严寒地区高速公路建筑空气-土壤源热泵系统节能性运行策略研究

针对严寒地区地源热泵系统供暖出现土壤热不平衡问题,研究提出使用空气-土壤复合式地源热泵系统,以期减小土壤热不平衡性.文中基于TRNSYS软件对某高速公路服务区建筑空气-土壤源热泵系统节能性开展案例研究,通过对建筑全年逐时负荷的动态仿真模拟和分析,从节能性角度对比空气-土壤源热泵系统在6种负荷分担比例运行策略下的能效差异,得出在地源热泵承担75％热负荷,空气源热泵承担25％热负荷,地源热泵承担100％冷负荷的情况下,此严寒地区高速公路节能性最佳的结论.     

地源热泵系统土壤温度变化的影响因素分析

对实际运行的地源热泵系统土壤温度进行了分析,获得了土壤温度受地源热泵的释/吸热不平衡、释吸热量以及土壤过渡季自然恢复能力等因素的影响情况.研究结果表明,系统初期的运行模式对土壤温度具有重要的影响.试验系统在供热季末期吸热量为1 106 k W h以下时土壤温度可以自动回升,在供冷季末期释热量为1 350 k W h以下时,土壤温度也可以自动下降.在文中土壤条件下过渡季对土壤温度的恢复作用十分有限,土壤温度的动态平衡主要依赖地埋管换热器的全年热平衡.根据空调系统的冷热负荷差异,在设计和运行时通过必要措施来避免地埋管换热器的热失衡,是地源热泵系统长期可靠运行的关键.     

SGCHPS土壤热平衡及系统热量利用

为解决严寒地区建筑物热负荷远大于冷负荷而导致的太阳能-土壤源热泵系统(SGCHPS)供热性能逐年下降、以至于无法使用的问题,提出依靠太阳能季节性土壤蓄热来维持土壤热平衡、提高系统效率的方法.以严寒地区太阳能-土壤源热泵供热供冷示范工程为平台,进行了为期3 a的蓄热、供热、供冷长期实验.实验结果表明:在保证供热供冷效果的基础上,土壤温度呈现日周期和年周期变化,土壤保持了以年为周期的热平衡;太阳能在冬季供热量中占85%;在供冷季同时进行蓄热和供冷的2组土壤换热器(GHE)可根据换热功率分配其比例.土壤蓄热解决了严寒地区建筑物冷热负荷不平衡的问题,使系统能长期高效运行,并实现了全年太阳能的利用,节约了大量的常规能源.     

SGCHPS土壤蓄热供热供冷效果分析

为减少建筑供热供冷能耗,实现严寒地区太阳能-土壤源热泵系统（SGCHPS）对建筑进行长期稳定的供热供冷,提出依靠季节性太阳能土壤蓄热来维持土壤热平衡、提高系统效率的方法.以严寒地区太阳能-土壤源热泵供热供冷示范工程为平台,根据建筑负荷确定系统配置,并选定4种模式交替运行,进行了3年的长期实验.实验结果表明：季节性蓄热S...     

双U型地埋管换热器模型的建立及实验验证

地埋管换热器与土壤的换热状况,直接影响到土壤源热泵系统的运行性能.因而建立恰当的地埋管换热器模型,对埋管与土壤的传热研究至关重要.根据钻孔内外传热的不同特点,建立了钻孔内准三维稳态导热数学模型和钻孔外二维非稳态导热数学模型;并以钻孔壁为纽带,将内、外模型组建成完整的地埋管换热器模型.进而利用Ansys有限元法建立其物理模型并进行求解.通过热响应实验,充分验证了该模型的可靠性.这为建立土壤源热泵系统模型,模拟系统长期变负荷工况运行下土壤热堆积情况奠定了坚实基础.     

基于TRNSYS的增加辅助冷却设备的地源热泵系统优化

以南昌市某建筑为研究对象,利用TRNSYS仿真平台建立了地源热泵及锅炉+冷水机组两种空调系统数学模型,对其节能性进行探讨。同时针对地源热泵系统在夏热冬冷地区因冷热负荷不平衡导致土壤温度升高,不利于系统长期稳定运行的问题,提出了控制负荷侧供水温度及地源侧出水温度两种优化策略。地源侧出水温度控制使用冷却塔辅助冷却实现,采用与地埋管并联方式运行。结果发现:地源热泵系统全年能耗相比与锅炉+冷水机组系统减少27%,而且优化后的地源热泵系统运行20年土壤温度比优化前下降了9.7℃,夏季制冷能效比上升了0.21,全年性能系数上升了0.13,系统长期运行稳定性也得到提高。     

