改进Miller法及其在裂隙岩体统计均质区划分的应用

裂隙岩体统计均质区划分是分析评价岩体质量和稳定性及建模的基础。针对基于传统Miller法的岩体均质区划分方法受样本量、自由度以及Lancaster准则限制等问题,从块网划分方案、总体显著性水平取值以及空白区合并原则3个层面对其进行优化,并以甘肃北山某核废料处置库预选场址部分典型露头为研究对象,结合Mathab法与Pearson相关系数法,综合分析评价该区域内裂隙岩体统计均质区。结果表明:针对北山地区裂隙陡倾与缓倾共存的情况,优化后的Miller法较原方法更具适应性;Mathab法的划分结果波动较大,可信度较低;而Pearson相关系数法在统计意义上的相关性判别力不强。改进后的Miller法更适用于复杂条件下的裂隙岩体均质区划分。     

超临界CO2在高温裂隙岩体中的热交换研究

近年来,由于超临界CO₂(Supercritical CO₂,简称scCO₂)额外的地质封存效益,将scCO₂替代水,作为深部地热开采的工作流体的设想,正受到越来越多的关注。因此,开展高温裂隙岩体中流体运动和热交换过程的模拟研究,对于理解深部地热开采机理具有重要意义。本文在充分考虑scCO₂热物理性质随压力和温度变化的基础上,建立了基于三维裂隙网络显式描述的复杂高温裂隙岩体scCO₂热-流耦合模型。通过与热流耦合作用下的二维单裂隙模型的解析解进行对比,验证了数值模型的正确性,然后对scCO₂在复杂三维随机裂隙岩体的渗流和热交换过程进行了模拟。研究发现:贯通的裂隙网络通道是scCO₂的主要流动路径,在贯通的裂隙簇中会出现明显的优势流,突破现象最早在贯通裂隙簇中产生,scCO₂流体对压力非常敏感,选择合适的注入压力能显著增加热交换效率和降低流动难度。模拟结果表明,本模型可以很好地展现裂隙岩体换热过程的非均质特性和结构面控制特性,可作为评价scCO₂采热过程的有效工具。     

工程岩体质量等级判别的未确知均值聚类法

针对岩体质量分级判别中等级评价中许多不确定性影响因素,基于未确知测度理论,选用岩石质量指标、完整性系数、单轴饱和抗压强度、纵波波速、弹性抗力系数和结构面摩擦因数等6个指标作为岩体质量分级的判别因子,建立岩体质量分级评价的未确知均值聚类分析模型;以30组岩体质量实测数据作为训练样本,建立各评价因子的未确知测度函数,用各分类样本平均值表示其分类中心;根据信息熵理论计算各评价因子的权重,依照置信度识别准则进行等级判定;用建立的模型对30组实测数据逐一进行回检,正确率为100%。将建立的模型对待分类的7个样本进行测试,并与实际结果进行比较。研究结果表明:该模型判别预测结果与其他方法有较好的一致性,且预测等级与实际结果吻合,进而为工程岩体质量分级判别提供了一种新思路。     

裂隙岩体小净距超大断面隧道围岩非连续变形分析

由于现有隧道规范不足与设计、施工经验匮乏,裂隙岩体中小净距超大断面隧道的围岩稳定性分析与中夹岩柱变形破坏特征及其支护方案优化仍是大型隧道工程建设中遇到的棘手难题。以济南市东南二环绕城高速大岭超大断面隧道为工程依托,通过对掌子面岩体结构信息的精细化描述,获取各评定指标分布概型,并应用Monte Carlo法生成符合围岩等级评价指标分布概型的大量随机数,通过归纳统计获得隶属各围岩亚级分级的概率分布,由此对岩体质量进行了稳健评估。此外,用改进的非连续变形分析(DDARF)法对大岭隧道浅埋小净距段围岩的变形破坏规律及裂隙演化过程进行了数值模拟;以裂隙扩展破碎区贯通与否作为中夹岩柱稳定性的评定依据,分别针对无锚、有锚支护条件下的围岩稳定性状况及变形特征进行了对比分析。结果表明:无锚支护条件下,隧道后行洞开挖对先行洞的裂隙扩展及变形有一定影响,但不明显;而锚杆支护则可显著约束围岩尤其是中夹岩柱的裂隙扩展及贯通,锚杆支护条件下二次扰动后先行洞围岩的裂隙扩展情况、变形破坏特征与单洞开挖无异,且系统锚杆支护与中夹岩柱水平加长锚杆支护对裂隙演化的控制效应无较大区别。研究结果对裂隙岩体中小净距超大断面隧道围岩的支护方案优化有实际指导意义。     

