105例乙肝肝硬化内镜特点分析

目的了解乙型肝炎肝硬化内镜特点，准确预测判断上消化道出血的危险性，为临床诊治提供可靠依据。方法对该院收治的105例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者应用日本产Olympus GIF-XQ240电子内窥镜作胃十二指肠检查。结果食管胃底静脉曲张100例，其中食管静脉曲张(esophageal variceal，EV)82例，胃底静脉曲张(gastric variceal，GV)18例，EV并门脉高压性胃病(portal hypertensive gastropathy，PHG)64例，十二指肠球部溃疡(duodenal ulcer，DU)21例。结论食管静脉曲张是乙肝肝硬化最具有特征的内镜表现，门脉高压性胃病、十二指肠溃疡是乙型肝炎肝硬化门脉高压症的常见合并症。     

内镜下联合治疗肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的效果观察

目的观察内镜下套扎、组织胶注射等联合治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的疗效及并发症。方法采用内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎或注射硬化剂联合胃底静脉组织胶注射治疗33例肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者,观察治疗后根除情况、再出血情况、不良反应及并发症。结果治疗6个月后复查有56%(18/32)的患者达到静脉曲张根除,44%(14/32)的患者达到基本消失,随访1年32例患者均未再发消化道出血;治疗前轻度和重度门脉高压性胃病(PHG)的发生率分别为18.2%(6/33)和3%(1/33),6个月后PHG的发生率为42.4%(14/32),其中3例为重度,较治疗前显著增加(P 0.05);出现胸痛18例、上腹部不适8例、低热7例,均于1周后完全消失。结论内镜下套扎或注射硬化剂联合组织胶注射治疗肝硬化并发食管胃底曲张静脉安全有效,但会加重PHG的发生及存在其他并发症。     

门静脉高压症胃静脉曲张的血流动力学研究:附22例直接门静脉造影结果

目的探讨门静脉高压症胃静脉曲张(GV)的血流动力学变化。方法经胃镜确诊为GV的22例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者,其中8例为肝癌合并门静脉主干癌栓。根据GV在胃内的位置及其与食管静脉曲张(EV)的关系,内镜将GV分为食管胃静脉曲张(GEV)和孤立的胃静脉曲张(IGV)。GEV又分2个亚型:GEV1型为EV跨过食管胃交界处,沿胃小弯侧向下延伸;GEV2型为EV跨过食管胃交界处,向胃底部延伸。22例患者均采取了经皮肝穿或脾穿门静脉造影,根据门静脉造影表现,比较不同类型GV的血液供应、引流路径及门静脉压力变化。结果GEV1、GEV2和IGV的发生率分别为54.6%(12例),31.8%(7例)和13.6%(3例)。GEV1型12例中,12例均见胃左静脉供血,胃后静脉参与供血8例(66.7%),胃短静脉参与供血3例(25%),引流路径均经奇静脉系统引流到上腔静脉。GEV2型7例,7例均见有胃左静脉、胃后静脉供血,胃短静脉参与供血4例(57.1%);7例中,5例(71.4%)经胃肾静脉分流道引流到下腔静脉,2例(29.6%)单独经奇静脉系统引流。IGV型3例,均为胃底静脉曲张(IGV1),均见胃左静脉、胃后静脉和胃短静脉供血,引流路径均经胃肾静脉分流道引流。有胃肾分流者门静脉压力为(27.0±4.2)cm水柱,无胃肾分流者门静脉压力为(37.5±5.1)cm水柱(P<0.001)。结论GV的血液供应及引流路径与GV的发生部位有关,胃肾静脉分流是胃底静脉曲张(GEV2、IGV1)的主要引流路径。     

肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张的内镜治疗

肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张出血是危及生命的门脉高压并发症。食管静脉曲张一级预防策略为非选择性β受体阻滞剂（non selective beta blockers,NSBBs）或内镜下静脉曲张套扎术（endoscopic variceal ligation,EVL）,急性出血时首选EVL,其二级预防推荐NSBBs联合EVL。胃静脉曲张出血中,食管胃静脉曲张1型（gastroesophageal varices type 1,GOV1）应用EVL,食管胃静脉曲张2型（gastroesophageal varices type 2,GOV2）和孤立胃静脉曲张（isolated gastric varices,IGV）推荐内镜下组织胶注射术。预防胃静脉曲张再出血方面,内镜下组织胶注射术和经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS）可应用于GOV2型和IGV,EVL、NSBBs或内镜下组织胶注射术可应用于GOV1型。胃静脉曲张一级预防可选用NSBBs或内镜下组织胶注射术。     

