农村健康儿童中空肠弯曲菌的带菌情况

在苏州地区农村中抽样检查了296名学龄前健康儿童中空肠弯曲菌的带菌情况，带菌率为7.1%，各年龄组均能检出细菌。夏季和冬季的检出频率相似，其差别无统计学意义。在空肠弯曲菌肠炎患者的51名密切接触者（学龄前儿童）中，有11名分离到空肠弯曲菌（21.6%）。有腹泻症状的接触者中阳性率更高（7/22）。在农村学龄前儿童中常年存在较高的空肠弯曲菌带菌率，应引起重视。     

郑州市学龄前健康儿童空肠弯曲菌带菌调查

本文报告郑州市学龄前健康儿童空肠弯曲菌带菌特征,从403名城市及农村学龄前健康儿童的粪便中分离出空肠弯曲菌33株,阳性率8.19%卫生状况较差的农村带菌明显高于市区,分别为14.35%和1.55%,〈x~2=14.85,p<0.01〉,带菌率以秋季最高达12.77%,夏季最低仅3.7%,3岁以内儿童带菌率明显高于大年龄组儿童.其中以2岁儿童最高为30%,两性带菌差异不明显,结果表明在我市区空肠弯曲带菌率较高,应予以重视。     

2017年登封市儿童青少年脑膜炎奈瑟球菌带菌抽样调查

目的 了解河南省登封市儿童青少年中脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)的菌群分布特征与变迁趋势,为流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)的防控工作提供有效的信息。方法 按照分层分组随机抽样的方法,将调查对象分为7个年龄组,每个采样对象采集1支咽拭子,共采集210份样本,运用细菌培养和实时荧光(real-time PCR)的方法对标本进行菌群的鉴定。结果 儿童青少年中检出脑膜炎奈瑟菌47株,儿童青少年Nm的带菌率为22.38%;血清分群中,C群占51%,W135占群21%,Y群占15%,B群占2%,X群占4%,不可分群的占6%。0～6岁带菌率为0,14～19岁的带菌率最高为90.0%。结论 登封市儿童青少年中脑膜炎奈瑟菌带菌率较高,菌群分布广,存在流行性脑脊髓膜炎的暴发风险。     

合肥地区2011年健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎带菌率调查与分析

目的了解2011年合肥地区健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎带菌状况,为制定流脑的防控措施提供依据。方法按分层整群抽样方法,在全市范围于流脑流行前期采集6个年龄组健康人群咽拭子666份,现场接种于卵黄双抗琼脂培养基进行脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌分离培养,对可疑菌落进行生化和血清学鉴定。结果咽拭子脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌阳性检出31份,带菌率4.65%;菌株分别为A、B、C、D、X群,其中A群14株、B群12株,带菌率分别为45.16%、38.71%,C群3株,带菌率为9.68%,D、X群各1株。12～15岁儿童流脑带菌率最高,为10.00%,各年龄组带菌率差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.06,P<0.05)。男性带菌率5.49%、女性带菌率3.75%,城区人群带菌率4.98%、农村人群带菌率4.47%,差异均无统计学意义。结论合肥市健康人群流脑带菌率为4.65%,12～岁组人群流脑带菌率较高,警惕A群流脑菌群的流行。     

耐药伤寒病人病后一年排菌观察

目的：观察耐药伤寒病人病后不同时间的排菌规律,为有效地隔离、治疗和控制传染源提供依据。方法：对经病原学证实的３２例耐药伤寒病人,定期采集大便进行病原分离鉴定。结果：恢复期第１至５周检出率最高为５３．１３％,随时间延长,检出率递减;恢复期排菌持续时间为０至１７９天不等;女病人带菌时间较长。结论：耐药伤寒病人恢复期排菌率仍高,慢性带菌时间长;伤寒防治中要注意恢复期病人和带菌者的隔离、治疗和监测。     

江西省上高县耕牛钩端螺旋体带菌和排菌调查分析

江西省上高县耕牛钩端螺旋体带菌和排菌调查分析龙健１梁中兴２时曼华２李文斌１李春好２龙良云１钩端螺旋体（以下简称钩体）病是一种人兽共患病。耕牛是我国重要的家畜之一，为探索其传染源的意义，我们采用从牛尿分离钩体的简易方法，较为确切地了解了牛的带菌率和排菌...     

