南山茶Camellia semiserrata Chi染色体核型的分析

<正> 引言 南山茶(Camellia semiserrata Chi)又名广宁红花油茶,属山茶属(Camellia L.)山茶亚属(Subg.Camellia)红山茶组(Sect.Camellia),分布于我国广东和广西。南山茶的种子油可供食用,为我国南方主要油料经济树种之一,花红色,形大而艳丽,可供观赏。 山茶属植物约共二百种,但已做过染色体计数者仅47种,做过核型分析者则不超过10种。本文提供的南山茶染色体核型的资料将有助于山茶属植物的遗传育种工作和属内系     

多齿红山茶核型的分析

多齿红山茶(Camellia polyodondta How ex Hu)又名宛田红花油茶,属于山茶属(Camellia L.)红山茶组(Sect.Camellia),特产我国广西,花瓣红色有条纹呈鳞片状和色斑,具较高的观赏价值,种子油可食用。本文继1981年对多齿红山茶的染色体数目报道后,对其核型做了分析。并在此基础上,对比了红山茶组的浙江红山茶(C.chekiangoleosa Hu),南山茶(C.semiserrata Chi)和白花南山茶(C.semiserrata var.albiflora Hu ex Huang)的核型,初步对这些     

山茶属茶组植物的订正

本文对山茶属(Camellia)中的茶组(Sect．Thea)和秃茶组(Sect．Glaberrima)植物47种和3变种进行了分类学订正研究。将秃茶组并人茶组之中,确认世界茶组植物共有12种和6变种。讨论了茶组植物分化与分布,并展示了我国茶叶种质资源的丰富性和利用潜力。     

长毛红山茶和长尾红山茶的核型分析

<正> 长毛红山茶(Camelliav uillosa Chang et S.Y.Liang)和长尾红山茶(C.longicaudata Chang et S.Y.Liang)均为张宏达教授定的新种,分别隶属于山茶属(Camellia)红山茶组(Sect.Camellia)的滇山茶亚组(Subsect.Reficulala)和光果红山茶亚组(Subsect.Lucidissima),前者分布在我国的湖南、广西和贵州,后者分布在广东和广西。 红山茶组共有33个种、1个亚种,7个变种。根据文献资料统计,该组作过染色体计数的有10个种,1个亚种和6个变种,作过核型分析的有4个种、1个亚种和2个变种。本文对该组的长毛红山茶和长尾红山茶的核型作首次报道,并与该组的10个种,1个亚种和6个变种的染色体数目或核型作了比较。     

山茶属植物资源的开发与利用

一、种类及地理分布山茶属 Camellia 是山茶科内最大的属,已发表的种类超过230种,且不断还有新种发现。据张宏达先生的研究,这些种分隶于四个亚属,二十个组。我国是山茶属植物的起源与分布中心,产200种以上,其中大部分分布在我国南部及西南部,尤以广西、云南、广东为最多(见附表)。因此我国山茶属植物资源极为丰富,如能加以合理利用,将产生良好经济效益。     

红皮糙果茶的体细胞染色体形态

红皮糙果茶Camellia crapnelliana是一种常绿小乔木、叶大、革质、表面发亮,树皮平滑,花、果特大,挂果期长,是一种良好的庭园绿化树种,为国家二级保护植物,在山茶属植物中具有特殊的形态。该种在张宏达的山茶属植物的分类系统中,属山茶亚属Subgen Camellia糙果茶组Sect.Furfuracea,又名博白大果油茶Camelliagigantocarpa。作为山茶属的育种原始材料,我们对其作的核型研究,将为山茶属植物提供细胞遗传学的研究资料,以指导育种工作。该种核型研究,国内外未见报道。本文还结合试验提出一种改进的压片方法。     

