes associated with products in contact with drinking water.

Over the past 9 years the Australian Water Quality Centre (AWQC) has conducted testing in accordance with Australian and New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4020--"Products for use in contact with drinking water" (1999). A test included as part of this standard is taste of water extracts. This test assesses the ability of products to impart discernible taste to drinking water using panellists trained in accordance with Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater--Flavour Profile Analysis 2170 B (1999). Over 1000 products from companies worldwide, have been assessed at the AWQC in accordance with AS/NZS 4020 including pipes, valves, tap fittings and numerous other products used in contact with water. The products must not impart any discernible taste to obtain compliance and be deemed suitable for use in contact with drinking water. This study compiles the products assessed and the types of tastes obtained from both chlorinated and non-chlorinated extracts. In particular the study focuses on taste associated with polyethylene pipes, coatings and valves, which in some instances have been problematic. Analysis revealed that most taste problems occur when chlorinated water has been used in extraction experiments and this is in line with consumer complaints regarding taste imparted by plumbing products. The collation of this data provides a valuable assessment for manufacturers, the water industry and consumers.     

大尺度水文模型及其与气候模型的联结耦合研究

本文综述陆地表面水文过程，大尺度水文模型及其与气候模型联结耦合研究的最新进展和存在问题。介绍ＧＥＷＥＸ－ＧＡＭＥ研究项目的目标和内容，科学价值和现实意义及其在我国开展研究的计划。     

不同改性膨润土处理染料废水的实践

钙基膨润土经不同的改性,可用来处理染料废水.分析比较了不同改性后的膨润土处理染料废水的效果.处理效果由强到弱,依次是柱撑酸化膨润土、柱撑膨润土、酸化膨润土、酸化柱撑膨润土、钠化膨润土、钙基膨润土.     

Hydrological daily rainfall-runoff simulation with BTOPMC model and comparison with Xin'anjiang model

A grid-based distributed hydrological model, the Block-wise use of TOPMODEL (BTOPMC), which was developed from the original TOPMODEL, was used for hydrological daily rainfall-runoff simulation. In the BTOPMC model, the runoff is explicitly calculated on a cell-by-cell basis, and the Muskingum-Cunge flow concentration method is used. In order to test the model's applicability, the BTOPMC model and the Xin'anjiang model were applied to the simulation of a humid watershed and a semi-humid to semi-arid watershed in China. The model parameters were optimized with the Shuffle Complex Evolution (SCE-UA) method. Results show that both models can effectively simulate the daily hydrograph in humid watersheds, but that the BTOPMC model performs poorly in semi-humid to semi-arid watersheds. The excess-infiltration mechanism should be incorporated into the BTOPMC model to broaden the model's applicability.     

Coping with Hydrological Extremes

Abstract

Coping with hydrological extremes, floods, and droughts has been a major concern since the dawn of human civilization. Freshwater, a necessary condition of life and a raw material used in very high volumes in virtually every human activity, is becoming increasingly scarce. Water use has risen considerably in the last hundred years at a pace exceeding the population growth. Therefore, societies are increasingly vulnerable to droughts and water deficits. Although the 21st century is heralded as the age of water scarcity, flood losses continue to grow. Increasing global vulnerability results to a large extent from soaring anthropopressure: settlements in hazardous locations and adverse land use changes. Deforestation and urbanization lead to reduction of the storage volume and higher values of runoff coefficient. In more wealthy countries, it is the material flood losses that continue to grow, while the number of fatalities goes down. Advanced flood preparedness systems can save lives and reduce human suffering. In some regions of the world, long-term forecasts (e.g., ENSO) help improve the preparedness for hydrological extremes, both floods and droughts, and hopefully will even more so in the future. Scenarios for future climate indicate the possibility of sharpening the extremes and changes of their seasonality. For instance, in Western Scotland and Norway, an increase of winter floods has already been observed. According to recent assessments, there is a growing risk of summer droughts in the Mediterranean region: less precipitation in summer and higher temperature will coincide, causing higher evapo-transpiration and less runoff. Fighting with floods and droughts has not been quite successful. Humans have to get used to the fact that extreme hydrological events are natural phenomena that will continue to occur. While doing one's best to improve the preparedness systems, it is necessary to learn to live with hydrological extremes.     

Spillway with nappe aeration

Conclusion Investigations showed that aeration of the flow by jump-off aerators is a simple, reliable, and economic means of protecting the overflow surface against cavitation erosion or suppressing it on an operating structure. Flow aeration can be regulated by the size of the jump-off aerators and change of the capacity of the air-supply system. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 5, pp. 16–20, May, 1973.     

只以今生续画缘

此生能够画画并以此为业,可算是与画有缘。对画画感兴趣可能是大多孩子的爱好。余少时亦能在乡贤教诲下描摹动物、鞍马、人物,那也只不过是一种儿时的游戏。延伸下来慢慢地竟成了养家糊口安身立命的职业,可以说这真的是一种幸运,可谓与画有缘。