乳糖发酵奈氏菌及脑膜炎双球菌人群带菌调查

本文对2489名健康儿童及成人进行了乳糖发酵奈氏菌(NL)及脑膜炎双球菌(NM)的带菌调查。NL 的带菌率0～2岁组为78.72%。至成人组下降到4.17%,而 NM 的带菌率由0～2岁组的23.65%上升至成人的45.66%。共查出 NL 带菌者263例,平均带菌时间为2.09个月,最长可连续带菌9个月之久。其中带 NL 的166名儿童(占受检总数的78.3%)产生了抗 NMA 群的杀菌抗体,而正常儿童的抗 A 抗体阳性率仅为57.04%。由此设想可用 NL 作为抗 A 群脑膜炎双球菌感染的活菌苗。     

健康人群肠道致病菌带菌情况调查报告

<正> 健康带菌者,是肠道传染病的重要传染源。我们对997名自愿受检的健康人员进行了肠道菌带菌情况调查。调查结果为携带肠道致病菌者17人,阳性率为1.71％,其中沙门氏菌属副伤寒甲型1株,志贺氏菌属16株。且志贺氏菌属菌群分布以鲍氏菌带菌率为最高。997名受检中,共检出鲍氏菌8株,带菌率为0.8％;其次为福氏菌,共检出6株,带菌率为0.6％;检出宋内氏菌1株带菌率为0.1％。还发现志贺氏Ⅰ型1株,带菌率为0.1％,该型菌株在健康带菌者中较为少见。在997人中,男性受检者701人,阳性11人,带菌率1.57％。女性受检者296人,带菌率为2.03％,男女之比0.78:1,经统计学处理,X~2值为0.26,都大于0.05,在带菌者中,男女之间无显著性差异。在受检者中,20岁以下者452人,阳性8人,带菌率为1.71％;30～40岁受检者436人,阳性5     

广州市健康人群流脑带菌状况调查及分析

目的　了解广州市健康人群流脑带菌状况。方法　于2 0 0 1年10～12月流脑流行前期采集广州市健康人群咽拭子现场接种于巧克力平板上,采用卵黄双抗琼脂培养基进行脑膜炎奈瑟菌分离培养。结果　调查3～6 0岁健康人群2 17人,检出流脑带菌者10人,带菌率为4 6 1% ,阳性菌株全部为B群;各年龄组人群流脑带菌率差异无统计学意义(P >0 0 5 ) ;男性带菌率为4 12 % (4/97) ,女性带菌率为5 0 0 % (6 /12 0 ) ,差异无统计学意义(P >0 0 5 ) ;接种过流脑菌苗者带菌率为3 2 3%(4/12 4 ) ,未接种过疫苗者带菌率为6 4 5 % (6 /93) ,差异无统计学意义(P >0 0 5 )。结论　广州市健康人群流脑带菌率较低,未发现A群流脑携带者,但要警惕B群Nm引起的流脑流行     

健康人群咽部正常菌群对脑膜炎双球菌抑制作用的调查

采用琼脂铺层技术对336名健康人群咽部正常菌群作抑制A群脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌(Nm)生长的研究,结果有101人携带抑制A群Nm生长的细菌(简称抑制菌),带抑制菌的阳性率为30.05％。经统计学检验五个年龄组带抑制A群Nm生长菌的阳性率间差异有显著性(P<0.05);0岁组带抑制菌的阳性率最低(15 6％),8岁组带抑制菌的阳性率高达40％。抑菌阳性者其Nm带菌占8.9％,抑菌阴性者其Nm带菌占4.3％,但在统计学上无显著差异。NL带菌率随年龄增长而降低。     

