30例原发性肝癌患者超声造影时间-强度曲线分析

目的:探讨超声造影时间-强度曲线时原发性肝癌的诊断价值.方法:对30例原发性肝癌患者进行常规超声和超声造影检查,绘制超声造影时间-强度曲线.测量肿瘤与周围肝实质的超声造影始增时间、始增强度、峰值时间和峰值强度等参数,计算其增强和消退速率,两者进行对比分析.结果:原发性肝癌组和周围肝实质的强化速率分别为0.799 dB/s和0.185 dB/s,消退速率分别为0.053 dB/s和0.028 dB/s,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:超声造影时间-强度曲线为原发性肝癌的超声诊断提供了定量分析的方法,与周围肝实质相比,其具有的"快进快退"的血流灌注特征,在辅助诊断肝肿瘤中更具临床实用价值.     

超声造影对胆管细胞癌与肝细胞癌的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨超声造影鉴别诊断胆管细胞癌与肝细胞癌的价值。方法选取我院经病理确诊的42例胆管细胞癌患者(胆管细胞癌组)与114例肝细胞癌患者,其中肝细胞癌患者按照不同分化程度分为高分化组、中分化组、低分化组,每组各38例。各组均行超声造影检查获得始增时间、达峰时间、始退时间、持续时间、始增强度及峰值强度;行免疫组化检测获得微血管密度(MVD);比较各组上述参数差异。应用Pearson相关分析法分析超声造影参数与MVD的关系;绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析各超声造影参数鉴别诊断胆管细胞癌与肝细胞癌的效能。结果胆管细胞癌组始增时间、峰值强度均高于高、中、低分化组(均P0.05);胆管细胞癌组达峰时间与高、中分化组比较,差异均无统计学意义;胆管细胞癌组达峰时间高于低分化组(P0.05),始退时间、持续时间、MVD均低于高、中、低分化组(均P0.05)。胆管细胞癌组始增强度与高、中、低分化组比较,差异均无统计学意义。相关性分析显示,达峰时间、峰值强度与MVD均呈负相关(均P0.05);持续时间、始增强度与MVD均呈正相关(均P0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,始增时间、达峰时间、始退时间、持续时间、始增强度、峰值强度及其联合应用鉴别诊断胆管细胞癌与肝细胞癌的曲线下面积分别为0.695、0.799、0.655、0.624、0.635、0.639、0.995,联合应用的AUC高于各参数单独应用(均P0.05)。结论超声造影可有效鉴别胆管细胞癌与肝细胞癌,为临床治疗提供客观依据。     

胆管细胞癌与不同分化程度肝细胞癌CEUS特征的对比研究

目的 比较肝内胆管细胞癌（ICC）和不同分化程度肝细胞癌（HCC）CEUS表现对ICC和不同分化程度HCC的鉴别诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的34例ICC（ICC组）和136例不同分化程度的HCC患者高、中、低分化（HCC组）的常规超声及CEUS表现,并评价CEUS始退时间对ICC的诊断效能。结果 ICC组在门静脉早期开始消退的比例（24/34,70.59%）均高于各HCC组,在门静脉中期开始消退的比例（0/34）和在门静脉晚期/延迟期开始消退的比例（4/34,11.76%）均低于中、高分化HCC组,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.008）。低分化HCC组在门静脉中期开始消退的比例（16/41,39.02%）高于高分化HCC组（P<0.008）。CEUS诊断ICC的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率、阳性似然比及阴性似然比分别为82.35%（28/34）、91.18%（124/136）、70.00%（28/40）、95.38%（124/130）、89.41%（152/170）、9.4、0.2。ICC及低、中、高分化HCC组病灶CEUS始增时间分别为（13.03±3.49）s、（13.80±3.04）s、（14.89±4.12）s、（16.00±3.38）s,差异有统计学意义（F=4.369,P<0.05）,ICC组始增时间早于高分化HCC组（P<0.05）。结论 不同分化程度HCC和ICC的CEUS表现存在差异,CEUS对其鉴别诊断有一定的参考价值。     

