胶州湾浮游植物遗传多样性及其季节变化研究

分别于春、夏、秋三季提取了胶州湾浮游生物总DNA,用PCR方法扩增了浮游植物核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化/氧化酶大亚基(rbcL)基因片段,构建了三季节rbcL基因片段质粒文库.随机从各文库中选择约50个克隆,测定了这些克隆的序列.以氨基酸序列相同为标准,共获得59个分类操作单元(OTUs),其中春季特有的21个,夏季特有的13个,秋季特有的23个.有两个OTUs为春、夏季表层海水共有.基于OTU丰度计算的香农氏指数能反映遗传多样性水平.胶州湾春、夏、秋三季的香农氏指数分别为2.69,2.44和2.76,表明秋季胶州湾浮游植物遗传多样性最丰富.春、夏、秋三季浮游植物群落组成差异显著.除夏秋季有两个OTUs相同外,其他OTUs在季节间完全不同.表层海水浮游植物群落结构是动态的,随时间、空间的不同而变化.     

南海北部陆坡神狐海域HS-373PC岩心表层沉积物古菌多样性

利用分子生物学技术分析南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物潜力区HS-373PC岩心表层沉积物中古菌多样性,从沉积物中提取总DNA并扩增古菌16SrRNA基因序列,对克隆文库进行系统发育分析。结果显示所有古菌序列均属于泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)和广古菌(Euryarchaeota)。其中泉古菌以C3为主要类群,另有少量序列属于Marine Benthic Group(MBG)-B,MBG-C,Marine Crenarchaeotic Group I(MGI),Marine Hydrothermal VentGroup(MHVG)和Novel Group of Crenarchaea(NGC);广古菌以MBG-D为主,其它序列分别属于UnclassifiedEuryarchaeotic Clusters-1/2(UEC-1/2)。     

珠江口表层沉积物nirS型反硝化微生物多样性

本研究以nirS基因为分子标记,将PCR、克隆文库构建与测序和典范对应分析相结合,对珠江口表层沉积物nirS型反硝化微生物的群落多样性进行了研究。3个站位共获得180个nirS基因克隆子,隶属于62个OTUs,氨基酸序列的相似性在50%—100%之间。各站位OTU分布格局差异明显,范围在19—33之间,表现出高度的多样性。系统进化分析表明,62个OTUs形成了5个类群,分别与河口、海洋沉积物、海岸养殖排放废水、富营养化海湾及海水养殖沉积物等的反硝化微生物聚类在一起,表明珠江口作为海淡水交汇区具有独特的反硝化微生物群落分布格局,同时也指示了珠江口氮污染及富营养化程度。典范对应分析结果表明,盐度、氮相关营养盐水平(PON/TN、NH4-N、NO-N和NO-N)可能是影响其分布格局的重要因素。     

胶州湾浮游桡足类18S核糖体RNA基因(18S rDNA)扩增及序列变异初步研究

采用PCR扩增、文库构建、限制性片段长度多态性分析、序列分析和系统学分析等方法，初步研究了夏季胶州湾上层海水浮游桡足类核糖体小亚基RNA基因(18S rDNA)约1．5kb片段的序列变异。从浮游生物混合DNA中选择性扩增桡足类18S rDNA，建立桡足类18S rDNA变异类型文库，并从文库中随机挑选的30个克隆进行分析。结果表明，Vsp Ⅰ限制性内切酶能将这些克隆分成频率分别为0．17、0．23和0．6的3种操作分类单元(OTUs)，遗传多样性指数达到0．95。3条OTU代表克隆序列与甲壳纲桡足亚纲核苷酸差异数在75．4—97．8之间，而与其他亚纲的差异都高于100。3条OTU代表克隆序列均属于桡足亚纲，其中，AY437861和AY437862属于哲水蚤目。3条OTU代表克隆序列可分为2个高变异区和3个相对保守区，其GC％分别为47．37％、48．16％和48．57％。研究结果表明，混合DNA提取方法简单，设计的引物可选择性地扩增浮游桡足类18S rDNA，根据18S rDNA序列序列变异描述浮游桡足类多样性是可行的。研究结果也为在浮游桡足类分类中引入18S rDNA序列奠定了基础。     