Campylobacter diarrhoea and an association of recent disease with asymptomatic shedding in Egyptian children

A hospital-based case-control diarrhoea survey was conducted in Cairo, Egypt to determine the age-specific frequency of campylobacter infection among diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic children aged new born to 5 years. Campylobacter was the most common bacterial enteropathogen isolated from diarrhoeic stools. The overall prevalence of campylobacter isolations was 25.9% from stools of 143 diarrhoeic children compared to 15.2% of 132 non-diarrhoeic control children (P = 0.028) during the 4-month period of study. Children less than 1 year of age were at greatest risk of campylobacter infection with 32.6% of diarrhoeic patients culture positive, compared to 14.3% of controls. Asymptomatic shedding in controls was positively associated with a recent diarrhoeal episode (P = 0.019) and may be an important source of new infections.     

Immunoglobulin A antibodies directed against Campylobacter jejuni flagellin present in breast-milk.

We studied the relationship between IgA anti-campylobacter flagellin antibodies in breast milk samples and protection of breastfed infants living in a rural Mexican village from campylobacter infection. There were fewer episodes of campylobacter infection (symptomatic and asymptomatic combined) in infants breastfed with milk containing specific anti-flagellin antibodies (1.2/child/year, 95% CI 0.6-1.8) versus non-breastfed children (3.3/child/year, 95% CI 1.8-4.8; P < 0.01). Infants breastfed with milk that was anti-flagellin antibody negative by ELISA also had fewer episodes of infection compared with non-breastfed children, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (1.8/child/year, 95% CI 0.7-3.0 versus 3.3/child/year, 95% CI 1.8-4.8, P > 0.05). Breastfeeding has a protective effect against campylobacter infection and is associated with the presence of specific antibodies directed against campylobacter flagellin.     

Epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in a cohort of rural population near Calcutta

Over a 2-year period, 25 families comprising of 181 individuals of all ages were longitudinally observed for the excretion of Campylobacter species. Faecal samples were taken from all persons with diarrhoea. Specimens were also taken from apparently healthy individuals and from domestic animals living within the confines of the study families at monthly intervals. The overall diarrhoea attack rate was 19 episodes per 100 person-years with peak incidence in the 1- to 4-year-old age group (76/100 person-years). Eight (11.5%) of the total episodes were campylobacter-associated and the overall rate of campylobacter positive diarrhoeal episodes were 2.2 per 100 person-years. Of the 1002 stool samples from healthy individuals 32 (3.2/100 samples) were positive for campylobacter. The organism was most frequently isolated from children under 1 year of age both during diarrhoeal episodes (11.5 per 100 person-years) and non-diarrhoeal (11.1 per 100 samples). Multiple infections in a family were rare. In 19.4% of the occasions one or more animals were campylobacter positive. However, only in 7.7% of these occasions was a human infection recorded within 1 month after the animal was found to be positive. The study showed that the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in this community was distinct compared to that observed in developed countries.     

Outbreaks of food poisoning in adults due to Escherichia coli O111 and campylobacter associated with coach trips to northern France.

Thirty-seven out of 48 people on a coach excursion to northern France developed gastrointestinal symptoms within 4 days of the trip. Twenty-six had stool samples positive for Escherichia coli O111, 8 were also positive for Campylobacter species, and 1 was positive for campylobacter alone. Strains of E. coli were positive for the effacing and attaching protein (eaeA) gene, but negative for other E. coli virulence genes, and therefore belonged to the enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) group. Twenty-two out of 37 people in a second party which followed the same itinerary 2 weeks later also became ill. One had a stool sample positive for E. coli O111. Analytical epidemiology suggested that the source of infections was a restaurant in northern France at which both parties had eaten.     

