一体式再生燃料电池温度和热流密度非原位同步测量

一体式再生燃料电池的热流密度和温度分布的研究对电池热管理具有重要的意义。本文将自制的薄膜传感器植入一体式再生燃料电池中,进行非原位实验研究。在给定不同气体预热温度下,测量了一体式再生燃料电池内部热流密度和局部温度,并根据已得到的温度和热流密度计算出局部表面传热系数。结果表明,在不同的气体预热温度下,流道内气体的温度和气体扩散层表面的温差维持在3℃左右。气体扩散层表面的热流密度整体呈现出下降的趋势。靠近加热棒处的温度最高,但热流密度最低。相同的气体预热温度下,流道内气体和气体扩散层表面的温差对换热量的影响要大于温度梯度的影响;气体预热温度的上升对表面传热系数h的影响不大。30℃时,表面传热系数h值在450 ~ 750 W/(m²?K) 之间。40℃时,表面传热系数h在450 ~ 650 W/(m²?K)之间。     

热除菌型Trombe墙系统性能研究

热除菌利用细菌在高温下失活的原理,是一种安全、有效、环保的杀菌方法。将热杀菌技术与Trombe墙结合,提出一种热除菌型Trombe墙系统,能同时实现建筑室内采暖和热杀菌功能。围绕提出的除菌型Trombe墙进行墙体热性能实验研究,探究墙体全天的热性能;同时建立系统传热热传质模型,进行室内典型细菌的热失活分析。结果表明,在环境温度为18.1℃、太阳辐射强度为620.6 W/m²的实验条件下,日均空气热效率为0.46;对于大肠杆菌、利斯特氏菌、植物乳杆菌、山夫顿堡沙门氏菌和酿酒酵母五种细菌,热除菌产生的洁净空气量在0 ~ 40 m³/h范围内,全天净空气总产生量分别为94.01 m³/(m²∙d)、86.51 m³/(m²∙d)、100.70 m³/(m²∙d)、94.95 m³/(m²∙d) 和100.10 m³/(m²∙d);当换气次数为0.5 h^-1、细菌从室外进入室内的穿透系数为0.8、室外平均细菌浓度为447.10 CFU/m³时,室内五种细菌的除菌率分别为95.03%、91.54%、95.49%、95.22%、95.48%。     

Lithium battery thermal management system for hybrid vehicles

为研究动力电池组的温度特性以及维持其工作在最佳的温度范围内,以锂离子电池为研究对象,设计了一种新型混合动力汽车的电池热管理系统,利用空调系统和发动机排气系统来调控电池组的温度。建立了锂电池组的三维瞬态产热数值模型,以电池组的三维尺寸和进风口流速为输入参数,以降低电池组的最大温升和提高电池组的温度均匀性为输出参数,利用FLUENT仿真软件和DesignXplorer模块进行联合优化设计了电池组的结构。优化后的电池组的温升比优化前降低了5.39 K,电池组温差降低了6.41 K。分析了恒倍率放电以及对流换热系数对单体电池温升的影响,研究表明：放电倍率越大电池温升越快,放电结束后电池的温度越高,在对流换热系数小于30 W/（m²·K）时,散热效果明显。对电池组在不同条件下加热或者冷却进行了仿真分析,验证了该电池热管理系统的可行性。     

汽轮机转子蒸汽冷却计算模型构建研究

提高初参数是火力发电实现节能与环保两项国策的重要措施。在蒸汽初温提高的条件下,为确保汽轮机部件的强度与寿命,需要在提高材料耐热性的同时采取蒸汽冷却技术,降低转子的温度与热应力。针对工程要求计算方法快捷、精确的特点,本文构造了转子根部冷却的一维参数计算模型,该模型综合考虑了冷却蒸汽对叶片表面的射流冲击冷却以及冷却蒸汽流过转子根部时的热传导冷却。应用该模型计算了超临界机组中压缸第一级转子经冷却后的温度场,并与三维计算结果比较,证明该模型能满足工程要求。     