土壤源热泵空调系统的性能模拟分析

以上海某小型办公楼为例,用DEST模拟出了该建筑全年累计冷热负荷和逐时冷热负荷的需求,采用集中参数的方法建立能耗模拟模型,分别模拟出空气源热泵和土壤源热泵空调系统的能效。反映出一定条件下热泵空调系统能效随系统负荷变化等条件改变的变化趋势,得出土壤源热泵空调系统较空气源热泵系统具有系统性能系数（COP）高、运行稳定、受外部气候条件干扰小的结论。     

土壤源热泵系统地下热失衡的解决措施

保持长期运行后地下土壤的热平衡是地源热泵系统的关键问题之一。本文从系统因素,人为因素和外界因素分析了土壤源热泵系统热失衡问题的特点及产生原因,阐述了土壤源热泵系统热失衡的影响和危害。并从设计、施工和运行管控三个角度提出了辅助冷热源、分区合理布井、地埋管防漏、规范回填、分区恢复和间歇控制等解决该问题的建议措施。     

浅层土壤蓄热能资源量计算分析

为实现土壤源热泵系统的合理设计和科学应用,避免系统常年运行后由于土壤吸放热量不一致导致土壤温度变化,通过对该系统所利用浅层土壤蓄热能资源量进行计算分析,明确了可利用土壤蓄热能资源量估算方法．利用地下埋管换热器热渗耦合数学模型,对土壤源热泵系统冬夏季土壤释吸热量相等即按照可利用土壤蓄热能资源量来设计系统,以及冬夏季土壤释吸热量不相等2种情况进行了理论模拟和分析．结果表明:当按照可利用资源量来设计系统时全年运行后土壤温度恢复至初温;而当夏季吸热量高于冬季释热量25％时,土壤平均温度升高了032 ℃,有利于下一年冬季运行但不利于下一年夏季运行．进行可利用浅层土壤蓄热能资源量分析,综合全年的冷热释取来设计土壤源热泵系统的容量,有利于保证土壤温度的回归和系统常年高效运行．在实际土壤源热泵系统应用设计时,对于夏季负荷占优地区,要综合考虑土壤经过冬季放热及过渡季散失之后夏季可供取出的冷量来估算资源量;反之亦然．     

辅助冷却复合地源热泵系统可行性分析

对复合地源热泵系统在大型商业建筑和办公建筑的可行性进行了理论分析,并针对邯郸地区某一办公建筑冷热负荷不均匀性进行算例分析,结果表明辅助冷却的地源热泵系统在较炎热气候条件下对解决土壤热积聚、减少初投资、改善机组运行性能等方面具有优越性。同时,用计算实例说明校正设计方法对减少初投资和能耗方面所起的作用。     

太阳能与地埋管热泵联合采暖实验

为了考察太阳能光热系统的蓄热能力,以及太阳能地埋管热泵联合采暖空调是否满足建筑物能量供给,针对一栋220 m2的建筑物,建立了一套太阳能地埋管热泵联合采暖空调系统.以冬季采暖负荷作为建筑物的能量需求,在此基础上配置太阳能和地埋管系统.实验结果表明:通过太阳能光热跨季节采暖蓄热,可以使土壤温度提高3℃,制热机组能力提高8%,太阳能光热和地埋管热泵系统联合采暖切实可行.     

应用于辐射供冷系统的双级热泵复合除湿空调系统及能耗分析

为减少辐射供冷系统热湿处理机组的能耗,提出采用两级热泵与除湿单元联用的系统形式.低温热泵子系统提供辐射供冷所需的冷负荷,高温热泵子系统则根据设计的系统形式大小不同,可长期运行,也可与蓄热水箱或者太阳能联用3种方式.并对3种方式下的液体除湿、固体除湿与传统的冷却除湿,液体除湿＋冷水机组和固体除湿＋冷水机组的形式进行能耗分析对比,结果表明3种方式下的液体除湿和固体除湿系统都较节能,且以3种改进方式与液体除湿联用的系统最为节能,与冷却除湿相比,能源消耗可以减少48%.     

