小视野、薄层T_2WI的直肠癌术前表现与病理结果的对比研究

目的探讨直肠癌术前行小视野、薄层T2WI检查的MRI征象与病理结果的对比研究价值。方法 86例经肠镜病理证实的直肠癌患者,术前行MRI检查;对直肠癌进行MRI T分期以及判断有无直肠周围系膜淋巴结转移,并与术后病理T分期及系膜内淋巴结转移进行对照分析。结果 MRI T分期总的诊断准确率为87.21%(74/86),与病理分期结果一致性很高(Kappa值=0.7955,95%CI:0.68~0.91);MRI判断淋巴结转移总的诊断准确率为61.63%(53/86),与病理结果一致性偏低(Kappa值=0.2400,95%CI:0.04~0.44)。结论小视野、薄层T2WI对于直肠癌术前T分期有较高的价值,但对于术前淋巴结评判结果价值不高。     

CT与MRI在直肠癌诊断及术前分期中的价值

目的比较CT和MRI在直肠癌诊断及术前分期中的价值。方法选择27例经外科手术和病理证实的直肠癌病例,所有病人均于术前进行MRI和CT检查,MRI序列包括常规T1WI、T2WI及快速梯度回波脂肪抑制（FSPGR）,CT采用平扫及动态增强扫描。观察肿瘤大小和信号,周围浸润及淋巴结增大情况,将影像观察结果与外科手术和病理诊断结果进行比较。结果T分期对于CT术前分期的准确度为88.9%、MRI为96.2%。CT诊断淋巴结转移的敏感度为24%,特异度为97.6%;MRI诊断淋巴结转移的敏感度为36%,特异度为97.6%。结论在直肠癌术前诊断及分期方面,MRI的作用优于CT。     

直肠癌术前评估的CT与MRI对照研究

目的 比较CT和MRI在直肠癌术前局部分期中的价值.方法 对经手术病理证实的直肠癌25例,于术前分别行CT和MRI检查,CT采用平扫及增强扫描,MRI序列包括矢状位T2WI,冠状位T2 WI,轴位T1WI及T2 WI,轴位DWI.观察肿瘤对肠壁的侵润深度及范围,肿瘤周围组织结构,淋巴结等方面,将术前影像局部分期结果与术后病理结果进行比较.结果 对于T分期,CT的总诊断准确度为72.0％(18/25),与病理学T分期间一致性检验为较好(kappa=0.439);MRI为88.0％(22/25),与病理学T分期间一致性检验好(kappa=0.760).对于N分期,CT的诊断准确率为72.0％(18/25),与病理学N分期间一致性检验为较好(kappa=0.426);MRI-DWI为84.0 ％(21/25),与病理学N分期间一致性检验为较好(kappa=0.675).结论 在直肠癌术前局部分期中,MRI较CT具有更高的诊断准确度.     

CT、MR对盆腔结、直肠癌术前TN分期的应用价值

目的通过与手术后病理分期对照,比较盆腔CT与MRI对结、直肠癌分期的价值。方法回顾总结经手术治疗的盆腔结直肠癌患者资料51例,术前2-3天内均行盆腔CT与MRI平扫检查。根据CT轴位平扫、增强扫描、冠状位及矢状位重建和MRI中的T2WI、DWI序列轴位、矢状位及冠状位图像进行术前TN分期,并与病理结果比较。结果盆腔CT判断T分期正确40例,总的准确率78.4%,与病理分期比较达到中高度一致,Kappa值=0.642;盆腔MRI判断T分期正确46例,总的准确率90.2%,与病理分期比较达到高度一致,Kappa值=0.808。51例患者N分期为:25例无淋巴结转移,26例有淋巴结转移,盆腔CT与盆腔MRI判断淋巴结转移的准确率为(58.8%vs 66.7%)、敏感性为(53.8%vs 65.4%)、特异性(64%vs 68%)、阳性预测值(53.8%vs 65.4%)、阴性预测值(61.5%vs 68%)都比较相近,盆腔MR对淋巴结转移预测的约等指数高于CT(0.334vs 0.178)。结论 MRI能有效提高结、直肠癌进行术前T分期的准确性,对临床治疗具有指导意义。     