寒区隧道岩体冻胀率的取值方法和冻胀敏感性分级

 通过分析岩石冻胀试验数据,修正岩石冻胀率的计算公式;分析裂隙冻结时可能出现的冻胀情况并给出相应的线冻胀率值;将岩体裂隙分布形态简化为“层状”,推导岩体冻胀率的计算公式。计算开放条件下不同岩性不同级别岩体的冻胀率范围。开放条件下,岩体冻胀率的特点有：非冻胀敏感性岩石构成的岩体的冻胀主要来自于孔隙、裂隙中的原位水冻胀,孔隙/裂隙率越大,冻胀率越大;冻胀敏感性岩石构成的岩体的冻胀主要受水热迁移作用的影响,水热迁移作用越强烈,冻胀率越大;随着围岩级别增大,裂隙发育,岩体的冻胀率随之增大,冻胀敏感性岩石构成的岩体的冻胀率增长幅度大于非冻胀敏感性岩石构成的岩体。考虑岩石及裂隙填充物的冻胀敏感性、围岩级别、岩石的孔隙率以及地下水补给条件的影响,对岩体冻胀性进行分级,并评估依托工程围岩的冻胀性,根据围岩的冻胀性选择合理的支护参数将节约工程成本。     

钻孔岩体裂隙几何参数确定方法研究及其应用

 裂隙岩体渗透性是高放废物处置库场址选择和评价的重要考虑因素。钻孔岩体渗透性特征主要依靠钻孔电视获得的裂隙几何参数来确定。针对传统统计法确定裂隙几何参数存在的不足和误差,提出了新的统计方法和计算公式。研究认为：(1) 由于岩体裂隙空间分布多变性,提出了以裂隙密度和产状为基础的岩体均质区划分方法;(2) 钻孔岩体裂隙发育优势产状采用聚类分析方法来统计;(3) 裂隙间距的确定考虑了测量误差的影响并提出了修正公式;(4) 裂隙有效水力隙宽提出按照力学成因来确定。将获得的裂隙几何参数代入渗透张量计算程序中,得到钻孔岩体的渗透张量以及渗透主值和主渗透方向,从而为钻孔岩体渗透性分析提供依据。     

基于WLSM的多参数裂隙岩体统计均质区划分

岩体统计均质区的划分一直是岩土工程领域研究的重要课题。大多学者采用产状或者其它单一参数划分岩体统计均质区,却很少有人考虑多参数进行划分研究。考虑了产状、间距、张开、迹长和粗糙度共5个参数,提出了一种划分裂隙岩体统计均质区的新方法,即采用权的最小平方法确定参数的权重并用相关系数法计算研究区裂隙各个参数之间的相关性,从而确定均质系数以此实现对裂隙岩体统计均质区的划分。通过工程实例即云南省马吉水电站左岸坝肩某一高程相邻4个平硐的岩体结构统计均质区划分,分析了多参数对裂隙岩体统计均质区划分的影响。研究结果表明:裂隙岩体统计均质区划分与裂隙产状、间距、张开、迹长和粗糙度等因素有关并成功划分了研究区的统计均质区,证明了该方法的可行性。     

钻孔岩体裂隙几何参数确定方法及其应用

裂隙岩体渗透性是高放废物处置库场址选择和评价的重要因素。钻孔岩体渗透性特征主要依靠钻孔电视获得的裂隙几何参数来确定。针对传统统计法确定裂隙几何参数存在的不足和误差,提出新的统计方法和计算公式。研究结果如下:(1)由于岩体裂隙空间分布多变性,提出以裂隙密度和产状为基础的岩体均质区划分方法;(2)钻孔岩体裂隙发育优势产状采用聚类分析方法来统计;(3)裂隙间距的确定考虑了测量误差的影响,并提出修正公式;(4)裂隙有效水力隙宽提出按照力学成因来确定。将获得的裂隙几何参数代入渗透张量计算程序中,得到钻孔岩体的渗透张量以及渗透主值和主渗透方向,从而为钻孔岩体渗透性分析提供依据。     

裂隙岩体参数分区分级法在如美电站中的应用

结合现行岩体参数研究方法,以西藏如美水电站为背景,通过分区分级裂隙岩体数值模拟等效计算方法,根据该地区边坡岩石的类型、强度及风化程度,裂隙结构面的发育特征和几何特征等因素,对下坝址区裂隙岩体进行了合理的区域划分和数值模拟计算,并与岩体质量评价系统GSI计算结果进行了对比分析,分析发现,两种方法得到的如美水电站下坝址区碎裂岩体参数基本一致,并从两种方法自身理论角度分析了其差异性,虽有差别,但都在允许范围之内,证明其结果是可靠可用的。另外,裂隙岩体参数分区分级法还可以简化数值模型,并能有效地降低运算量,提高了计算精度和速度。     