Heat balance of solar-soil source heat pump compound system

Based on the state-of-the-art studies of solar-soil source heat pump compound system, operation patterns of solar-soil compound system were analyzed, particularly the advantages of parallel operation pattern. It is found that parallel operation pattern is better for solar-soil compound system. Furthermore, the heat balance issue of solar-soil compound system was emphatically analyzed from four aspects, which were annual analysis of heating and cooling load, the heat exchange of ground heat exchanger, capacity determination of solar-assisted heat source and heat balance calculation of solar-soil compound system. Moreover, annual rate of heat balance in a solar-soil source heat pump compound system was calculated with a case study. It is shown that the annual heat unbalance ratio is 19%, which is less than 20%. As a result, the practical solar-soil compound system can basically maintain the heat balance of soil.     

Overall optimization of Rankine cycle system for waste heat recovery of heavy-duty vehicle diesel engines considering the cooling power consumption

The Rankine cycle system for waste heat recovery of heavy-duty vehicle diesel engines has been regarded as a promising technique to reduce fuel consumption. Its heat dissipation in the condensation process, however, should be taken away in time, which is an energy-consuming process. A fan-assisted auxiliary water-cooling system is employed in this paper. Results at 1300 r/min and 50% load indicate that the cooling pump and cooling fan together consume 7.66% of the recovered power. What’s worse for the heavy load, cooling accessories may deplete of all the recovered power of the Rankine cycle system. Afterwards, effects of the condensing pressure and water feeding temperature are investigated, based on which a cooling power consumption model is established. Finally, an overall efficiency optimization is conducted to balance the electric power generation and cooling power consumption, taking condensing pressure, pressure ratio and exhaust bypass valve as major variables. The research suggests that the priority is to increase condensing pressure and open exhaust bypass valve appropriately at high speed and heavy load to reduce the cooling power consumption, while at low speed and light load, a lower condensing pressure is favored and the exhaust bypass valve should be closed making the waste heat recovered as much as possible. Within the sub-critical region, a larger pressure ratio yields higher overall efficiency improvement at medium-low speed and load. But the effects taper off at high speed and heavy load. For a given vehicular heavy-duty diesel engine, the overall efficiency can be improved by 3.37% at 1300 r/min and 25% load using a Rankine cycle system to recover exhaust energy. The improvement becomes smaller as engine speed and load become higher.     

复合地源热泵在冬冷夏热地区的可行性分析

采用辅助冷却复合地源热泵系统,可有效地降低初投资,提高系统的节能效果。本文介绍了冬冷夏热地区的气候与建筑能耗概况;对辅助冷却复合地源热泵系统在这个地区可行性进行了理论分析;并针对上海地区某一办公建筑,对比分析了辅助冷却复合地源热泵系统和无辅助冷却地源热泵系统的初投资和运行费用。结果表明,辅助冷却复合地源热泵系统在该地区减少初投资和运行费用方面具有明显的优越性。     

Research trend of cascade heat pumps

Most commercial and industrial facilities require very low temperatures for refrigeration and high temperatures for space heating and hot water purposes. Single stage heat pumps have not been able to meet these temperature demands and have been characterized by low capacities and coefficient of performance(COP). Cascade heat pump has been developed to overcome the weaknesses of single stage heat pumps. This study reviews recent works done by researchers on cascade heat pumps for refrigeration, heating and hot water generation. Selection of suitable refrigerants to meet the pressure and temperature demands of each stage of the cascade heat pump has been discussed. Optimization of design parameters such as intermediate temperature(low stage condensing and high stage evaporating temperatures), and temperature difference in the cascade heat exchanger for optimum performance of the cascade heat pump has been reviewed. It was found that optimising each design parameter of the cascade heat pump is necessary for maximum system performance and this may improve the exergetic efficiency, especially of cascade refrigeration systems, by about 30.88%. Cascade heat pumps have wider range of application especially for artificial snow production, in the supermarkets,for natural gas liquefaction, in drying clothes and food and as heat recovery system. The performance of cascade heat pumps can be improved by 19% when coupled with other renewable energy sources for various real time applications. Also, there is the need for much research on refrigerant charge amount of cascade heat pumps, refrigerant-refrigerant heat exchangers to be used as cascade heat exchanger, cascade heat pumps for simultaneous cooling, heating and hot water generation and on the use of variable speed compressors and their control strategies in matching system capacity especially at part load conditions.     

联供模式地下换热器温变及其热泵效能分析

在地下换热器G函数理论基础上,建立了地源热泵热力过程计算模型。研究了地下换热器和热泵运行的基本性能,及其单供和联供的主要差异。通过计算孔井壁面温度及地下换热器进、出口流体温度,对热泵能效比、能耗等热力参数进行了对比分析。以严寒地区和夏热冬冷地区为例,结合冷热负荷需求,研究了冷热单供与联供方式对地下换热器温变和热泵效能的影响作用。