基于叶绿体四个DNA片段联合分析探讨山茶属长柄山茶组、金花茶组和超长柄茶组的系统位置与亲缘关系

为探讨山茶属茶亚属(Camellia subgen.Thea)中长柄山茶组(sect.Longipedicellata)、金花茶组(sect.Chrysantha)和超长柄茶组(sect.Longissima)的系统位置和亲缘关系,本研究选取了该属4个亚属11组28个种及2个外类群的材料,对这些材料的叶绿体4个DNA片段(rp/16、psbA-trnH、trnL-F和rp/32-trnL)进行了测序,运用邻接法(neighbor-joining)、最大简约法(maximum-parsimony)和贝叶斯推断(Bayesian inference)对获得的序列进行了联合矩阵分析.并构建基因树.基因树的拓扑结构显示:1)金花茶组包括3个平行的支系,并且长柄山茶组的模式种长柄山茶(Camellia longipedicellata)嵌于其中一个支系,因而金花茶组可能是一个并系或多系类群;2)长柄山茶与越南分布的金花茶组种类在分子系统树上构成一个单系支,暗示了长柄山茶组和金花茶组之间可能具有紧密的亲缘关系;3)超长柄茶组不是一个单系类群,该组的河口超长柄茶(C.hekouensis)位于系统树的基部,与山茶属其余种构成姐妹群.由于缺乏更广泛取样的分析,超长柄茶在山茶属中的系统位置仍然不明确,超长柄茶组与长柄山茶组的亲缘关系问题也没有得到解决.     

基于叶绿体四个DNA 片段联合分析探讨山茶属长柄山茶组、金花茶组和超长柄茶组的系统位置与亲缘关系

为探讨山茶属茶亚属 (Camellia subgenThea) 中长柄山茶组 (sectLongipedicellata)、金花茶组 (sectChrysantha)和超长柄茶组 (sectLongissima) 的系统位置和亲缘关系,本研究选取了该属4个亚属11组28个种及2个外类群的材料,对这些材料的叶绿体4个DNA片段 (rpl16、psbA trnH、trnL F和rpl32 trnL) 进行了测序,运用邻接法 (neighbor joining)、最大简约法 (maximum parsimony) 和贝叶斯推断 (Bayesian inference) 对获得的序列进行了联合矩阵分析,并构建基因树。基因树的拓扑结构显示：1) 金花茶组包括3个平行的支系,并且长柄山茶组的模式种长柄山茶 (Camellia longipedicellata) 嵌于其中一个支系,因而金花茶组可能是一个并系或多系类群;2) 长柄山茶与越南分布的金花茶组种类在分子系统树上构成一个单系支,暗示了长柄山茶组和金花茶组之间可能具有紧密的亲缘关系;3) 超长柄茶组不是一个单系类群,该组的河口超长柄茶 (C. hekouensis) 位于系统树的基部,与山茶属其余种构成姐妹群。由于缺乏更广泛取样的分析,超长柄茶在山茶属中的系统位置仍然不明确,超长柄茶组与长柄山茶组的亲缘关系问题也没有得到解决。     

山茶属6种植物叶片解剖结构的耐热性分析

通过石蜡切片观察6种山茶属(Camellia)植物叶片的解剖结构，应用聚类分析、相关性分析对叶片组织结构相关指标进行筛选，进一步采用隶属函数综合评价6种山茶属植物的耐热性。结果表明，6种山茶属植物的叶片均为异面叶，上下表皮均由一层排列紧密的细胞组成，叶肉组织中含有结晶体和不规则的石细胞，栅栏组织由1～3层长圆柱状细胞组成，含有大量叶绿体。影响6种山茶属植物耐热性的主要指标为叶片总厚度、栅栏组织/海绵组织、角质层厚度、组织疏松度。6种山茶属植物耐热性由强到弱依次为大果南山茶(C. semiserrata var. magnocarpa)、莽山红山茶(C. mongshanica)、石果红山茶(C. mairei var. lapidea)、长尾毛蕊茶(C. caudata)、东南山茶(C. edithae)、红皮糙果茶(C. crapnelliana)；按耐热性可分为3类，大果南山茶为耐热型，莽山红山茶为中耐热型，其他4种为低耐热型。     