非均质性控制的岩体裂隙溶蚀机制研究综述

岩体裂隙作为自然界中渗流-溶蚀过程的介质之一,是自然演变过程中化学风化作用的重要载体。目前学界认同的研究成果主要集中在均质、各向同性条件下的裂隙溶蚀研究中,并不能适用于由裂隙非均质性、各向异性等影响下的溶蚀演化。近四十年,限于真实岩石、岩体裂隙的复杂结构以及渗流-溶蚀过程的微观机制影响,许多非均质性参数对裂隙溶蚀特征的影响仍未取得清楚认知。因此,针对岩体裂隙几何特征非均质性、矿物分布非均质性和裂隙溶蚀模式及判别准则状三方面研究现状进行了分析阐述,并探讨了非均质性对自然裂隙溶蚀演化过程中存在的关键问题,分析了岩体裂隙溶蚀今后的研究趋势,并做出了研究展望。     

TBM performance estimation using rock mass classifications

Three tunnels for hydraulic purposes were excavated by tunnel-boring machines (TBM) in mostly hard metamorphic rocks in Northern Italy. A total of 14 km of tunnel was surveyed almost continually, yielding over 700 sets of data featuring rock mass characteristics and TBM performance. The empirical relations between rock mass rating and penetration rate clearly show that TBM performance reaches a maximum in the rock mass rating (RMR) range 40–70 while slower penetration is experienced in both too bad and too good rock masses. However, as different rocks gives different penetrations for the same RMR, the use of Bieniawski's classification for predictive purpose is only possible provided one uses a normalized RMR index with reference to the basic factors affecting TBM tunneling. Comparison of actual penetrations with those predicted by the Innaurato and Barton models shows poor agreement, thus highlighting the difficulties involved in TBM performance prediction.     

Modification of rock mass rating system: Interbedding of strong and weak rock layers

Rock mass classification systems are the very important part for underground projects and rock mass rating(RMR) is one of the most commonly applied classification systems in numerous civil and mining projects. The type of rock mass consisting of an interbedding of strong and weak layers poses difficulties and uncertainties for determining the RMR. For this, the present paper uses the concept of rock bolt supporting factor(RSF) for modification of RMR system to be used in such rock mass types. The proposed method also demonstrates the importance of rock bolting practice in such rock masses. The geological parameters of the Shemshak Formation of the Alborz Tunnel in Iran are used as case examples for development of the theoretical approach.     

Advances in statistical mechanics of rock masses and its engineering applications

To efficiently link the continuum mechanics for rocks with the structural statistics of rock masses,a theoretical and methodological system called the statistical mechanics of rock masses(SMRM)was developed in the past three decades.In SMRM,equivalent continuum models of stressestrain relationship,strength and failure probability for jointed rock masses were established,which were based on the geometric probability models characterising the rock mass structure.This follows the statistical physics,the continuum mechanics,the fracture mechanics and the weakest link hypothesis.A general constitutive model and complete stressestrain models under compressive and shear conditions were also developed as the derivatives of the SMRM theory.An SMRM calculation system was then developed to provide fast and precise solutions for parameter estimations of rock masses,such as full-direction rock quality designation(RQD),elastic modulus,Coulomb compressive strength,rock mass quality rating,and Poisson’s ratio and shear strength.The constitutive equations involved in SMRM were integrated into a FLAC3D based numerical module to apply for engineering rock masses.It is also capable of analysing the complete deformation of rock masses and active reinforcement of engineering rock masses.Examples of engineering applications of SMRM were presented,including a rock mass at QBT hydropower station in northwestern China,a dam slope of Zongo II hydropower station in D.R.Congo,an open-pit mine in Dexing,China,an underground powerhouse of Jinping I hydropower station in southwestern China,and a typical circular tunnel in Lanzhou-Chongqing railway,China.These applications verified the reliability of the SMRM and demonstrated its applicability to broad engineering issues associated with jointed rock masses.     

Determination and applications of rock quality designation(RQD)

Characterization of rock masses and evaluation of their mechanical properties are important and challenging tasks in rock mechanics and rock engineering.Since in many cases rock quality designation(RQD)is the only rock mass classification index available,this paper outlines the key aspects on determination of RQD and evaluates the empirical methods based on RQD for determining the deformation modulus and unconfined compressive strength of rock masses.First,various methods for determining RQD are presented and the effects of different factors on determination of RQD are highlighted.Then,the empirical methods based on RQD for determining the deformation modulus and unconfined compressive strength of rock masses are briefly reviewed.Finally,the empirical methods based on RQD are used to determine the deformation modulus and unconfined compressive strength of rock masses at five different sites including 13 cases,and the results are compared with those obtained by other empirical methods based on rock mass classification indices such as rock mass rating(RMR),Q-system(Q) and geological strength index(GSI).It is shown that the empirical methods based on RQD tend to give deformation modulus values close to the lower bound(conservative) and unconfined compressive strength values in the middle of the corresponding values from different empirical methods based on RMR,Q and GSI.The empirical methods based on RQD provide a convenient way for estimating the mechanical properties of rock masses but,whenever possible,they should be used together with other empirical methods based on RMR,Q and GSI.     