100 MW级蒸汽轮机系统稳态变工况运行特性

  目的  为有效提高循环效率,整体煤气化联合循环（Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, IGCC）发电系统因其自身所具备的热效率高、污染小、运行灵活等优势得到广泛关注。余热锅炉与蒸汽轮机共同构成了联合循环系统的底循环。  方法  文章主要采用能量平衡和热力学计算公式,运用MATLAB进行建模运算,研究了蒸汽流量、给水温度、过热蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度的变化对蒸汽轮机的输出功率、热效率和蒸汽总吸热负荷的影响,同时在稳态运行的条件下,对底循环的工作原理和传质传热流程进行分析。  结果  结果表明:增加高压蒸汽流量,减小低压蒸汽流量,可以在具有较高热效率前提下,使蒸汽轮机输出更高的功率。在优化运行参数下,吸热负荷比参考工况减小了45.7 kW,热效率由23.82%增至26.92%。  结论  高压过热蒸汽和再热蒸汽的温度升高,蒸汽轮机系统热效率越高,但吸热负荷和输出功率变化幅度很小,可适当提高高压过热蒸汽和再热蒸汽的温度,有利于提高蒸汽轮机的热效率。而给水温度升高时,输出功率不随给水温度发生变化,而蒸汽吸热负荷会随着给水温度的升高而降低。给水温度越高,蒸汽所需热负荷就越小,有利于减少热能的输入而提高蒸汽轮机的热效率。     

燃气轮机温度匹配功能在热应力控制的汽轮机应用

在燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组中,燃气轮机在不同工况下的排烟温度不同,使得整个燃气轮机联合循环 机组启动过程主蒸汽温度波动频繁,从而引起汽轮机启动过程中各金属部件温差增大,热应力和热变形也随 着增加。GE公司的6503燃气轮机的温度匹配功能和汽轮机热应力计算监控模块相结合,可以通过实时控 制主蒸汽温度实现对汽轮机转子热应力的有效监视和控制,减少设备损坏。     

两种常用换热系数计算公式的比较和应用

对汽轮机转子热应力计算中两种常用的换热系数计算公式进行了计算和比较,并分析了两种不同换热系数计算公式对热应力的影响,为汽轮机转子温度场及热应力计算中换热系数计算公式的选取提供了一定的依据。     

汽轮机转子热应力在线监测、寿命管理及优化启动的研究

建立了有中心孔的转子热应力解析递推计算法。该方法计入了放热系数的变化,对汽温非线性变化过程采用分段性叠加的分析方法,能满足在线实时监测系统对速度和存储空间的双重要求。应用雨流法实时监测和管理转子的寿命损耗。对汽轮发电机优化启动进行了初步研究,并探讨了优化启动的基本原则,拟定了一条优化启动曲线。     

Structure improvement and strength finite element analysis of VHP welded rotor of 700°C USC steam turbine

The optimized structure strength design and finite element analysis method for very high pressure (VHP) rotors of the 700°C ultra-super-critical (USC) steam turbine are presented. The main parameters of steam and the steam thermal parameters of blade stages of VHP welded rotors as well as the start and shutdown curves of the steam turbine are determined. The structure design feature, the mechanical models and the typical position of stress analysis of the VHP welded rotors are introduced. The steady and transient finite element analysis are implemented for steady condition, start and shutdown process, including steady rated condition, 110% rated speed, 120% rated speed, cold start, warm start, hot start, very hot start, sliding-pressure shutdown, normal shutdown and emergency shutdown, to obtain the temperature and stress distribution as well as the stress ratio of the welded rotor. The strength design criteria and strength analysis results of the welded rotor are given. The results show that the strength design of improved structure of the VHP welded rotor of the 700°C USC steam turbine is safe at the steady condition and during the transient start or shutdown process.     

A thermoelectric generator and water-cooling assisted high conversion efficiency polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic system

Solar energy has been increasing its share in the global energy structure. However, the thermal radiation brought by sunlight will attenuate the efficiency of solar cells. To reduce the temperature of the photovoltaic (PV) cell and improve the utilization efficiency of solar energy, a hybrid system composed of the PV cell, a thermoelectric generator (TEG), and a water-cooled plate (WCP) was manufactured. The WCP cannot only cool the PV cell, but also effectively generate additional electric energy with the TEG using the waste heat of the PV cell. The changes in the efficiency and power density of the hybrid system were obtained by real time monitoring. The thermal and electrical tests were performed at different irradiations and the same experiment temperature of 22°C. At a light intensity of 1000 W/m², the steady-state temperature of the PV cell decreases from 86.8°C to 54.1°C, and the overall efficiency increases from 15.6% to 21.1%. At a light intensity of 800 W/m², the steady-state temperature of the PV cell decreases from 70°C to 45.8°C, and the overall efficiency increases from 9.28% to 12.59%. At a light intensity of 400 W/m², the steady-state temperature of the PV cell decreases from 38.5°C to 31.5°C, and the overall efficiency is approximately 3.8%, basically remain unchanged.     