东海陆架表层沉积物微生物多样性初步研究

提要从东海陆架DH-13站点的表层沉积物中提取环境基因组DNA,通过PCR和TA克隆构建了细菌和古菌的16SrDNA基因文库,并对克隆子文库进行系统发育分析。结果表明:细菌序列以变形菌门(Proteobacteria,41.5%)居多,其次是浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes,10.9%)、放线菌门(Actino-bacteria,8.9%)和CFBgroup(7.9%),另外还有少量酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verru-comicrobia)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospira)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)等;古菌序列全部来自泉古生菌门(Crenarchaeota),其中Marine Crenarchaeotic Group Ⅰ(MGⅠ,93.6%)是绝对优势菌,还有少量序列属于Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group(MCG)、Marine BenthicG roup C(MBGC)和Marine Benthic Group A(MBGA)。文库多样性分析结果显示东海陆架表层沉积物中有着丰富多样的微生物群落,细菌的多样性更为显著。     

西南印度洋49°～56°E洋脊段的热液羽状流:来自深水中的氦同位素异常证据

海水中的氦同位素能对海底热液活动进行有效示踪。本文对在西南印度洋49°~56°E洋脊段采集的5条CTD拖曳剖面共14件深水样品进行了氦氖同位素分析。通过分析水体中存在的氦同位素异常,探讨调查区热液异常的特征和热液羽状流的分布。分析表明,5条CTD剖面均存在δ3He异常,其中CTD7-2(位置:37.927°S、49.412°E,水深2 140m,离底高度100m)的δ3He值最大,达到49.2%。根据δ3He分布特征,认为调查区内存在至少6处热液羽状流,其中37.927°S、49.412°E以西数千米范围内可能存在海底热液喷口。     

玉环坎门排污口邻近岩相潮间带生物分布特征

2002年8月对玉环坎门污水处理厂排污口邻近岩相潮间带生物进行定性和定量样品采样,共鉴定出生物57种,其中大型藻类8种、多毛类动物2种、软体动物28种、甲壳类动物13种、棘皮动物1种和其它类动物5种。该排污口邻近两侧岩相潮间带平均生物量为1544.72g/m2,平均栖息密度为3948个/m2。位于排污口左侧的I断面生物量和栖息密度(2406.19g/m2和7415个/m2)明显高于II断面(683.27g/m2和484个/m2),I断面的生物多样性指数(0.91)和均匀度指数(0.39)小于II断面(1.80和0.68);两条断面生物量垂直分布均为中潮区>低潮区>高潮区,I断面栖息密度分布为中潮区>低潮区>高潮区,II断面栖息密度分布为中潮区>高潮区>低潮区。对排污口邻近岩相潮间带生物生态分析表明,该潮间带生物数量的水平分布受海岸开敞度的影响,而垂直分布则与潮区的不同和浪击度的强弱有关。     

2013年夏季西南印度洋表层浮游动物群落分布格局

本研究基于2013年夏季“大洋一号”船大洋第30航次西南印度洋海区科学考察走航线路,对西南印度洋21°S到38°S海域表层浮游动物群落进行连续采样调查,研究了该海域表层中型浮游动物群落结构和物种多样性及空间分布格局。结果显示,研究海域表层中型浮游动物群落组成包括:桡足类、磷虾类、端足类、十足类、介形类、毛颚动物、被囊类、异足类、翼足类、刺胞动物及多毛类等11大类,总计50属69种;优势类群为桡足类(69%)和磷虾类(27%)。多样性指数随经度和纬度的变化特征:H′、D多样性指数及J均匀度指数随纬度的升高均呈下降趋势;在经度梯度上,几种多样性指数也大致呈现出东高西低的趋势。聚类分析表明,研究区可大致以36°S附近为界划分为南部和北部两大类群,分别以北部桡足类(平均粒径小),南部磷虾类(平均粒径大)Euphausia属为优势群落。群落相似性结果反映出,南部类群与南极克罗克海峡和南极长城湾水域群落,北部类群与西北印度洋海域群落的联通性不高。     

