试论城市的自然保护及绿地建设途径

论述了城市自然保护的内容及特点，认为拓展城市绿地建设内容，用生态学理论来指导城市绿地建设，重视景观生态过程的重建是实现城市自然保护的主要措施，城市绿地生态网络是指导绿地生态规划的一个新的空间概念。     

基于景观生态网络方法的市域生物多样性保护研究——以晋中市为例

生物多样性保护的理念和方法经历了从以物种遗传保护为核心到以生境景观保护为核心的发展历程。基于景观生态学理论的景观生态网络方法为快速城镇化背景下"城市—区域"尺度的生物多样性保护提供了有效途径。当前中国的城市生物多样性保护规划实践已广泛开展,但缺乏基于上述理论和科学方法的应用。以山西省晋中市为例,将景观生态网络方法应用于市域生物多样性保护策略的制订,为相关理论实践的科学化、合理化提供有益的参考。     

基于林鸟迁移扩散的重庆市高密度城区 生态网络构建研究

生态网络构建是应对城市生境破碎化的重要途径,其中,研究尺度范围、目标物种(或类群)特性及相应阻力面的设置是影响其合理性的关键因素。以2种林鸟为焦点物种,重点探讨了山地城市高密度城区生态网络构建方法和典型结构特征,以及保护物种生态网络的伞护作用。研究结果表明：1)基于鸟类迁移能力的中观尺度生态网络构建结果更加真实、可靠,也具有更强的实践指导意义;2)对于林鸟迁移扩散而言,规模较大的源地斑块和生境质量较好的小型源地斑块都很重要,而沿江山体绿地可能是林鸟迁徙的重要踏脚石;3)以保护物种作为焦点物种的生态网络对于常见种具有伞护作用,但从城市生态系统完整性角度考虑,针对常见种构建互补型生态网络也很重要。基于研究结果,提出应结合重要生态源地和生态“夹点”识别结果对山地城市生态网络进行优化完善,包括对滨江绿地、山体崖线、冲沟和次级河流等典型景观空间宽度和连续性进行修复,对关键节点型小规模绿地空间的保护和生境质量提升,以及复合型生态网络构建等方面。     

高密度城市环境的生态设计--高雄洲仔湿地的城市生态思考

本文探讨了位于自然、城市和基础设施彼此相互混杂景观中的城市湿地的生态设计方法(?)相对于远离城市的自然环境湿地(?)洲仔湿地的恢复可以说是一个如何将“自然引入城市”的典范。洲仔湿地邻近高雄高速铁路站,周围环绕不断发展中的高密度住宅群。在这个特殊的地理位置中,却具有丰富的景观多样性和贯穿全区的生态流。为解决在湿地恢复过程中所遇到的三个问题(自然与人类行为之间的冲突;野生生物生境和城市公园之间的冲突;自然与城市基础设施之间的冲突),提出了三个城市生态愿景,重新定义了“人地关系”,同时也提出了在高密度城市居住环境中,设计可以作为生态介入的观点。     

浅谈城市滨水区生态水系景观营造

水系景观是城市生态景观的重要组成部分,随着我国城市化进程的加快,城市滨水区水系景观受到严重破坏,制约了其生态功能的发挥。笔者尝试将景观生态学理论引入城市滨水区生态水系景观规划,分析我国城市滨水区水系景观的发展动态、现状及在景观营造中存在的主要问题,提出城市滨水区生态水系景观营造方法,从保护物种多样性、城市特色与历史文化等角度出发,营造凸显自然生态与人文生态景观特质的现代城市滨水区生态水系景观。     