肝细胞性肝癌超声造影定量参数与微血管密度的相关性研究

目的：探讨肝细胞性肝癌（HCC）超声造影血流灌注定量参数与肿瘤微血管密度（MVD）的相关性。方法：46例HCC患者术前行超声造影检查,利用时间-强度曲线（TIC）进行定量分析,得出肝癌及癌旁组织的达峰时间（TTP）、峰值强度（PI）,与术后病理免疫组织化学染色计数的MVD进行相关性分析。结果：46例HCC与癌旁组织的TTP平均值分别为（14.24±5.11）s及（25.34±9.11）s,PI平均值分别为（43.11±10.25）dB及（20.87±8.21）dB,MVD平均值分别为52.32±18.21及21.43±8.65。HCC术前TTP与术后MVD呈负相关（r=-0.75,P＜0.05）,PI与MVD呈正相关（r=0.73,P＜0.05）。结论：HCC超声造影定量灌注参数PI、TTP与MVD的表达有良好的相关性,可作为术前评估HCC血管生成状况的指标。     

甲状腺乳头状癌超声造影定量参数与微血管密度的相关性

目的 探讨甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）超声造影定量参数与病理微血管密度（MVD）的相关性。方法 回顾性分析33例PTC患者（共36枚结节）术前常规超声及超声造影检查的声像图资料。应用Qlab软件绘制结节边缘及中心区域时间-强度曲线（TIC），获得不同部位的超声造影定量参数值，包括峰值强度和曲线下面积；术后对标本均进行CD31因子免疫组化染色，并分别计算结节边缘区域及中心区域的MVD，并分析上述超声造影定量参数与MVD的相关性。结果 PTC结节整体呈不均匀低增强，结节边缘区域增强程度多高于中心区域。PTC结节边缘区域RT、PI、AUC及MVD分别为（3.24±2.10sec、7.84±2.55dB、182.63±87.83dB sec、35.09±9.61条/HP），均高于结节中心（2.42±1.93sec、4.01±2.36dB、89.90±54.67dB sec、15.97±6.07条/HP），差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。PTC结节边缘区域的峰值强度和曲线下面积与边缘区域MVD均呈正相关（r= 0.831，P=0.000；r= 0.705，P=0.000）；PTC结节中心区域的峰值强度和曲线下面积与中心区域MVD之间均呈正相关（r= 0.678，P=0.000；r= 0.684，P=0.000）。结论 PTC结节的超声造影定量参数峰值强度和曲线下面积能反映PTC不同部位组织的MVD，CEUS可作为术前评估PTC结节MVD的无创性方法。     

肝细胞癌超声造影表现与病理分化程度的研究

【目的】探讨肝细胞癌（HCC）的超声造影表现与肿瘤病理分化程度的关系。【方法】选择44例HCC患者的44个病灶于外科手术前1周进行超声造影检查（CEUs）,分析其时间一强度曲线,得出始增时间、达峰实际、峰值增强时间参数与术后病理分级结果对照。【结果】高、中、低分化HCC组CEUS始增时间分别为（14．72±3．43）S、（15．93±4．08）s、（14．45±2．77）s;达峰时间分别为（31．17土5．89）S、（28．53±8．06）s、（21．54±3．14）S;峰值增强时间分别为（16．44士4．12）s、（12．27士5．6）s、（7．09±1．64）s,不同分化程度HCC的达峰时间、峰值增强时间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而始增时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。【结论】超声造影时间一强度曲线可能对肝癌不同分化程度的判断提供一定的参考信息。     

超声造影参数鉴别胆管细胞癌与肝细胞癌的价值及其与MVD的关系

目的：探讨超声造影参数鉴别胆管细胞癌与肝细胞癌的价值及其与MVD的关系。方法：回顾性分析经病理确诊的42例胆管细胞癌患者与114例肝细胞癌患者的临床资料。研究时间为2015年05月至2019年08月,肝细胞癌患者按照不同分化程度分为高分化组、中分化组、低分化组,各38例；予以超声造影与免疫组化方法检测,评估检测后始增时间、峰值时间、始退时间、持续时间、微血管定量(MVD),分析超声造影定量灌注参数与MVD的关系,以及ROC曲线。结果：胆管细胞癌组的始增时间、峰值强度高于高、中、低分化组(P＜0.05)；胆管细胞癌组的峰值时间与高分化、中分化组相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)；胆管细胞癌组的峰值时间高于低分化组(P＜0.05)；胆管细胞癌组的始退时间、持续时间、MVD低于高、中、低分化组(P＜0.05)。胆管细胞癌组的始增强度与高、中、低分化组相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。相关性分析显示,始增时间、始退时间与MVD无相关性(P＞0.05)；峰值时间、峰值强度与MVD呈负相关(P＜0.05)；持续时间、始增强度与MVD呈正相关(P＜0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,始增时间的曲线下面积AUC值为(0.695,P＜0.05)；峰值时间的曲线下面积AUC值为(0.779,P＜0.05)；始退时间的曲线下面积AUC值为(0.655,P＜0.05)；持续时间的曲线下面积AUC值为(0.624,P＜0.05)；始增强度的曲线下面积AUC值为(0.635,P＜0.05)；峰值强度的曲线下面积AUC值为(0.639,P＜0.05)；MVD的曲线下面积AUC值为(0.998,P＜0.05)。结论：超声造影能够鉴别胆管细胞癌与肝细胞癌,通过时间-强度曲线各定量参数值评估肿瘤的分化程度,以及反映肿瘤内新生血管,能为其治疗提供客观依据。     