大叶藻全长cDNA文库的构建

以3种不同盐度处理的大叶藻为材料,采用RNA转录本5’末端转换机制(SMART)构建了大叶藻叶片全长cDNA文库,原始文库滴度为8.675×106pfu/mL,重组率为97.19%,插入片段平均长度大于800bp,扩增后的文库滴度达到1.03×109pfu/mL。将部分原始λ噬菌体cDNA文库转化成质粒cDNA文库,PCR检测结果显示文库插入片段集中在750～2000bp之间。随机选取20个单克隆进行测序,其中13条序列包含完整的开放阅读框。结果表明所构建文库容量大,全长比例高,为深入开展大叶藻功能基因研究奠定了基础。     

东南印度洋沿岸海温年代际振荡及经向传播探讨

用SODA资料分析了热带西南印度洋上升区温度距平与整个南印度洋温度距平的时滞相关, 发现热带西南印度洋上升区温度距平与65°S, 105°E附近200 m深度的温度距平存在滞后10 a的相关振荡, 同时探讨了其可能的机制为温跃层内的斜压内波驱动, 即65°S, 105°E附近200 m深度的温度距平沿着温跃层上层在东南印度洋沿岸从高纬度向低纬的传播, 传播时间大约为10 a左右, 这种信号在传播过程中表现得较弱, 而在起点和终点的两端振荡比较强。波动的传播相比振荡本身要显得弱。     

Comparison of TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimeter Derived Wind Speed and Wave Parameters with Ocean Buoy Data in the North Indian Ocean

Results of comparison exercises carried out between the state-of-the-art TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter-derived ocean surface wind speed and ocean wave parameters (significant wave height and wave period) and those measured by a set of ocean data buoys in the North Indian Ocean are presented in this article. Altimeter-derived significant wave height values exhibited rms deviation as small as ±0.3 m, and surface wind speed of ±1.6 m/s. These results are found consistent with those found for the Pacific Ocean. For estimation of ocean wave period, the spectral moments-based semiempirical approach, earlier applied on GEOSAT data, was extended to TOPEX/POSEIDON. For this purpose, distributions of first four years of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data and climatology over the North Indian Ocean were analyzed and a new set of coefficients generated for estimation of wave period. It is shown that wave periods thus estimated from TOPEX/POSEIDON data (for the subsequent two years), when compared with independent data set of ocean data buoys deployed in the North Indian Ocean, exhibit improved accuracy (rms ~ ±1.4 nos) over those determined earlier with GEOSAT data.     

Comparison of TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimeter Derived Wind Speed and Wave Parameters with Ocean Buoy Data in the North Indian Ocean

Results of comparison exercises carried out between the state-of-the-art TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter-derived ocean surface wind speed and ocean wave parameters (significant wave height and wave period) and those measured by a set of ocean data buoys in the North Indian Ocean are presented in this article. Altimeter-derived significant wave height values exhibited rms deviation as small as - 0.3 m, and surface wind speed of - 1.6 m/s. These results are found consistent with those found for the Pacific Ocean. For estimation of ocean wave period, the spectral moments-based semiempirical approach, earlier applied on GEOSAT data, was extended to TOPEX/POSEIDON. For this purpose, distributions of first four years of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data and climatology over the North Indian Ocean were analyzed and a new set of coefficients generated for estimation of wave period. It is shown that wave periods thus estimated from TOPEX/POSEIDON data (for the subsequent two years), when compared with independent data set of ocean data buoys deployed in the North Indian Ocean, exhibit improved accuracy (rms ~ - 1.4 nos) over those determined earlier with GEOSAT data.     

Different spreading of Somali and Arabian coastal upwelled waters in the northern Indian Ocean: A case study

The spreading pathways of the Somali and Arabian coastal upwelled waters in the northern Indian Ocean are identified from an ocean re-analysis data set of a single year using numerical passive tracers in a transport model. The Somali and Arabian coastal upwelled waters are found to have entirely different spreading pathways in the northern Indian ocean. The former circulates anticyclonically, is mixed vertically, and is advected to the eastern Indian Ocean along the north equatorial region; while the later intrudes into the northern Arabian Sea, circulates anticyclonically and is advected to the south in the central Arabian Sea and then to the eastern Indian Ocean. The seasonal surface mixing by strong monsoon winds and sheared currents due to dominant eddies of the Somali region are found responsible for mixing 25% of Somali upwelled water with the subsurface and affecting the resultant pathways. The effect of mixing is, however, found negligible in the case of Arabian coastal upwelled water pathways. The seasonal reversal of circulation and eddy dominance during the southwest monsoon cause the Somali upwelled water to spread over the northern Indian Ocean faster than the simultaneously upwelled Arabian coastal water.     