本期主题：生态城市建设——“生态城市设计“专题系列之五高密度城市环境的生态设计——高雄洲仔湿地的城市生态思考

本文探讨了位于自然、城市和基础设施彼此相互混杂景观中的城市湿地的生态设计方法。相对于远离城市的自然环境湿地，洲仔湿地的恢复可以说是一个如何将“自然引入城市”的典范。洲仔湿地邻近高雄高速铁路站，周围环绕不断发展中的高密度住宅群，在这个特殊的地理位置中，却具有丰富的景观多样性和贯穿全区的生态流。为解决在湿地恢复过程中所遇到的三个问题（自然与人类行为之间的冲突：野生生物生境和城市公园之间的冲突；自然与城市基础设施之间的冲突），提出了三个城市生态愿景，重新定义了“人地关系”，同时也提出了在高密度城市居住环境中,设计可以作为生态介入的观点。     

基于景观生态风险评价的景观格局优化——以北京市浅山区为例

随着城市扩张蔓延、自然环境变化,处于城市中的深山区与山前平原过渡地带的浅山区易受到多源因素综合作用。判断浅山区景观生态风险,进行景观格局优化,能够有效实现浅山与城市区域的生态安全稳定。在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,以北京市浅山区生态环境为出发点,利用景观生态学方法、景观格局指数法、空间主成分分析法和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,从景观格局、自然要素、人类社会要素3个方面对景观生态风险进行综合评价。基于评价结果,采用最小累积阻力(MCR)模型构建生态廊道与生态节点,优化浅山区域景观格局。结果表明:浅山区景观生态风险不均衡,其变化与土地利用变化趋势基本吻合。共识别了10个生态源地,构建了10条生态廊道、14个生态节点,组成点、线、面交织的多层次生态网络。优化了浅山区域景观格局,将有效改善研究区的生态安全水平,对于北京浅山生态优先的发展战略、推动城市形成可持续的健康发展方式具有重要意义。     

城市自然遗留地景观保护设计的方法

城市自然遗留地(Urban Rerrmant Natural Area)是城市中具有特殊生态价值的自然或近自然的历史遗留生境,其生态价值、生物多样性价值、自然景观价值、自然历史价值和生态教育价值在城市中具有不可替代性.城市自然遗留地的景观保护设计首先以城市自然遗留地的目标制定、理念辨识为前提,然后,将城市自然遗留地分为3类功能区域:保持维护区、更新恢复区和开发利用区,并按照植物、动物、水系、场地、生境和周边环境对城市自然遗留地进行景观类型划分,提出各类景观类型设计的详细方法.最后,对城市自然遗留地的游憩模式和管理体系进行了探讨.     

现代城市道路景观生态化设计初探

城市道路景观应该以自然和生态原则为根本依据,同时借助科技为手段进行规划和设计。城市道路联系着城市的各个组成部分,是城市中担负交通的主要设施,同时城市道路空间组织也直接影响城市的空间形态和城市景观,成为城市景观的重要载体。在城市建设取得飞速发展的同时,城市景观生态也面临着极大危机,如何结合城市道路建设保护城市的生态结构和生态过程是当前城市道路景观设计的焦点。论文旨在通过对生态化设计方法的研究,深入分析城市道路景观设计的基本问题及其与城市景观生态建设的联系,在此基础上进一步提出相应的对策,完善城市道路景观生态环境的建设。     

基于生态系统的滨水区植物景观营造

植物景观营造在我国生态系统保护中占有重要地位,也是滨水区景观设计的内容,滨水区植物是营造城市生态和自然环境条件的自然要素。在滨水植被设计方面,应增加植物的多样性和物种多样性等措施。     

Social, aesthetic and ecological aspects of hedgerows in rural landscapes as a framework for greenways