山茶属连蕊茶组6种植物花粉形态特征研究

首次用扫描电子显微镜观察了山茶属(Camelliaa)连蕊茶组(Sect．Theopsis Coh．St．)6种植物花粉的形态特征。结果表明,这6种植物的花粉外壁纹饰可分为4大类型：皱波状(肖长尖连蕊茶Camellia subacutissima Chang和岳麓连蕊茶Chandelii Sealy);不规则皱网状(毛柄连蕊茶C.fraternal Hance和七瓣连蕊茶C.septempetala Changet L．L．Qi);脑纹状(柃叶连蕊茶C.euryoides Lindl．);穴状(小长尾连蕊茶C.parvicaudata Chang)。不同种植物花粉外壁纹饰存在一定差异,可为组内种间的区分提供参考依据,具有分类学意义。     

落瓣油茶染色体核型的分析

<正> 山茶属植物约220种,其中报道过:染色体计数的约50种,报道过染色体核型的近10种。作者继浙江红山茶(Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu)、南山茶(C.semiserrata Chi)、白花南山茶C.semiserrata var.albiflora Hu et Huang)和茶梨C.octopetala Hu)之后,对落瓣油茶(C.kissii Wall.)进行染色体计数和核型分析,旨在为油茶育种工作和探索山茶属内的系统发育提供细胞学资料。     

越南油茶的核型分析

<正> 越南油茶(Camellia vietnamensis T.C.Huang ex Hu)分布于我国广东和广西。越南油茶的种子油可供食用,为我国南方主要油料经济树种之一。越南油茶的染色体数目巳由黄少甫等同志报道过,2n=120,而核型分析方面的工作未见报道。     

四种金花茶的核型比较

<正> 金花茶是山茶属的珍稀植物,目前在我国广西南部已发现20个种和变种,但做过染色体核型研究的仅有5个种。本文首次报道凹脉金花茶(Comellia impressinervis)的核型,并结合显脉金花茶(C. euphlebia),金花茶(C. chrysantha),小金花茶(C. microcarpa)的核型作了分析比较,意在为研究金花茶的来源、分类和杂交育种提供     

金花茶组培苗的核型分析

本文对金花茶(Camellia chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama)组培苗的染色体核型进行了研究。结果表明:金花茶组培苗不仅染色体数目与其野生种相同,2n=30,而且核型也基本一致,核型公式均为2n=2x=30=22m+8sm(2SAT)。这些数据为利用组织培养方法保存和繁殖金花茶的可行性提供了细胞学方面的依据。     