Depth matters: Microbial eukaryote diversity and community structure in the eastern North Pacific revealed through environmental gene libraries

Protistan community structure was examined from 6 depths (1.5, 20, 42, 150, 500, 880 m) at a coastal ocean site in the San Pedro Channel, California. A total of 856 partial length 18S rDNA protistan sequences from the six clone libraries were analyzed to characterize diversity present at each depth. The sequences were grouped into a total of 259 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) that were inferred using an automated OTU calling program that formed OTUs with approximately species-level distinction (95% sequence similarity). Most OTUs (194 out of 259) were observed at only one specific depth, and only two were present in clone libraries from all depths. OTUs were obtained from 21 major protistan taxonomic groups determined by their closest BLAST matches to identified protists in the NCBI database. Approximately 74% of the detected OTUs belonged to the Chromalveolates, with Group II alveolates making up the largest single group. Protistan assemblages at euphotic depths (1.5, 20 and 42 m) were characterized by the presence of clades that contained phototrophic species (stramenopiles, chlorophytes and haptophytes) as well as consumers (especially ciliates). Assemblages in the lower water column (150, 500 and 800 m) were distinct from communities at shallow depths because of strong contributions from taxa belonging to euglenozoans, acantharians, polycystines and Taxopodida (Sticholonche spp. and close relatives). Species richness (Chao I estimate) and diversity (Shannon index) were highest within the euphotic zone and at 150 m, and lowest for protistan assemblages located in the oxygen minimum zone (500 and 880 m). Multivariate analyses (Bray-Curtis coefficient) confirmed that protistan assemblage composition differed significantly when samples were grouped into shallow (≤150 m) and deep water assemblages (≥150 m).     

A 450-kyr record of hydrological conditions on the western Agulhas Bank Slope, south of Africa

The Agulhas Bank region, south of Africa, is an oceanographically important and complex area. The leakage of warm saline Indian Ocean water into the South Atlantic around the southern tip of Africa is a crucial factor in the global thermohaline circulation. Foraminiferal assemblage, stable isotope and sedimentological data from the top 10 m of core MD962080, recovered from the western Agulhas Bank Slope, are used to indicate changes in water mass circulation in the southeastern South Atlantic for the last 450 kyr. Sedimentological and planktonic foraminiferal data give clear signals of cold water intrusions. The benthic stable isotope record provides the stratigraphic framework and indicates that the last four climatic cycles are represented (i.e. down to marine isotope stage (MIS) 12). The planktonic foraminiferal assemblages bear a clear transitional to subantarctic character with Globorotalia inflata and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (dextral) being the dominant taxa. Input of cold, subantarctic waters into the region by means of leakage through the Subtropical Convergence, as part of Agulhas ring shedding, and a general cooling of surface waters is suggested by increased occurrence of the subantarctic assemblage during glacial periods. Variable input of Indian Ocean waters via the Agulhas Current is indicated by the presence of tropical/subtropical planktonic foraminiferal species Globoquadrina dutertrei, Globigerinoides ruber (alba) and Globorotalia menardii with maximum leakage occurring at glacial terminations. The continuous presence of G. menardii throughout the core suggests that the exchange of water from the South Indian Ocean to the South Atlantic Ocean was never entirely obstructed in the last 450 kyr. The benthic carbon isotope record and sediment textural data reflect a change in bottom water masses over the core location from North Atlantic Deep Water to Upper Southern Component Water. Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages and sediment composition indicate a profound change in surface water conditions over the core site approximately 200–250 kyr BP, during MIS 7, from mixed subantarctic and transitional water masses to overall warmer surface water conditions.     