Hedgerow network landscapes may be considered as greenways, as they provide agronomic, ecological, aesthetic and cultural benefits. They are among the most threatened agricultural landscapes of western Europe. Intensification of agriculture with the conversion of permanent grassland into ploughed land and the use of new machinery leads to the enlargement of fields and the removal of hedgerows surrounding them. There is a growing concern among conservationists, rural managers and the public to maintain these greenways as a framework for landscape sustainability.In France, hedgerow removal may be planned within reallotment programmes that take into account all the land of a municipality. In this planning process, criteria for keeping or clearing woody elements are based on agronomic properties of soil, environmental quality of elements and of the network, and property boundaries. Aesthetic aspects are rarely assessed. As rural landscapes are shifting from an almost unique function of agricultural production toward a multifunction of nature conservation, environmental protection, amenity and production, the conservation of hedgerow networks becomes of greater importance. The goal is now the protection of these greenways to provide not only ecological but also recreational and cultural benefits. In a case study in Brittany, we tried to link these different aspects. Our work is based on interviews and a landscape ecological survey. We found contrasting opinions between farmers and non-farmers concerning the density of the network. Nevertheless, the two groups agree on the necessity to keep greenways as part of their cultural landscape. Most of the people were not aware of the ecological role of hedgerow networks, and perceive them only by their visual properties. We proposed various scenarios based on ecological and aesthetic principles, and defined general guidelines for the design of new landscapes during reallotment programmes. The integration of different points of view by landscape planners is the only way to link visual values to productive or ecological processes, and must be effective in the case of the management of greenways such as hedgerows.     

Ecological networks: A spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes

In this paper, we propose the ecological network concept as a suitable basis for inserting biodiversity conservation into sustainable landscape development. For landscapes to be ecologically sustainable, the landscape structure should support those ecological processes required for the landscape to deliver biodiversity services for present and future generations. We first show that in multifunctional, human-dominated landscapes, biodiversity conservation needs a coherent large-scale spatial structure of ecosystems. Theory and empirical knowledge of ecological networks provides a framework for the design of such structures. Secondly, ecological networks can bridge the paradox between reserve conservation (fixing nature in space and time) and development, which implies change. This is because ecological networks can change structure without losing their conservation potential. Thirdly, ecological networks facilitate stakeholder decision-making on feasible biodiversity goals. They help to focus on an effective spatial scale. We conclude that extending the ecological network concept with multifunctional indicators is a promising step towards sustainable landscape development and stakeholder decision-making.     

Modeling urban land development as a continuum to address fine-grained habitat heterogeneity

Natural landscapes are increasingly subjected to impacts associated with urbanization, resulting in loss and degradation of native ecosystems and biodiversity. Traditional classification approaches to the characterization of urbanization may prove inadequate in some human-modified landscapes where complex and unique combinations of conditions can make classification and delineation of patches difficult. We describe a model that depicts existing human development as a fine-grained continuous variable using parcel-based land use data and transportation networks. We derived percent development values across our 88 000-ha study area, the Lake Tahoe basin. Our modeled values were highly correlated with observed levels of development based on high-resolution aerial photographs. We demonstrate how our model of development can be used to address practical conservation questions by evaluating the potential effects of highly interspersed urban land development and wildland conditions on the amount and availability of habitat suitable for the resident California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) at two points in time (current and 40 years in the future). The results indicated that assessments not accounting for the indirect effects of development may overestimate the amount of available habitat by 19–83%. Portraying urbanization as a continuum across entire landscapes captured fine-grained landscape complexity at scales that were relevant to the habitat needs and environmental sensitivities of a species of conservation interest. This relatively simple approach should aid ecologists and landscape planners in evaluating the current or future effects of urbanization on ecological elements and processes.     

Integrating wetlands into planned landscapes

The commonly held perspective of wetland habitats in planned landscapes has shifted from areas requiring drainage and fill to valuable habitat providing benefits to society. This shift in perspective has given rise to federal, state and local wetland protection efforts, but planners, landscape architects and engineers have yet to integrate wetland habitats into communities and planned landscapes. In fact, many of the practices employed by land planners to address wetland protection are all too often creating ecological traps that do more harm than good. Complicating the integration of wetland habitats into communities is the public preference for certain types of natural landscapes. In response to this stated aesthetic preference, landscape management practices intended to improve the appearance of wetland habitats actually destroy valuable breeding sites, and food and cover for numerous birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians. With careful planning, design, implementation, and public education, wetland habitats can be fully integrated into planned landscapes without destroying valuable benefits provided by wetland ecosystems.     