肝硬化并发门脉高压性胃病临床分析

目的:观察门脉高压性胃病(PHG)发病率与肝功能分级及食管静脉曲张(EV)严重程度的关系.方法:对200例肝硬化住院患者采用回顾性分析,将PHG的发病率与肝功能分级及EV严重程度进行比较.结果:200例肝硬化患者中,PHG 97例(48.5%),EV154例(77%).肝功能Child-Pugh分级与PHG发病率呈明显正相关(P<0.01),EV程度与PHG发病率亦呈明显正相关(P<0.01).结论:PHG的发病率与肝功能分级及EV严重程度之间呈正相关.     

门脉高压性胃病与食道静脉曲张程度的关系研究

目的：了解门脉高压性胃病（PHG）与食过静脉曲张间的关系。方法：随机选择肝硬变患者共68例，就内镜下不同程度食道静脉曲张与PHG间的相互关系进行了初步的分析。结果：68例肝硬变患者食道静脉曲张的发生率为91．2％，PHG的发生率为67．7％，无食道静脉曲张者无1例发生PHG，有食道静脉曲张老，PHG的发生率为74．2％（P＜0．01），重度食道静脉曲张者合并重度PHG的占25％，而轻－中度食道静脉曲张发生重度PHG者占69．0％（P＜0．01）。结论：门脉高压是PHG的必须条件，但PHG的严重程度与食道静脉曲张并非呈正相关，可能还存在影响PHG程度的其它因素。     

36例门脉高压性十二指肠病的临床及内镜特点分析

目的研究门脉高压性十二指肠病（PHD）的内镜及临床特点。方法回顾性分析门脉高压性十二指肠病患者的临床和胃镜资料。结果31例患者中腹水28例;食管胃底静脉曲张轻度8例,中度9例,重度19例;36例患者均有门脉高压性胃病;PHD轻度17例,中度13例,重度6例。且PHD与门脉高压性胃病及食管胃底静脉曲张相平行。结论PHD临床表现无特异,与普通十二指肠炎表现不同,常与门脉高压性胃病并存,发病机制与门脉高压有关。     

胃静脉曲张出血及内镜治疗

胃静脉曲张出血是门脉高压症的常见并发症.一般来讲,门脉高压患者约1/5发生GV;另外,5%～10%的GV患者无食管静脉曲张(EV),值得注意的是,GV较常见在出血患者中.     

肝硬变并发门脉高压性胃病的研究

目的　探讨肝硬变并发门脉高压性胃病的情况。方法　对 390例门诊及住院的肝硬变患者常规进行胃镜检查 ,并对不同肝功能水平患者门脉高压性胃病发生情况进行回顾分析。结果　 390例肝硬变患者中 ,食管 胃底静脉曲张 330例 (84 .6 % ) ;门脉高压性胃病发生率 4 9.2 % (192例 )。根据Child Pugh分级将肝功能分为A、B、C 3级 ,随肝功能级别增加门脉高压性胃病发生率随之增加 ,随食管 胃底静脉曲张严重程度上升 ,门脉高压性胃病发生率亦呈上升趋势 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　门脉高压性胃病随肝功能分级增加而上升 ,随食管 胃底静脉曲张严重程度的增加而上升 ,对肝硬变患者应常规胃镜检查。     

多层螺旋CT门静脉成像在诊断和评价肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张中的价值

目的了解多层螺旋CT门静脉成像（MSCTP）在诊断肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张（EGV）以及评价EGV程度和范围中的价值。方法以2009年9月-2012年12月收治的78例肝硬化患者为研究对象,分析MSCTP与消化内镜在判断肝硬化患者有无EGV,以及EGV分型和分级中的一致性。结果消化内镜诊断EGV阳性者55例,Satin分型为GOV1型、GOV2型和IGV1型的患者分别为35、16和4例,EGV分级为轻度、中度和重度的患者分别为2、15和37例,1例患者为阴性未计入分级。MSCTP检测EGV阳性58例,其中Satin分型为GOV1型、GOV2型、IGV1型和IGV2型的患者分别为36、17、4和1例,Kim分级为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ级的患者分别为5、16和37例。Kappa检测提示MSCTP与消化内镜在EGV诊断（Kappa=0.712,P=0.000）、分型（Kappa=0.732,P=0.000）和分级（Kappa=0.863,P=0.000）中均具有较好的一致性。结论 MSCTP在诊断和评价EGV严重程度方面具有较高的应用价值。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."