Numerical Simulation of North Indian Ocean State Prior to the Onset of SW Monsoon Using SSM/I Winds

The Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) and currents are simulated over the north Indian Ocean, during the onset phase of southwest monsoon for the three years 1994, 1995, and 1996, using daily Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) winds and National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) heat fluxes as forcings in the 2½ layer thermodynamic numerical ocean model. The results are discussed for the 30-day period from 16 May to 13 June for all the three years, to determine the ocean state during the onset phase of SW monsoon. The maximum variability in the simulated SST is found along the Somali coast, Indian coasts, and equatorial regions. The maximum SST in the North Arabian Sea is found to be greater than 30°C and minimum SST in the west equatorial region is 25°C during the onset phase of all three years. Model SSTs are in agreement with Reynolds SST. SST gradients in the north-south as well as in the east-west directions, west of 80°E are found to change significantly prior to the onset. It can be inferred from the study that the SST gradient of 2.5°C/2000 km is seen due north and due west of the region 2° - 7°S, 60° - 65°E, about 8 to 10 days prior to the arrival of SW monsoon near Kerala coast. Upper and lower layer circulation fields do not show prominent interannual variability.     

西太平洋暖池热含量与南海夏季风强度的关系

为了进一步明确西太平洋暖池热含量对南海夏季风强度的影响,利用1948~2012年日本气象厅(japan meteorological agency,JMA)逐月的海温资料、Hadley中心的海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析比较了南海夏季风强度与热带太平洋上层海洋热含量和SST的关系;探讨了海洋热含量影响南海夏季风强度的机制。结果表明:(1)相比于西太暖池SST,西太暖池上层海洋热含量是南海夏季风强度更好的预测因子;(2)前期冬春季的西太平洋暖池热含量与南海夏季风强度呈现显著的正相关,尤其在3月,二者相关系数最大;当暖池热含量偏高(低)时,西太平洋副热带高压偏弱(强),赤道印度洋出现异常反气旋(气旋),印度洋上空的Walker环流分支偏强(弱),南海越赤道气流增强(减弱),最终使得南海夏季风强度偏强(弱)。     

Argo资料的全球上层海温年和半年周期振荡的空间分布特征

利用小波分析方法,对2003-2008年周平均的Argo(地转海洋学实时观测阵)海温资料进行了分析,给出了全球上层海温年周期和半年周期振荡的空间分布特征.结果表明,南北半球中高纬地区以表层海温的年周期变化为主,在低纬度地区,表层海温以半年周期为主,而温跃层附近海温既有年周期也有半年周期(赤道太平洋、东南印度洋和赤道西大西洋以年周期为主;赤道东、西印度洋以半年周期为主).南北半球中高纬的年周期海温和北半球中纬度的半年周期海温在表层范围最大,显著性最高,强度最强,位相最前.随深度的增加,范围减小,显著性降低,强度减弱,位相滞后.信号主要集中在水深50 m以上,影响深度在150m以浅;赤道附近的太平洋和热带东南印度洋的年周期海温以及赤道东、西印度洋的半年周期海温在水深100m范围最大,显著性最高,强度最强,位相最前,信号主要集中在温跃层附近,影响深度均可达500m.     

跨南大洋经向断面的大气垂直剖面特征研究

基于中国第29次南极科学考察期间获取的GPS探空观测数据,分析了东南印度洋和西南太平洋经向断面大气垂直结构的基本特征、季节变化和纬向差异。不同断面的大气垂向结构差异显著,但也具有共同特征,4000 m以下低空的气温和湿度明显高于高空,而低空风速明显小于高空风速,8000 m以上高空各个观测要素的垂直变化较小,整个断面主要以西风为主,整个垂直剖面湿度异常偏高(偏低)的区域通常对应上升(下沉)气流。给出了3个观测断面的大气锋面位置和类型,P1断面的大气锋面在47°~50°S,P2和P3断面的大气锋面在52°~58°S,P1和P2的锋面属于暖锋,P3的锋面由于气旋的影响分类不明显。东南印度洋大气剖面结构具有明显的季节变化,秋季和春季相比,秋季具有风速小,气温高特征,大气锋面更加偏南。东南印度洋和西南太平洋断面的大气剖面结构差异明显,二者相比,东南印度洋具有风速大、气温高及相对湿度小的特征,但大气锋面位置相同。