两种不同YO-YO间歇测试对评价足球运动员专项耐力的研究进展

YO-YO间歇耐力测试和YO-YO间恢复测试是目前国际上最流行的评价足球专项耐力的方法,但国内相关研究较少.通过查阅国内外文献,分析综述其用于评价足球运动员专项耐力的有效性、敏感性及可重复性,以供足球训练参考.已有的研究结果显示,YO-YO间歇耐力测试主要用于评价运动员在长时间间歇运动中反复进行大强度运动的能力,但相关实验研究较少.而YO-YO间歇恢复测试对于评价足球运动员反复高强度冲刺中的恢复能力有效性较好,并具较好的敏感性和可重复性.     

"YO-YO测试"应用研究进展

在大多数球类比赛中,运动员需要在长时间内承受间歇性大小负荷的交替变化,因此,对运动员的间歇负荷能力有很高的要求。YO-YO测试可以对运动员重复间歇性负荷的能力进行评价。国内对YO-YO测试与运动员之间的相关研究较为缺乏。文章就近年来国外对YO-YO测试与运动员比赛表现以及有氧耐力、无氧耐力指标的相关性研究进行综述,为"YO-YO测试"在国内足球及其它项目的训练监控应用中提供参考依据。     

12分钟跑与YOYO训练对男子足球运动员专项体能影响的比较研究

对12分钟跑和YOYO训练这两类发展足球专项体能的训练方法进行比较,找到更适合发展足球受试者专项有氧能力的方法.将20名大学体育专业足球专项男生随机分为12分钟跑组和YOYO训练组,结果表明四周"YO-YO"间歇耐力训练显著提高了足球运动员的有氧代谢能力."YO-YO"间歇耐力训练运动模式、能量代谢特点相对12分钟跑与足球专项特点更接近,YOYO训练手段更有利于提高足球运动的专项体能.     

采用YO—YO间歇恢复测试评价我国职业足球运动员体能

对足球运动员的专项耐力进行探讨,对YO—YO间歇耐力测试与YO—YO间歇恢复测试进行了对比分析,得出了可以采用YO—YO间歇恢复测试对我国职业足球运动员进行体能测试的结论,并对我国职业足球运动员体能测试所存在的问题提出了相应的建议。     

YO—YO测试与12min跑测试的对比分析研究

通过对血乳酸、跑动距离和名次指标的采集及统计学处理,认为YO—Y0测试和12rain跑测试不符合足球运动的专项供能特点,两种测试的成绩之间存在很高的相关性,二者适于评价一般有氧耐力及耐乳酸能力,不适于评价足球运动员的专项体能。     

YO-YO间歇测试与足球运动员比赛跑动能力关联研究

目的:检验YO-YO测试与足球比赛跑动分析系统的信度与效度,探索YO-YO测试结果与比赛跑动能力的关系。方法:对24名国家男子足球队运动员进行YO-YO测试,对他们在16场国际比赛中的跑动能力进行研究,获取了每名运动员的YO-YO测试结果与比赛中的各种跑动参数。结果:YO-YO测试具有较高的重测信度(r=0.98)和较低的变异系数(8.7%),运动员的测试成绩由于位置不同表现出一定的差异性。SIMI跑动分析系统具有较好的稳定性,观察者内部与观察者之间的变异系数均小于3%,运动员比赛中的跑动能力也由于位置不同表现出一定的差异,且下半场跑动能力下降。YO-YO测试成绩与比赛跑动总距离、有氧高强度跑、无氧高强度跑、冲刺跑频数表现出较高的相关性(r=0.79,P<0.01;r=0.85,P<0.05;r=0.70,P<0.05;r=0.78,P<0.01),而与冲刺跑距离不存在显著相关(r=0.30,P>0.05)。结论:YO-YO测试与比赛跑动分析系统均具有较好的测试信度与效度;YO-YO测试能够反映与比赛密切相关的运动员体能,二者存在高度相关,可作为监测运动员体能变化的一项重要指标。     

三种足球体能评价模式的比较

实验室测试、场地测试和比赛跑动能力测试是足球体能评价的3种评价模式。以中国女子足球部分运动员为测试对象,从专项耐力评价的角度对3种测试模式测试结果的相关性进行分析。主要结论有：比赛跑动总距离与YO-YO测试和最大摄氧量的相关系数分别为0．07和0．283,而YO—YO测试与最大摄氧量的相关系数为0．625。测试结果说明在耐力素质测试中,实验室测试、场地测试与比赛跑动能力测试结果的相关度较低,而实验室测试与场地测试结果的相关度较高。     