MRI-DWI技术对直肠癌及术前分期的诊断价值分析

目的探讨MRI增强扫描结合弥散加权成像对直肠癌诊断及术前评估的价值。方法选取2016年1月~2016年11月期间我院接收的58例直肠癌患者,均行MRI增强扫描结合弥散加权成像检查,观察诊断价值。结果 b=1200s/m2时,高分化、中分化、低分化组间比较有明显差异(P0.05);MRI结合DWI对于T期分期总诊断符合率为89.7%,与病理学T分期间一致性检验好(kappa=0.76);58例患者伴有39例淋巴结转移,MRI术前共检出可疑阳性淋巴结285枚,术后病理检查为223枚。转移性淋巴结ADC值显著高于良性淋巴结(P0.05)。结论 MRI-DWI对直肠癌进行诊断及分期有较高的价值,且有利于术前评估淋巴结的良恶性,以便于临床医师治疗方案的制定,具有推广价值。     

MRI和CT对原发直肠癌术前N分期的诊断研究

目的 研究MRI和增强CT图像对直肠癌局部淋巴结转移的诊断效能.方法 选择本院1年内连续的51例经活检病理证实并手术切除的原发直肠癌(腺癌)的患者,男29例,女22例(年龄27～83岁,平均60.7岁±13.9岁).其中27例患者术前行MRI检查,43例患者术前行CT检查,其中有19例患者同时做了MRI和CT检查.根据MRI中的T2WI和DWI序列以及增强CT图像对淋巴结进行术前N分期.所有患者都于MRI及CT检查后行原发直肠癌根治性手术,术后标本送病理,对直肠周围脂肪组织内局部淋巴结的转移情况进行影像学和组织病理学的N分期对照.结果 51例患者术后病理N分期为:31例有淋巴结转移(N1～2)、20例无淋巴结转移(N0).MRI和CT对淋巴结转移预测的敏感性(68.75% vs 61.54%)、特异性(63.63% vs 64.71%)、阳性预测值(73.33% vs 72.73%)、阴性预测值(58.33% vs 52.38%)和准确性(66.67% vs 62.79%)都比较相近(95%置信区间重叠),MRI对淋巴结转移预测的约登指数高于CT(0.32 vs 0.26).结论 MRI T2WI和DWI序列对原发直肠癌的术前局部N分期的诊断效能优于CT.     

16层螺旋CT及TopoⅡ表达分析在直肠癌术前分期中的价值

目的：探讨螺旋CT扫描及回旋酶（topoⅡ）表达相结合在直肠癌术前分期诊断中的意义。方法：应用螺旋CT增强扫描对111例直肠癌进行术前分期;对111例直肠切除标本组织进行topoⅡ表达分析,与手术及术后病理对照;探讨二者在直肠癌术前分期中的价值。结果：螺旋CT扫描对直肠癌T分期准确度为79.3%,N分期准确度86.5%,M分期准确度90.9%,综合判断CT对直肠癌TNM分期总准确度为89.2%。直肠癌组织中topoⅡ表达阳性率85.6%。直肠癌病理分期为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期者其癌组织的topoⅡ表达阳性率明显高于Ⅰ期;伴有淋巴结转移者直肠癌组织的topoⅡ表达阳性率明显高于淋巴结转移阴性者。结论：16层螺旋CT扫描及topoⅡ检测都有利于直肠癌术前分期的判断,topoⅡ检测弥补了CT对于N分期判断准确度低的缺点,两者结合有利于提高分期诊断的准确率。     