Association between environmental risk factors and campylobacter infections in Sweden

Campylobacter sp. is the most common cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in Sweden and the incidence has been increasing. Case-control studies to identify risk factors have been conducted in several countries, but much remains unexplained. The geographical distribution of campylobacter infections varies substantially, and many environmental factors may influence the observed pattern. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) offer an opportunity to use routinely available surveillance data to explore associations between potential environmental risk factors showing a geographical pattern and disease incidence, complementing traditional approaches for investigating risk factors for disease. We investigated associations between campylobacter incidence and environmental factors related to water and livestock in Sweden. Poisson regression was used to estimate the strength of the associations. Positive associations were found between campylobacter incidence and average water-pipe length per person, ruminant density, and a negative association with the percentage of the population receiving water from a public water supply. This indicates that drinking water and contamination from livestock may be important factors in explaining sporadic human campylobacteriosis in Sweden, and that contamination occurring in the water distribution system might be more important than previously considered.     

Epidemiologic application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to an outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni in an Austrian youth centre

We report the first documented Campylobacter jejuni outbreak in an Austrian youth centre. Sixty-four children were involved of which 38 showed classical signs of campylobacter gastroenteritis. Since unpasteurized milk distributed by a local dairy was suspected to be the source of infection, stool samples were collected from 20 cows providing the milk. Five of the cows tested positive for C. jejuni. These isolates together with 37 clinical samples were compared by pulsed-field-gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The PFGE patterns, using the restriction endonucleases SmaI and SalI, were identical for the human and bovine isolates.This finding confirmed that the outbreak was caused by the consumption of unpasteurized milk contaminated with C. jejuni.     

儿童空肠弯曲菌感染的流行病学研究

用２年时间对成都市儿童空肠弯曲菌感染进行了流行病学调查研究。１ ０９２例小儿急性腹泻中空肠弯曲菌检出率为１１．３６％，１￣２岁检出率最高，６个月以内婴儿检出率最低。小儿急性腹泻全年均可检出空肠弯曲菌，以春夏季检出率较高，秋冬季较低。幼儿园健康儿童空肠弯曲菌带菌率为５．０９％，各幼儿园存在差异有显著性，分析其原因可能与儿童的家庭居住情况不同有关。耐药谱结合质粒分析应用于托幼机构儿童空肠弯曲菌感染调查     

空肠弯曲菌肠炎的流行病学研究

本文报告了103例确诊为空肠弯曲菌肠炎患者的传染源和传播途径的调查结果。患者主要为2岁以下的婴幼儿,91.2%分布于农村.89.3%的患者与家禽家畜有密切接触史,鸡可能是最主要的传染源,其次为狗。鸭和猫等家禽家畜。人与人之间也可传播此病,尤其是大便失禁的患儿可作为传染源。由于卫生习惯较差,手被粪便严重污染。喂养者手的大肠菌检出率高达92%,日常生活接触是苏州地区空肠弯曲菌肠炎最重要的传播途径。     

Antibiotic therapy of cholera in children

In a controlled trial of the effects of oral antibiotics in treating cholera in children in Dacca, East Pakistan, tetracycline was the most effective of 4 antibiotics tested in reducing stool volume, intravenous fluid requirement, and the duration of diarrhoea and positive stool culture. Increasing the duration of tetracycline therapy from 2 to 4 days, or increasing the total dose administered, resulted in shorter duration of positive culture, but did not affect stool volume or duration of diarrhoea. Only 1% of the children receiving tetracycline had diarrhoea for more than 4 days. Tetracycline was significantly more effective than intravenous fluid therapy alone, regardless of severity of disease.     

The pathogenicity of environmental campylobacters--a human volunteer experiment

Three human volunteer experiments were performed in which river water expected to contain campylobacter organisms was ingested. Despite the ingestion of over 44,000 organisms in one experiment, the subject did not suffer any symptoms, nor were campylobacter organisms excreted, nor was an antibody response to the ingested strains detected. The campylobacter organisms ingested resembled Campylobacter jejuni on colonial and microscopic morphology but were hippurate negative, and were distinct from C. coli. These environmental campylobacter strains appear to be non-pathogenic, however they may be mistaken for C. jejuni or C. coli if they are not fully identified.