Report on Karyotypes of 10 Species of Liliaceae (s. l.) From Qinling Range

The karyotypes of 10 species of the Liliaceae from the Qinling Range are reported as follows. I. Polygonatum Mill. (1) P. odoratum ( Mill. ) Druce was found to have the karyotype 2n=20=12m+8sm ( Plate 3, Fig. I), which belongs to Stebbins’ (1971) karyotype classification 2B. The chromosomes range from 3.88 to 11.26μm in size. Table 2 shows the karyotypes and number fundamentals (N.F.) of 13 materials from 12 different localities. The N. F. of these materials can be classified into two groups: N.F. =36 and N.F.=40, besides one (N.F. =38) from Beijing. N. F. =36 covers all the materials with 2n= 18 which have relatively symmetrical karyotypes ( all consisting of m and sm chromosomes), one with 2n=20 (10m+6sm+4st) and one with 2n=22 (14m+8st). N.F. =40 include four materials with 2n= 20 (all of m and sm chromosomes ) and 3 with 2n= 22 (10m+ 8sm+ 4st). ￥ It is considered that there are two original karyotypes, 2n= 18 with N. F. = 36 and 2n= 20 with N.F. =40, which are relatively symmetrical. All the more asymmetrical karyotypes with some st chromosomes have probably evolved from the symmetrical karyotypes without st chromosomes by centric fission. (2) P. zanlanscianense Pamp. has the karyotype 2n=30=18m(2SAT) + 4sm+ 6st+ 2t (Plate 1, Fig. 1) which belongs to 2C. The chromosomes range from 2.16 to 9.76μm. ￥ II. Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. The karyotype of this species is 2n = 16= 8m(2SAT )+ 6sm + 2st (Plate 1, Fig. 1 and Table 3 ) , which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 2.33 to 5.30μm. Most species in Asparagus, including A.Filicinus, are reported to have basic number x= 10, and therefore 2n= 16 is a new chromosome number for A.filicinus. EL-Saded et.al.(1972) gave a report of n=8 for A. stipularis from Egypt, while Delay (1947) reported 2n = 24 for A. trichophyllus and A. verticillatus, Sinla(1972 ) gave a report of 2n=48 for A.racemosus. It is certain that there are two basic numbers in the genus Asparagus. III. Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino was found to have the karyotype 2n=24=4m+8st+12t (Plate 1, Fig. 1 ), which belongs to 3B. The chromosomes range from 8.71 to 20.24μm. IV. Smilax discotis Warb. was shown to have the karyotype 2n=32=4m+22sm+4st (2SAT)+2t (Plate 1, Fig. 1 and Table 3), which belongs to 3C. The first pair is much longer than others. The chromosomes range from 1.79 to 9.21μm. The chromosome number and karyotype of S. discotis are both reported for the first time. V. Reineckia carnea (Andr.) Kunth is of the karyotype 2n=38=28m+10sm (Plate 2, Fig. 1 ), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 5.65 to 12.75μm. VI. Tupistra chinensis Baker was found to have the karyotype 2n=38=25m+ 13sm (Plate 2, Fig. 1), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 8.11 to 23.82μm. A pair of heterozygous chromosomes is arranged at the end of the idiogram. The eighth pair possesses an intercalary satellite. Huang et al. (1989) reported the karyotype of T. chinensis from Yunnan as 2n = 38 = 24m+ 14sm without any intercalary satellite. Nagamatsu and Noda (1970) gave a report on the karyotype of T. nutans from Bhutan, which consists of 18 pairs of median to submedian chromosomes and one pair of subterminal chromosomes. And one pair of submedian chromosomes possess intercalary satellites on their short arms. VII. Rohdea japonica (Thunb) Roth. was found to have the karyotype 2n=38=30m+6sm+2st ( Plate 2, Fig. 1), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 7.94 to 18.29μm. Nagamatsu and Noda (1970) reported that the karyotype of R.japonica from Japan was the same as that of Tupistra nutans from Bhutan. But we have not discov ered any chromosome with an intercalary satellite. VIII. Hosta Tratt. (1) H. plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers was shown to have 2n=60. The 60 chromosomes are in 30 pairs,which can be classified into 4 pairs of large chromosomes (7.32- 8.72μm ), 3 pairs of medium-sized ones (4.72-5.60μm), and 23 pairs of small ones (1.40-3.64μm), (Plate 3 ,Table 4 ). The karyotype of H. plantaginea is reported for the first time. (2) H. ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn was counted to have 2n=120, The 120 chromosomes are in 60 pairs, which can be classified into 8 pairs of large chromosomes (7.00- 8.40μm ), 6 pairs of medium-sized ones(4.40- 6.15um ), 46 pairs of small ones (1.20- 3.85μm), (Plate 3, Table 4). Based on the karyotypes of H. plantaginea and H. ventricosa, the latter is probably a tetraploid in the genus Hosta. Kaneko (1968b) gave a report on the karyotype of H. ventricosa, which is of8 pairs of large chromosomes, 4 pairs of medium-sized and 48 pairs of small ones.     