肺癌术前18F-FDG PET/CT对纵隔淋巴结外科分期的临床价值

目的 探讨肺癌术前18F-FDG PET/CT对纵隔淋巴结转移外科分期的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析68例肺癌患者术前18F-FDG PET/CT及CT对纵隔淋巴结转移的诊断及分期结果,并与术后病理结果对照.统计学分析采用x2检验和t检验.结果 68例患者共切除纵隔淋巴结222枚,其中84枚(37.8％)病理检查证实为转移.18F-FDG PET/CT与CT诊断纵隔淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异性、准确性、阳性及阴性预测值分别为71.4％(60/84)、66.7％(92/138)、68.5％(152/222)、56.6％(60/106)、79.3％(92/116)与48.8％(41/84)、49.3％(68/138)、49.1％(109/222)、36.9％(41/111)、61.3％(68/111),差异均有统计学意义(x2=8.96、8.57、17.19、8.43及8.88,P均＜0.05);18F-FDG PET/CT与CT对纵隔淋巴结的分期与病理分期的一致率分别为73.5％(50/68)及41.2％(28/68),差异有统计学意义(x2=14.55,P＜0.01);其中18F-FDG PET/CT对N1及N2期淋巴结诊断的准确性分别为66.7％ (10/15)和79.2％ (19/24),明显高于CT的13.3％ (2/15)和45.8％(11/24)x2=8.89和5.69,P均＜0.05.淋巴结短径≥10 mm组SUVmax明显高于短径＜10 mm组(5.5±2.8与2.2±0.9,t=5.17,P＜0.05).结论 术前18F-FDG PET/CT对肺癌纵隔淋巴结的诊断和分期优于CT,其对适宜手术病例优化治疗决策具有临床指导意义.     

CT及18F-FDGPET/CT诊断食管癌术前淋巴结转移及N分期对比研究

目的 研究CT及18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(FDG) PET/CT术前诊断食管癌淋巴结转移及确定N分期的价值.资料与方法 连续随机选择经食管镜或胃镜证实、拟行手术治疗、能够耐受手术的47例食管癌患者,术前1周内行CT及18F-FDG PET/CT检查,以术后病理为“金标准”,比较CT及18F-FDG PET/CT诊断食管癌淋巴结转移及N分期的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值.结果 31例存在淋巴结转移,共切除并分离淋巴结387枚(209组),其中65枚(46组)发现转移.CT诊断淋巴结转移的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为53.8％、92.8％、86.3％、60.3％和90.9％;18F-FDG PET/CT分别为89.2％、93.8％、93.0％、74.4％和97.7％.PET/CT诊断淋巴结转移的敏感性、准确性及阴性预测值均显著高于CT,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),特异性及阳性预测值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).CT及18F-FDG PET/CT确定淋巴结分期的准确率分别为74.5％和91.5％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).伴淋巴结转移的食管癌原发灶最大标准摄取值(SUVmax)为( 14.899±3.770),而无淋巴结转移者为(9.427±2.854).结论 18F-FDGPET/CT术前诊断食管癌淋巴结转移及确定N分期优于CT;食管癌原发灶SUVmax在一定程度上可以反映淋巴结转移情况.     

MR T_2WI和增强CT对原发直肠癌术前T分期的诊断效能研究

目的探讨直肠癌患者术前采用MR T_2WI和增强CT检查对术前T分期的临床诊断意义。方法对我院收治的114例原发性直肠癌患者进行研究,按随机数字表法分为两组各57例。其中57例患者术前给予MR T_2WI检查作为MR组,另57例患者术前给予增强CT检查作为CT组。观察两组患者T分期情况,分析两种检查方式对不同分期原发直肠癌的诊断作用,探讨MR和CT对原发性直肠癌的诊断价值。结果 MR诊断原发直肠癌TNM分期与病理诊断TNM分期对比无差异,P0.05。CT诊断原发直肠癌TNM分期与病理诊断TNM分期对比无差异,P0.05。MR对原发直肠癌TNM分期诊断阳性率与病理诊断无差异,P0.05。CT对原发直肠癌TNM分期诊断阳性率与病理诊断无差异,P0.05。MR对原发直肠癌TNM分期诊断的阳性预测值上明显高于CT诊断,P0.05;而在敏感度、特异度、阴性预测值及准确率上并无差异,P0.05。结论 MR T_2WI对原发直肠癌患者术前TNM分期的诊断效能优于增强CT,尤其在对阳性的预测上较好,值得临床应用及推广。     

