三坐标测量机动态误差的建模方法

为了提高三坐标测量机的测量速度,缩短测量周期,分析了影响给定的三坐标测量机动态误差的因素。对三坐标测量机的具体和了分析,用电感测微仪进行了动态偏转角的测量,并推导出由动态偏转误差得到测头处的动态位移误差的方法。同时,对由导轨的直线度造成的误差进行了讨论。指出动态误差主要是由各构件绕气浮导轨连接处的偏转和各运动构件本身的弯曲变形造成挫理论上可以证明,在气浮导轨力矩刚度和横梁弯曲刚度已知的情况下,只要     

三坐标测量机在反求工程中的研究

零件原型数字化就是通过特定的数字化测量工具来获得零件几何数据的过程。以某汽轮机叶片为基础,介绍了利用接触式三坐标测量机获取零件三维数据的步骤和方法,即通过装夹零件、标定测头测杆、工件坐标系的建立、测量打点、数据输出等步骤得到零件的几何三维数据。最后通过实例的操作,得到了叶片的点云数据,并分析了在手动打点过程中产生测量误差的原因及其改善措施。实例表明,确定合理的测量路径、建立合适的零件坐标系、确定合适的测点个数、均匀的测力及其操作经验,可以提高点云的精度。     

Measurement of form error of a probe tip ball for coordinate measuring machine (CMM) using a rotating reference sphere

This study presents a method of measurement of the form error of the tip ball in the tactile probing systems of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) by using a rotating reference sphere. The measurement of the form error of the CMM probe tip was conducted without the use of additional external measuring instruments or sensors. The form errors of the probe tip ball and the reference sphere were separated from the probing coordinates of CMM by rotation of the reference sphere. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated based on an uncertainty analysis. The uncertainty in measurement of diameter of the probe tip ball was estimated to be less than 0.5 μm.     

Workspace and statics analysis of 4-UPS-UPU parallel coordinate measuring machine

A novel 4-UPS-UPU spatial 5-Degree of freedom parallel coordinate measuring machine (PCMM) is presented. The workspace of the measuring machine is analyzed by using polar coordinate searching method. The force balance equation and statics transfer matrix of the measuring machine are established. The statics analysis of the 4-UPS-UPU PCMM is realized by taking the PCMM with load and no-load as example, and the numerical verification and virtual simulation verification of the results of driving force are carried out. The research can provide a theoretical basis for the optimal design and manufacturing of 4-UPS-UPU PCMM.     

坐标测量机CAI系统中测量路径设计

介绍了一种在坐标测量机CAI系统中确定机械零件表面上测量点和测量路径自动生成的方法，该方法提高了测量的自动化，有利于测量、设计和制造过程的相集成。     

Achievement of accuracy by error compensation of large CMMs

In this paper we will discuss the limit of the possible compensation for the systematic geometrical errors in large coordinate measurement machines (CMMs). One of the main problems is that the methods of measuring the errors produce errors themselves, which statistically add up to a total uncertainty of the compensation. The standard methods of error compensation cannot improve the measuring uncertainty of the machine beyond this limit, and this limit can only be reached if the reproducibility of the machine (ie the statistical error) is improved.     

悬臂式测量机测量不确定度分析与验证

针对在某五轴数控机床加工现场有限空间限制下,复杂结构工件的原位在线测量问题,设计了一种悬臂式坐标测量机.根据不确定度评定准则,分析了影响测量机测量不确定度的因素,提出了从理论上估计所设计结构形式测量机测量不确定度的方法,并从机构运动误差、机构变形以及温度等方面对测量机的测量不确定度进行了估计.实验结果显示,测量机的测量误差均小于测量指标所要求的测量不确定度.     