对我国足球运动员体能训练与评价过程中凸显问题的理性思考

对足球运动员体能训练的内在属性,速度耐力在体能训练中所占的比例,高原训练,以及体能评价过程中有关YO-YO测试的理论等足球运动员体能训练与评价过程中凸显的问题,运用相关理论加以剖析,探索改变我国足球运动落后局面的有效手段。     

中国职业足球YO-YO体能测试现状及对策研究

通过文献资料法、逻辑分析法、数理统计法,对2003~2006年我国甲级足球队运动员体能测试的结果进行比较与分析。结果显示:2006年我国YO—YO体能测试标准通过率呈现从波峰向波谷下滑态势,联赛赛制的变化和运动员体能训练与储备不足是其发生的内在因素,中国足协对YO-YO体能测试合格标准的定量偏低和定性不准是其发生的外在因素,体能训练的同步化增长,是改善与提高我国职业足球运动员体能的有效途径。     

足球运动员专项耐力训练及测试方法探讨

通过对我国足球运动员体能训练和体能测试中所存在的问题进行分析,从能量供应的角度对足球运动员的专项耐力的实质进行了探讨,并根据当代足球运动的特点对足球运动员专项耐力的概念进行了界定,提出相应的训练方法,为足球运动员的体能训练和体能测试提供理论与实践依据。     

Validity of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test in young soccer players

Abstract

The Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test is frequently used to assess aerobic endurance performance in young soccer players but only the logical validity of the test has been shown to date. The main ai m of this study was to assess the criterion (i.e. association with maximal aerobic capacity, [Vdot]O_2max) and construct validities of the test in young soccer players. A secondary aim was to examine possible shared variance of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test with other physical capacities. Sixty-two soccer players (age 13.7±0.5 years) from an Under-14 team participated. All players performed a battery of fitness tests to assess [Vdot]O_2max, aerobic endurance performance (Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test), soccer dribbling endurance performance (Hoff dribbling test), and power performance (maximal vertical jump, 30-m sprint with 10-m split time). Results showed that the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test was strongly correlated with [Vdot]O_2max (r=0.63, P<0.001), thereby showing the test's criterion validity. Players with the best performance on the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test had significantly higher [Vdot]O_2max (P<0.001, large effect), and significantly better soccer dribbling endurance (P<0.001, large effect) and 30-m sprint times (P<0.05, medium effect). Logistic regression (r=0.79, P=0.0001) showed that Hoff dribbling test performance (explained variance=50.4%), [Vdot]O_2max (explained variance=39.7%), and 30-m sprint time (explained variance=14.4%) were significant independent parameters contributing to performance on the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test. Therefore, the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test is a valid on-field aerobic endurance performance test for young soccer players, which can also be used to differentiate the maximal aerobic capacity, soccer dribbling endurance, and 30-m sprint performance of these players.     

Reliability and validity of Yo-Yo tests in 9- to 16-year-old football players and matched non-sports active schoolboys

The purpose of this study was to examine the test–retest reliability and construct validity of three age-adapted Yo-Yo intermittent tests in football players aged 9–16 years (n?=?70) and in age-matched non-sports active boys (n?=?72). Within 7 days, each participant performed two repetitions of an age-related intensity-adapted Yo-Yo intermittent test, i.e. the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 children's test for 9- to 11-year-olds; the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 for 12- to 13-year-olds and the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 2 test for 14- to 16-year-olds. Peak heart rate (HR_peak) was determined for all tests. The distance covered in the tests was 57% (1098?±?680 vs. 700?±?272?m), 119% (2325?±?778 vs. 1062?±?285?m) and 238% (1743?±?460 vs. 515?±?113?m) higher (p?≤?.016), respectively for football-trained than for non-sports active boys aged 9–11, 12–13 and 14–16 years. The typical errors of measurement for Yo-Yo distance, expressed as a percentage of the coefficient of variation (confidence interval), were 11.1% (9.0–14.7%), 10.1% (8.1–13.7%) and 8.5% (6.7–11.7%) for football players aged 9–11, 12–13 and 14–16 years, respectively, with corresponding values of 9.3% (7.4–12.8%), 10.2% (8.1–14.0%) and 8.5% (6.8–11.3%) for non-sports active boys. Intraclass correlation coefficient values for test–retest were excellent in both groups (range: 0.844–0.981). Relative HR_peak did not differ significantly between the groups in test and retest. In conclusion, Yo-Yo intermittent test performances and HR_peak are reliable for 9- to 16-year-old footballers and non-sports active boys. Additionally, performances of the three Yo-Yo tests were seemingly better for football-trained than for non-sports active boys, providing evidence of construct validity.     