Effect of interface adhesion factor on the bearing capacity of strip footing placed on cohesive soil overlying rock mass

The problem related to bearing capacity of footing either on pure soil or on pure rock mass has been investigated over the years. Currently, no study deals with the bearing capacity of strip footing on a cohesive soil layer overlying rock mass. Therefore, by implementing the lower bound finite element limit analysis in conjunction with the second-order cone programming and the power cone programming, the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing located on a cohesive soil overlying rock mass is determined in this study. By considering the different values of interface adhesion factor (α_cr) between the cohesive soil and rock mass, the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing is expressed in terms of influence factor (I_f) for different values of cohesive soil layer cover ratio (T_cs/B). The failure of cohesive soil is modeled by using Mohr−Coulomb yield criterion, whereas Generalized Hoek−Brown yield criterion is utilized to model the rock mass at failure. The variations ofI_f with different magnitudes of α_cr are studied by considering the influence of the rock mass strength parameters of beneath rock mass layer. To examine stress distribution at different depths, failure patterns are also plotted.     

基于统计岩体力学的隧道围岩分级方法

国标《工程岩体分级标准》(GB50218—94)在隧道设计阶段应用广泛,但是由于地质条件的复杂性及岩体各向异性的影响,不能精准预测施工阶段隧道围岩等级。本文基于统计岩体力学提出了针对隧道施工阶段的围岩分级方法,即通过现场岩体结构面统计和岩石力学试验,获取结构面参数和岩石力学参数,应用统计岩体力学强度理论及本构理论,获得具有各向异性特征的岩体弹性模量参数E_m,进而应用经验公式换算得到BQ值,从而确定隧道围岩基本分级。在实例中,小盘岭2号隧道GDK347+360里程处围岩设计分级为Ⅲ级;应用此方法重新分级的结果为Ⅳ级,低于设计分级,这与现场观察和监测的围岩性状吻合,说明本方法在隧道施工阶段能较为客观地反映围岩性质。以上研究结果表明,在含碳泥质板岩隧道围岩施工阶段岩体分级过程中,本方法具有良好地适用性。     

Applying rock mass classifications to carbonate rocks for engineering purposes with a new approach using the rock engineering system

Classical rock mass classification systems are not applicable to carbonate rocks, especially when these are affected by karst processes. Their applications to such settings could therefore result in outcomes not representative of the real stress–strain behavior. In this study, we propose a new classification of carbonate rock masses for engineering purposes, by adapting the rock engineering system (RES) method by Hudson for fractured and karstified rock masses, in order to highlight the problems of implementation of geomechanical models to carbonate rocks. This new approach allows a less rigid classification for carbonate rock masses, taking into account the local properties of the outcrops, the site conditions and the type of engineering work as well.     

Effect of undercut on the lower bound stability of vertical rock escarpment using finite element and power cone programming

In the present study, the stability of a vertical rock escarpment is determined by considering the influence of undercut. Lower bound finite element limit analysis in association with Power Cone Programming (PCP) is applied to incorporate the failure of rock mass with the help of the Generalized Hoek-Brown yield criterion. The change in stability due to the presence of undercut is expressed in terms of a non-dimensional stability number (σ_ci/γH). The variations of the magnitude of σ_ci/γH are presented as design charts by considering the different magnitudes of undercut offset (H/v_u and w_u/v_u) from the vertical edge and different magnitudes of Hoek-Brown rock mass strength parameters (Geological Strength Index (GSI), rock parameter (m_i,), Disturbance factor (D)). The obtained results indicate that undercut can cause a severe stability problem in rock mass having poor strength. With the help of regression analysis of the computed results, a simplified design equation is proposed for obtaining σ_ci/γH. By performing sensitivity analysis for an undisturbed vertical rock escarpment, we have found that the undercut height ratio (H/v_u) is the most sensitive parameter followed by GSI, undercut shape ratio (w_u/v_u), and m_i. The developed design equation as well as design charts can be useful for practicing engineers to determine the stability of the vertical rock escarpment in the presence of undercut. Failure patterns are also presented to understand type of failure and extent of plastic state during collapse.