契合自然的现代山地住宅形态设计

从山地住宅设计的特性出发,从剖面设计与地形、空间布局与景观、整体造型与地貌等三个关联组入手,以案例分析为主要方法,初步归纳了"贴地"、"入地"、"离地"等剖面设计形态,单面景观主导和多面景观兼顾下的空间布局形态,住宅造型与山地环境构成的融合、对比、重构的形态。该文主要探讨在适应现代生活的前提下山地住宅如何在形态上契合自然,从而提升其舒适性、环保性和生态性、文化审美品质。     

Regional planning as a strategy

In landscape planning the emphasis up till now has been predominantly on the preservation of historic values. A shift in attention to the moulding of new landscapes requires focusing on the analysis of elements and forces that underlie the formation of the existing landscapes and also an understanding of their potential for future development. This new course must be taken for the sake of future rural landscapes. In view of the uncertain developments in future land use the new landscapes need to be planned in a flexible way, allowing for dynamic development without damage to stable systems.This sort of planning is most viable when prepared and implemented at a regional level.     

生态文明视野下自然保护地规划的研究 与思考

建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系，是贯彻习近平生态文明思想的重大举措。自然保护地①作为生态文明建设的核心载体和重要区域，其规划也应积极践行“人与自然和谐共生、绿水金山就是金山银山、统筹山水林田湖草系统治理”[1]等生态文明思想和理念，以目标和问题为导向，针对中国自然保护地的特征和困难，将生态优先、科学利用、统筹社区发展等方面作为规划研究的重点，使规划既成为各自然保护地工作的基础和管理的依据，也成为生态文明建设的重要技术手段。     

保护自然景观 建立和谐生态潞城

介绍了自然景观的范畴,论述了自然景观在城市中的重要性,对自然景观遭到破坏的原因进行了分析,并对潞城城市采取的一系列自然景观保护措施进行了阐述,指出确立生态文明新理念,实现人与自然和谐发展是保护自然景观的关键。     

国土空间规划体系下的绿地系统规划 创新趋势

党的十九大报告强调,建设生态文明是中华民族永续发展的"千年大计",同时将包括"绿色发展"在内的"五大发展理念"提升到了国家治理的战略高度。继而,《中共中央国务院关于建立国土空间规划体系并监督实施的若干意见》也延续了"山水林田湖草生命共同体"理念,明确要求"保护生态屏障,构建生态廊道和生态网络"。在此背景下,与以上工作内容密切相关的绿地系统规划,必须及时在国土空间规划体系下进行重新审视,自身地位和作用是否发生了变化?并以此为出发点,思考绿地系统规划在编制过程中,如何支撑国土空间规划以优化国土空间开发保护格局,如何通过绿地布局以实现游憩、生态等产品有效供给,如何协同其他专项规划以形成国土空间开发保护一张图。从解读2019年颁布的《城市绿地规划标准》(GB/T51346-2019)的角度,就管控思维、体系地位和编制创新3个方面对全新规划体系下的绿地系统规划进行剖析。     

Wildlife conservation in the cultural landscapes of the central Andes

The inhabited areas of the central Andean highlands are cultural landscapes, long dominated by land uses associated with subsistence agriculture. The wildlife remaining in these landscapes includes rare and endangered species, useful species, and those that can cause economic losses to local residents. Despite a general lack of relevant scientific investigations, it is important that wildlife concerns be included in rural development and nature reserve projects. This is best done by a three-prong approach that (1) improves the coverage, protection, and management of national parks and nature reserves; (2) integrates the control and management of wildlife into development projects focused on Andean communities; and (3) promotes species-specific programs that target endangered, useful or nuisance species of special concern.