评定三坐标测量机的动态误差

对三坐标测量机的动态误差作出整体分析。分析影响坐标测量机动态误差的主要因素。指出由于附加惯性力的影响产生的各部件绕气浮导轨联结处的偏转和各运动部件本身的弯曲变形是造成动态误差的主要原因。提出由动态偏转角误差推导测头动态位移误差的方法。用激光干涉仪和电感测微仪对三坐标测量机的动态偏转角误差进行了测量。理论和实验结果证明,在高速测量过程中,由于附加惯性力的影响,除了各部件绕气浮导轨联结处产生较大偏转外     

新型并联机器人坐标测量机仿真建模的实现

为了验证新型5自由度并联机器人坐标测量机的设计方案和理论模型,缩短开发周期,降低开发费用,提高一次性设计成功率,将虚拟样机技术应用于该并联机器人坐标测量机的设计开发过程。利用SolidWorks软件建立该型并联坐标测量机的虚拟样机模型,应用OLE接口技术实现了该型并联坐标测量机的运动仿真和测量仿真,采用ADAMS软件实现了该型并联坐标测量机的动力学分析和仿真,并给出了仿真建模过程中关键问题的解决方案。计算机仿真结果证实了理论模型的正确性,验证了设计的合理性和可靠性。为此新型并联机器人坐标测量机的结构设计和数控系统设计提供了主要参数和理论依据,为并联坐标测量机的工程设计提供了一套有效的分析方法。     

激光三角法扫描测头特性的研究

在分析了激光三角法位移测量原理的基础上,以ＩＢ－１２型激光三角法位移传感器为实例,研究了激光三角法位移传感器的使用特性,补偿非线性误差、倾斜角误差,提高了测量精度,使其能够作为非接触式扫描测头用在三坐标测量机上,完成空间自由曲面的非接触扫描测量。     

测量造型中的CMM扫描技术

简要介绍了测量造型中应用的三维测量技术,并以实物模型为例重点介绍了基于三坐标测量机(CMM)的接触式扫描技术,认为接触式扫描技术在高精度测量应用中具有优势。     

用蚁群算法求解关节式坐标测量机的最佳测量区

本文提出了一种求解最佳测量区的方法,以进一步提高关节式坐标测量机的测量精度。首先,根据关节式坐标测量机的测量模型,建立了基于圆编码器测角误差的关节式坐标测量机误差模型。利用蒙特卡洛理论得到6个关节转角的随机数,采用数值法仿真分析测量机的测量空间。然后将包含测量空间的一立方体区域等间隔切割成343个小立方体区域,采用蚁群算法确定每个小区域由于圆编码器误差所引起的最大测量误差。最后,通过比较找到其中最大测量误差最小的区域,即为最佳测量区。研究结果表明,对于所研究的关节式坐标测量机,各个小区域的最大误差为0.069 9~0.189 6mm,其中最小值为0.069 9mm的区域为-100mm≤x≤100mm,-100mm≤y≤100mm,400mm≤z≤600mm。采用本文方法确定的最佳测量区在测量空间内为一个立方体区域,故在最佳测量区进行较高精度的测量具有实用性和可操作性。     

关节式坐标测量机关节轴晃动导致测量误差的分析及建模

针对关节式坐标测量机测量精度不易保证的问题,在讨论导致关节式坐标测量机测量误差的各种原因的基础上,对关节晃动导致的测量误差进行了定量分析,建立了测头的测量运动方程和因关节晃动引起的测量误差的数学模型。     

便携式三坐标测量仪误差标定方法

从三关节的便携式关节型三坐标测量仪入手,研究了便携式关节型三坐标测量仪的误差来源;在现有误差标定方法的基础上,提出了一种新型的机械结构误差标定方法和提高精度的措施,为进一步实现便携式关节型三坐标测量仪的误差补偿和精度的提高奠定了基础.     