对足球训练中运用Yo-Yo测试的原理、作用和方法的研究

作为一种体能测试方法和手段，Yo—Yo目前已被中国足协作为对国内职业足球俱乐部的体能测试的内容。使用文献资料，观察、实验等方法，对Yo-Yo测试的原理及其作用方法进行了探讨和研究，为Yo-Yo测试提供理论和实践上的依据。     

论优秀女子足球运动员专项速度耐力综合测试模型的建立

本文从我国优秀女子足球运动员的训练与比赛实际出发，试图探讨建立符合实际的专项速度耐力综合测试模型。文章认为传统的测试方法因为大多是在无球状态下进行，存在一定的缺陷，特指出必须结合有球的速度耐力测试才更具有实践指导意义。     

对中国足球体能测试的反思——写在12min跑与YOYO体能测试方法之后

对中国足球运动员体能测试的两种方法(12min跑和YOYO测试)进行了认真的分析和深刻的反思,认为这两种测试方法都存在评价标准过于统一,无视体能与技术的关系等问题,提出足协应改革足球管理体制,把体能测试的权力下放给各俱乐部,并预言体能测试最终会退出中国足球的历史舞台。     

Effects of the Instructional Set in the Bandwidth Feedback Paradigm on Motor Skill Acquisition

ABSTRACT

Purpose: This study examined the relationships between the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) and resting heart rate variability (HRV) and submaximal 5?-5? test derived measures in novice male soccer players. Methods: Forty players (11.54 ± 0.58 years) from a soccer academy participated in this study, performing physical tests on two different days, separated by 48 h, as follows: (day 1) resting HRV and Yo-Yo IR1 test, and (day 2) anthropometric assessments (for peak height velocity assessment [PHV]) and the 5?-5? test. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlations between Yo-Yo IR1 performance and the remaining variables. A partial correlation analysis was further performed using age, stature, body mass, distance to PHV, and age at PHV as “confounders.” Results: The highest correlation score was observed between Yo-Yo IR1 performance and resting HRV, when the absolute age was used as confounder (r = 0.72; p < .05). Conclusions: We observed that a practical measure of parasympathetic activity at rest is largely associated with performance obtained during a traditional intermittent endurance performance test.     

Caffeine supplementation does not affect match activities and fatigue resistance during match play in young football players

Abstract

The study examined the effect of caffeine supplementation on match activities and development of fatigue during a football match. In a randomised, double-blind cross-over design, two experimental football games separated by 7 days were organised between the junior teams of two professional football clubs (17.6 ± 1.1 years (±s), 71.7 ± 6.9 kg, 13.9% ± 5.0% body fat). The players ingested either a capsule of 6 mg · kg^?1 b.w. caffeine or placebo (dextrose) 65 min prior to the matches. Match activities were assessed using the ZXY match analysis system, and a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test–level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) was conducted immediately post-game. Heart rate was monitored throughout the game, and blood samples were obtained at baseline, half-time and after the game. There were no differences between caffeine and placebo regarding total distance covered (10,062 ± 916 vs 9854 ± 901 m), high-intensity running (557 ± 178 vs 642 ± 240 m), sprinting distance (109 ± 58 vs 112 ± 69 m) or acceleration counts (123 ± 31 vs 126 ± 24). In both trials, players displayed lower (P < 0.05) values in total distance and acceleration counts in the last 15 min compared to all other 15-min periods of the matches. Post-game Yo-Yo IR2 performance was not different between game trials (caffeine: 829 ± 322 m; placebo 819 ± 289 m). In conclusion, oral caffeine administration does not appear to have an ergogenic effect in young football players during match play.     

Training load and submaximal heart rate testing throughout a competitive period in a top-level male football team

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate training load and cardiorespiratory fitness in a top-level Spanish (LaLiga) football team (n = 17). The submaximal Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1_SUB) was performed in four moments of the competitive period from early February (E1) to early May (E4). Training load was quantified using a 10-Hz global positioning system and heart rate (HR) recording (n = 837 individual training sessions), while match load was quantified using semi-automated cameras (n = 216 individual match observations). Cardiorespiratory fitness moderately improved as the season progressed (P < 0.05; effect sizes = 0.8 to 1.2). Cumulative total distance covered during training between E1 and E4 was negatively correlated with percentage of changes in mean HR during the last 30 s of Yo-Yo IR1_SUB (P = 0.049; r = ?0.47 [?0.71; ?0.14]; moderate). HR during the last 30 s of Yo-Yo IR1_SUB was negatively correlated to total distance covered during the match (P = 0.024; r = ?0.56 [?0.80; ?0.17]; moderate). Yo-Yo IR_SUB can be used to monitor seasonal changes in cardiorespiratory fitness without the need to have players work until exhaustion. Cardiorespiratory fitness given by mean HR during the last 30 s of the test seems meaningful in relation to match performance.