600 MW超临界锅炉高温过热器T23和T91金属氧化膜热应力分析

以某600 MW超临界锅炉高温过热器为研究对象,分析了氧化膜厚度、生长温度和热膨胀系数等参数对金属管内蒸汽侧氧化膜热应力的影响.基于有限元方法建立了圆管数值计算模型,计算得到不同厚度和不同生长温度下T23和T91金属蒸汽侧氧化膜从生长温度冷却至常温时的热应力变化,并依据热应力的变化特征确定了这2种金属管材蒸汽侧氧化膜易发生脱落的温度范围.结合锅炉出口蒸汽温度与高温过热器指定位置处氧化膜温度的关系,提出用出口蒸汽温度判别氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的温度范围的方法,给出了该锅炉停炉时的出口蒸汽温度值.结果表明：2种金属管材在冷却过程中低于一定温度时,其氧化膜的应力达到或接近最大应力值,可以依此判断氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的危险区域.     

汽轮机转子焊接的三维有限元数值模型研究

大功率汽轮机是火电和核电站中的关键动力设备,转子则为汽轮机中的关键部件,其安全可靠性是汽轮机正常运行的重要保证。采用焊接转子可作为解决大尺寸转子制造的有效手段,转子焊接过程中的热应力及残余应力是评估转子安全性的重要参数。文中以三维热弹塑性有限元计算理论为基础,对于一个模型转子,建立了其焊接过程热应力耦合模型,获得了焊接过程中热影响区热应力的详细分布以及随时间的变化、转子焊接冷却完毕时残余应力分布及应力峰值。研究结果表明,焊接导致的高残余应力分布于焊缝区。本文的结果对控制焊接转子质量具有重要的参考价值。     

基于参数化建模的转子有限元剖分

分析汽轮机转子的结构特点,将汽轮机转子结构参数化,提出了汽轮机转子参数化建模的方法,提高了转子原始几何模型的输入效率和准确性。利用有限元网格生成的Delaunay三角化方法,得到了汽轮机转了二维有限元计算模型,生成的有限元网格大小均匀,疏密过渡平滑,没有奇异单元,从而保证了转子温度场和热应力有限元分析计算的精度。     

油田注汽锅炉操作参数对热效率的影响

注汽锅炉是油田热力采油过程中最主要的耗能设备,简要介绍了注汽锅炉的热工过程,在此基础上,运用VB6.0开发了注汽锅炉热力计算软件,并通过实例验证了计算的准确性,分析了注汽锅炉操作参数中排烟温度、注汽干度、配风量和空气过量系数4个因素对注汽锅炉热效率的影响.研究结果表明,注汽锅炉的热效率随上述4个因素的增大而降低,且排烟温度对注汽锅炉的热效率影响最大,注汽干度和配风量的影响次之,空气过量系数的影响最小.其中,排烟温度每升高20℃,锅炉热效率约下降1％.     

600MW超临界汽轮机调峰运行过程中高中压转子疲劳寿命分析

通过对某600MW超临界汽轮机高中压转子全尺寸有限元建模,根据机组实际工况的运行数据进行变工况热力计算得到准确的热力边界条件,求解不同变工况下高中压转子内部实时的温度场和应力场。计算结果表明高中压转子调节级、中压缸第一级的叶轮根部为整段转子的应力集中点。该型机组采用中压缸启动方式,冲转参数、切缸操作不当会导致调节级、中压缸第一级产生较大的寿命消耗。蒸汽温度变化的幅度和速率直接影响转子应力集中点的应力峰值大小,但是在一定范围内的温度变化对转子寿命的影响较小,在实际运行中是可以允许的。     

调峰汽轮机转子热应力及寿命损耗在线监测系统

依据调峰机组的实际运行数据,利用九节点有限单元法计算了汽轮机转子的温度应力场,确定了转子的危险截面和最大应力部位。在此基础上,修正了转子的一维热应力简化计算式,计算调峰汽轮机转子疲劳寿命损耗,建立了转子热应力及寿命损耗的线监测数学模型。并在Windows95/98操作基础上开发了转子应力监测软件。该监测系统对电厂的实际运行具有重要的指导意义。     

Efficiency and degradation of a copper indium diselenide photovoltaic module and yearly output at a sunny site in Jordan

The present work mainly deals with the testing and modeling of a commercially-available copper indium diselenide (CIS) ST40 module from the former Siemens Solar Industries (SSI). For this purpose, a large quantity of current/voltage characteristics were measured in the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI)’s photovoltaic test-facility under different cell temperatures, solar irradiation and air mass, AM, conditions. They were used to develop a semi-empirical efficiency model to correlate all measured data sets. The goal was to make available a model, allowing quick and accurate calculation of the performance of the CIS module under all relevant operating conditions.