用于多传感器坐标测量机探测误差评价的薄环规标准器

设计了一种薄环规标准器,用于配有光学影像测头和接触式测头的多传感器坐标测量机的探测误差评价。该标准器兼有环规和二维平面标准圆的特征,孔的有效部分厚度为0.1 mm,圆度为0.5μm,可以满足大多数坐标测量机的校准需求,避免了普通标准器如标准球、环规对影像测头测量成像的影响。该标准器同时适用于接触式测头测量,锥孔结构保证了标准器的稳定性,用于接触式测量时,不会引起变形。利用设计的薄环规标准器实现了配有光学影像测头和接触式测头组合测量系统的探测误差评价,结果表明该标准器有效解决了上述组合系统探测误差的校准问题。参照ISO10360-9标准,给出了多传感器组合测量系统的探测误差、尺寸测量误差以及位置误差,并利用坐标变换方法修正了位置误差,优化了系统参数。     

新型关节式三坐标测量机的研究

本文提出了一种新型关节式三坐标测量机，简要说明了它的工作原理、教学模型和仪器结构，并介绍了其优点与应用前景。     

Error analysis and auto-calibration for a Cartesian-guided tripod machine tool

This paper focuses on the error analysis and calibration methodologies for a parallel kinematic machine (PKM) called a Cartesian-guided tripod (CGT). The CGT volumetric error due to the geometric error, kinematic parameter error and nonlinear machine stiffness were studied. It is well known that the PKM nonlinear machine stiffness can produce significant volumetric errors from several tens to several hundreds of micrometres depending on the averaged value and deviation range for the machine stiffness. For most PKMs, joint level sensors are used to estimate the virtual Cartesian movements of the cutting tool. The nonlinear stiffness effect is not detected by this indirect metrology method and must be compensated for by a calibration methodology. A solution for the nonlinear stiffness effect implemented on the CGT involves using a passive Cartesian guiding/metrology leg that is independent of the driving legs to directly measure the Cartesian movement of the motion platform. Because the metrology loop of the Cartesian guiding/metrology leg is separated from the kinematic loops of the driving legs, the volumetric accuracy of the CGT is immunised against thermal errors and load deformations on the drive mechanisms. The passive Cartesian guiding/metrology leg is also used for the auto-calibration of the CGT kinematic parameters. The auto-calibration methodology and simulation results were studied and reported.     

Integration of a laser interferometer and a CMM into a measurement system for measuring internal dimensions

In order to improve the existing comparative procedure for calibrating internal dimensions, we have developed a new measurement set-up for traceable absolute measurements. It consists of a co-ordinate measuring machine (CMM) and a laser interferometer (LI). The LI serves as a traceable measurement system, while the CMM is only used as a guiding system for the measuring probe. Extended research focused on defining probe parameters such as diameter, bending and indentation, as well as probing head repeatability and other error sources. The final goal of the research was to determine uncertainty of measurement under existing laboratory conditions. The main outcomes of the research and final uncertainty of measurement are presented in this article.     

新型关节臂坐标测量机的设计

关节臂坐标测量机是一种新型非正交系坐标测量设备,相比传统的三坐标测量机,具有体积小、重量轻、灵活、轻便等特点,现已在机械制造、电子、汽车和航空航天等领域得到应用,具有巨大的应用前景.在前期工作的基础上设计出一种六自由度关节臂坐标测量机,该关节臂坐标测量机关节零件采用航空铝合金材料、连杆采用碳纤维材料,因而具有强度高、重量轻的特点,内置式平衡机构可减轻操作者劳动强度,精密的关节角度传感器保证了测量机的高精度.基于Open CASCADE和VC++6.0平台开发了关节臂坐标测量机的测量软件和标定软件,并进行了整机的联机调试,验证了系统的可靠性.     

Diagonal in space of coordinate measuring machine verification using an optical-comb pulsed interferometer with a ball-lens target

This paper presents a new optical method of coordinate measuring machine (CMM) verification. The proposed system based on a single-mode fiber optical-comb pulsed interferometer with a ball lens of refractive index 2 employed as the target. The target can be used for absolute-length measurements in all directions. The laser source is an optical frequency comb, whose repetition rate is stabilized by a rubidium frequency standard. The measurement range is confirmed to be up to 10 m. The diagonals of a CMM are easier to verify by the proposed method than by the conventional artifact test method. The measurement uncertainty of the proposed method is also smaller than that of the conventional method because the proposed measurement system is less affected by air temperature; it achieves an uncertainty of approximately 7 μm for measuring lengths of 10 m. The experimental results show that the measurement accuracy depends on noise in the interference fringe, which arises from airflow fluctuations and mechanical vibrations.