实时超声造影在原发性肝癌鉴别诊断中的应用研究

目的应用实时超声造影技术观察肝细胞癌及肝内胆管细胞癌的血流灌注特征，探讨其对两者的鉴别诊断价值。方法肝细胞癌组患者29例34个结节，肝内胆管细胞癌组患者8例12个结节。观察注射造影剂SonoVue后两组肿瘤结节的血流灌注特征，并用ImageLab软件绘制时间一强度曲线，分析造影增强期及消退期各参数。结果两组造影特征均为“陕进快出”，两组间的时间-强度曲线形态相似，始增时间、峰值时间、增强时间及下降斜率等参数差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。但到达峰值时间时，两组肿瘤结节血流灌注模式的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05），肝细胞癌组主要表现为整体型（22／34）或部分型（10／34），肝内胆管细胞癌组主要为周边型（10／12）。结论实时超声造影技术对肝细胞癌及肝内胆管细胞癌有鉴别诊断价值。     

靶向超声造影在体定量评价大鼠移植后卵巢新生血管

目的 观察以抗苗勒管（AMH）激素靶向纳米泡（AMH-NB）为超声造影剂在体定量评价大鼠自体卵巢移植后新生血管密度的价值。方法 制备AMH-NB并检测其基本物理特性。建立大鼠自体卵巢移植模型，于术后第7天行靶向（AMH-NB）、非靶向（N-NB）及声诺维（SonoVue）超声造影，获得峰值强度（PI）和达峰时间（TTP）。以免疫组织化学法检测微血管密度（MVD），并对PI、TTP与MVD进行相关性分析。结果 所制备的AMH-NB粒径（622.67±33.65）nm，分布均匀，浓度（2.90±0.26）×10⁸/ml。AMH-NB超声造影显示卵巢PI为（7.93±0.65）dB，TTP为（42.53±1.74）s；N-NB造影PI为（6.14±0.44）dB，TTP为（54.35±1.73）s；声诺维造影PI为（4.15±0.83）dB，TTP为（28.71±1.18）s（P均<0.05）。免疫组织化学分析显示移植后卵巢微血管密度为（61.20±6.84）/HP，组织学分析AMH-NB可穿过血管内皮细胞间隙进入组织间隙并与AMH结合。AMH-NB造影所示PI、TTP与MVD呈高度相关（r=0.84、-0.84，P均<0.05）。结论 利用AMH-NB进行超声造影可实现定性、定量评价大鼠移植后卵巢新生血管。     

壶腹周围癌超声造影定量参数与微血管密度的相关性研究

目的 探讨壶腹周围癌超声造影(CEUS)定量参数与肿瘤微血管密度(MVD)的相关性.方法 对24例壶腹周围癌患者进行超声造影检查,应用时间-强度(TIC)分析软件对造影图像进行定量分析,获取始增时间、峰值时间、始增强度、峰值强度各定量参数.同时测得术后肿瘤病理组织的MVD,分析其与造影各定量参数的相关性.结果 24例壶腹周围癌动脉相早期均有不同程度的强化,以低增强为主.病灶始增时间平均为(12.6±2.5)s,峰值时间平均为(22.5±7.6) s,始增强度平均为 (2.4±1.8) dB,峰值强度平均为(13.6±3.4) dB;微血管密度平均为(14.4±8.0)条/高倍视野.壶腹周围癌超声造影峰值强度与肿瘤组织的MVD呈显著的正相关(r=0.58,P<0.01).结论 壶腹周围癌超声造影的峰值强度与肿瘤内的MVD有显著的相关性,可以作为术前评价壶腹周围癌的血管生成情况的一个参考指标.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.