Karyotypes of the Genus Fritillaria from South Anhui

This paper reports chromosome numbers and karyotypes of five species of the genus Fritillaria from south Anhui. The origin of the material used in this work is provided in Table 1, micrographs of mitotic metaphase in Plate 1,2, and the parameters of chromosomes in Table 2. Except F. thunbergii Miq., the karyotypes and chromosome numbers of all the species in this paper were studied for the first time. The results are shown as follows: 1. Fritillaria qimenensis D. C. Zhang et J. Z. Shao Collected from Qimen, Anhui, it has the karyotype formula 2n = 24+4Bs = 3m+lsm+8st (2sc)+12t (2sc)+4Bs (Plate 1:1, 2). The chromosomes range in length 8.72-19.13μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.19. Therefore, the karyotype belongs to Stebbins’ (1971) 3B. The secondary constrictions are found on the long arms of 7th and 10th pairs. All the five B-chromosomes are of terminal centromeres. The two chromosomes of the second pair show heteromorphy (Fig. 1, E) with arm ratios 1.86 and 1.56 respectively. 2. Fritillaria monantha Miq. var. tonglingensis S. C. Chen et S. F. Yin Collected from Tongling, Anhui, this species is shown to have three chromosome numbers, 2n =24+5Bs, 2n=24+2Bs and 2n=24. This paper reports 2 cytotypes: Type I: 2n = 24+5Bs = 4m+8st (2sc) +12t (2sc) +5Bs (Plate 1: 3, 4). The chromosomes range in length from 10.40 to 22.19μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.13. It belongs to 3B of stebbins’(1971) karyotypic symmetry. The secondary constrictions are found on the short arms of 7th and the long arms of 9th chromosome pairs. The metacentric B-chromosomes and the small satellites located on the short arms are major characters of this cytotype. Type II: 2n=24=2m+2sm+8st(2sc)+12t(2sc) (Plate 1:5, 6). The chromosomes range in length from 13.84 to 29.81μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.15. The karyotype belongs to Stebbins’3B. The secondary constrictions are found on the long arms of 5th and 10th pairs. No B-chromosomes are found. 3. Fritillaria xiaobeimu Y. K. Yang, J. Z. Shao et M. M. Fang Collected from Ningguo, Anhui, it has karyotype formula 2n = 24 = 2m+2sm+10st (4sc) + 10t (Plate 2:7, 8). The chromosomes range in length from 13.86 to 26.27μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 1.89. The karyotype belongs to stebbins’3A. The secondary constrictions are found on the long arms of 7th and 9th pairs. 4. Fritillaria ningguoensis S. C. Chen et S. F. Yin Collected from Ningguo, Anhui, it is of karyotype formula 2n = 24 = 2m+2sm+8st (2sc) +12t (Plate 2: 9, 10). The chromosomes range in length from 9.11 to 23.23μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.55. The karyotype belongs to Stebbins’3B. The secondary constrictions are only found on the long arms of the 10 th pair. 5. Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. Collected from Ningguo, Anhui, it is of karyotype formula 2n = 24 = 2m+2sm+8st(2sc) +12t(2sc)(Plate 2:11, 12). The chromosomes range in length from 8.83 to 19.85μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.25. The karyotype belongs to stebbins’3B. There are secondary constrictions on the long arms of 5th and 7th pairs. The karyotype of the Ningguo material is similar to that of the Huoqiu (Anhui) material reported by Xu Jin-lin et al. (1987), but it is obviously different from 2n=2m(sc)+2sm+4st(2sc)+16t (2sc) reported byZhai et al. (1985) for the material from Xingjiang, Northwest China.     

Karyotype Analysis of Speirantha gardenii (Hook.) Baill.

This paper reports the chromosome numbers and karyotype analysis of Speirantha gardenii, which is endemic to China. The material was collected from Huang Shan, Anhui. It is a diploid species. Its somatic chromosome is 2n=38=22m+6sm+10st. The 9th pair is submedian centromere chromosomes, but it has two constrictions. The secondary constriction is on the short arm near centromere. Of the 19 chromosome pairs,secondary constriction is present only in this pair.     

马蔺染色体的核型分析

<正> 马蔺(Iris ensata Thunb.)为鸢尾科多年生草本,分布于东北、华北、西北、华东和西藏,朝鲜、苏联也有。生于向阳山野、草地及草甸,也常栽于庭院中。 本品为少常用中药,“神农本草经”中列为中品,以干燥成熟种子入药,味甘、性平,具有清热利湿,消肿解毒,止血之功效。 在细胞学方面,关于马蔺的体细胞染色体数目Sharma(1970),Mehra&Sachdeva(1971)曾分别报道为2n=40和n=20,与笔者的观察结果相吻合,但Pandita     

四福花染色体核型的分析

四福花[Tetradoxa ometensis (Hara)C.Y.Wu]体细胞具有36个染色体。其核型组成为2n=36=6m+14sm+4st+12t,即具有3对中部着丝点染色体,7对亚中部着丝点染色体,2对亚端部着丝点染色体和6对端部着丝点染色体。 四福花染色体核型分析表明,与传统对五福花科植物染色体具9基数的认识不同,其基数应为X=18。与Noguchi所发现的具18基数的三倍体五福花的核型相比较,二者在核型组成及染色体结构上都有明显差异。