For the undegraded state of the module, the efficiency model allowed us to deduce the efficiency at Standard Test Conditions, STC, and its temperature coefficient at STC, which were 11.58% and minus 0.050%/°C, respectively. The output of the undegraded module under STC was found to be 42.4 W, i.e., 6% higher than specified by the manufacturer (40 W). Furthermore, the efficiency does not decrease with increasing air mass. At a cell temperature of 25 °C and a relative air mass of 1.5, the module has a maximum in efficiency of 12.0% at an irradiance of about 650 W/m². This indicates that the series-resistance losses become significant at higher irradiances. Hence, improving the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) electrode on the front side of the cells might lead to a higher output at high irradiances.

Identical testing and modeling were repeated after having exposed the module to real weather conditions for one year. We found that the STC efficiency was reduced by 9.0%, from 11.58 down to 10.54%. The temperature coefficient of the efficiency had changed from minus 0.050 %/°C to minus 0.039%/°C. These results indicate possible chemical changes in the semiconductor film. The output of the module at STC was reduced by 9.0% from 42.4 W down to 38.6 W.

Using meteorological data from a sunny site in the South of Jordan (Al Qauwairah) and the efficiency model presented here allows us to predict the yearly electricity yield of the CIS module in that area. Prior to degradation, the yield was found to be 362 kWh/m² for the Sun-tracked module; and 265 kWh/m² for the fix-installed module (South-oriented, at an inclination angle of 30°). After degradation the corresponding yields were found to be 334 and 241 kWh/m²; meaning losses of 8.4% and 9.5%, respectively. (Note: all units of energy, kWh, are referred to the active cell area.) Having available efficiency models for other module types, similar predictions of the yield can be made, facilitating the comparisons of the yearly yields of different module types at the same site. This in turn allows selecting the best module type for a particular site.     

Heat transfer coefficient of wheel rim of large capacity steam turbines

A way of calculating the overall equivalent heat transfer coefficient of wheel rims of large capacity steam turbines is presented. The method and formula to calculate the mean forced convection heat-transfer coefficient of the surface of the blade and for the bottom wall of the blade passage, are introduced. The heat transmission from the blade to the rim was simplified by analogy to heat transmission in the fins. A fin heat transfer model was then used to calculate the equivalent heat transfer coefficient of the blade passage. The overall equivalent heat transfer coefficient of the wheel rim was then calculated using a cylindrical surface model. A practical calculation example was presented. The proposed method helps determine the heat transfer boundary conditions in finite element analyses of temperature and thermal stress fields of steam turbine rotors.     

350 MW余热锅炉变工况运行特性分析

  目的  整体煤气化联合循环（IGCC）发电技术是高效、低碳的发电技术,余热锅炉是IGCC的组件之一。文章旨在研究余热锅炉变工况运行特性以提高整体煤气化联合循环发电技术的效率。  方法  通过分析余热锅炉的工作原理及传热传质原理,使用MATLAB软件展开编程计算,探究给水温度、给水压力、液相换热系数以及气相换热系数与余热锅炉内吸热量的关系。  结果  结果发现,当液相换热系数在200～1 000 W/(m2·K)和气相换热系数在20～100 W/(m2·K)范围内时,如果给水温度从30 ℃增加到100 ℃或给水压力增加,余热锅炉的吸热量将不断减少。反之,假设给水温度在30～100 ℃范围内,当液相换热系数从200 W/(m2·K)增加到1 000 W/(m2·K)或气相换热系数从20 W/(m2·K)增加到100 W/(m2·K)时,余热锅炉的吸热量不断增加。  结论  在液相换热系数与气相换热系数不变的情况下,给水温度或给水压力增加,余热锅炉的吸热量会减少;在给水温度与给水压力不变时,液相换热系数或气相换热系数增加,余热锅炉的吸热量会增加。     

应用于日光温室墙体的相变材料热物性优化研究

建立日光温室计算传热模型,以室内空气温度和墙体内表面温度为指标,通过实验方法验证了所建立的传热模型准确性,最后分析相变材料相变温度、相变焓、导热系数、密度等热物性对室内最低温度和相变蓄热率的影响规律,确定被动式相变蓄热墙体和主-被动式相变蓄热墙体的最佳相变材料热物性,阐明了实际应用时相变材料选择原则。研究结果表明,所建立的日光温室传热模型具有较高准确性,可用于日光温室墙体相变材料热物性优化;主-被动式相变蓄热墙体最佳相变材料的相变温度为27 ℃,相变焓为200 kJ/kg,导热系数为0.35 W/（m·K）,密度为440 kg/m³,被动式相变蓄热墙体最佳相变材料的相变温度为26 ℃,相变焓为200 kJ/kg,导热系数为0.35 W/（m·K）,密度为792 kg/m³;最佳相变材料热物性应用时,2种墙体室内最低温度均可达到15.0 ℃,但是被动式相变蓄热墙体的相变蓄热率较主-被动式相变蓄热墙体减小29.5%。本研究可为相变材料在日光温室的高效利用提供参考。