细胞自噬与肿瘤发生发展

自噬是真核生物中一种高度保守的胞内降解途径.其主要通过溶酶体或液泡进行饥饿状态下的营养动员,清除受损蛋白质、细胞器和胞内病原体.自噬主要包括巨自噬、分子伴侣介导自噬(CMA)和微自噬.自噬已被证实与多种人类疾病相关,其在肿瘤发生发展中具有重要意义.近年研究中,对于自噬和肿瘤关系有了进一步的认识,该文就自噬分子机制、调控通路以及与肿瘤发生发展关系的研究进展作一综述.     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

Staging and surgical management of pancreatic and biliary cancer and inflammation

Management of benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas, liver, and biliary tract has made remarkable progress in the last two decades. Advances in minimally invasive surgery, interventional radiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy have changed the treatment of common diseases such as cholelithiasis and more serious diseases such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Advances in biliary tract and pancreatic surgery have paralleled the advances in ultrasonographic imaging, CT, and MR imaging. This article outlines the surgeon's perspective on radiologic imaging and preoperative staging of benign and malignant biliary and pancreatic disease.     

The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings

Thyroid imaging approach is based on the preliminary clinical evaluation. Lesions that are smaller than 2 cm should be assessed with US, which is capable of discriminating masses as small as 2 mm and distinguishing solid from cystic nodules. US-guided FNAB provides tissue for cytologic examination of thyroid nodules. CT and MR imaging are indicated for larger tumors (greater than 3 cm diameter) that extend outside the gland to adjoining structures, including the mediastinum, and retropharyngeal region. Metastatic lymph nodes in the neck and invasion of the aerodigestive tract are also in the realm of CT and MR imaging. Thyroid nodules are categorized on scintigraphy as hot or cold nodules. Hot nodules are rarely malignant, whereas cold nodules have an incidence of 10% to 20% of malignancy. Calcifications (amorphous, globular, nodular, and linear) occur in adenomas and carcinomas and have no differential diagnostic features except for psammomatous calcifications, which are a pathognomonic finding in papillary carcinomas and a small percentage of medullary carcinomas. Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor (80%) followed by follicular (20% to 25%); medullary (5%); undifferentiated; anaplastic carcinomas (< 5%); lymphoma (5%); and metastases. Lymph node metastases are common in papillary carcinoma, 50% at presentation, and less common in follicular carcinomas. The metastatic nodes in papillary carcinoma may enhance markedly (hypervascular); show increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images (increased thyroglobulin content or hemorrhage); and reveal punctate calcifications. Localized invasion of the larynx, trachea, and esophagus occurs predominantly in papillary and follicular carcinomas; the incidence is less than 5%. Ectopic thyroid tissue may be encountered in the tongue (foramen cecum); along the midline between posterior tongue and isthmus of thyroid gland; lateral neck; mediastinum; and oral cavity. Goiter and malignant tumors, notably papillary carcinoma, may develop in ectopic thyroid tissue. Carcinomas may also arise in thyroglossal duct cysts, which develop from duct remnants between the foramen cecum and thyroid isthmus. Infectious disease of the thyroid gland is not common and the CT and MR imaging findings are similar as described under neck infection. Other types of inflammatory disorders including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis, and Riedel's struma display no specific imaging features. Imaging studies may, however, be indicated to confirm a suspected clinical diagnosis and assess compromise of the airway (Riedel's struma). HPT is a clinical diagnosis in which hypercalcemia is the most important finding. Parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma represent underlying lesions. To relieve the patient's symptoms surgical extirpation is indicated. The surgical success rate without imaging is 95%. The indications for imaging studies vary but it is generally agreed that reoperation after a previous failed surgical attempt and suspicion of an ectopic parathyroid adenoma should be investigated by imaging. These consist of US, nuclear medicine studies, CT and MR imaging. US and technetium sestamibi scanning have the highest accuracy rate for localizing an adenomatous gland at and near the thyroid gland. Ectopic adenomas, particularly if they are located in the mediastinum, are preferrably investigated with CT and MR imaging with gadolinium and fat suppression. Carcinomas and parathyroid cysts are optimally evaluated by CT and MR imaging. On MR imaging adenomas are low in signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high in signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and enhance post introduction of gadolinium.