提高农业灌溉用水效率研究

灌溉农业是整个农业的一个重要组成部分,从工程、农艺以及管理等角度探讨改进灌溉农业的水利用效率对节水的影响。几乎1/3的降雨量、地表水或地下水被用来生产对人类有用的植物。如果没有适当的管理,灌溉农业可能对环境有害,并危及可持续性。灌溉农业正面临着对低成本、高质量水的日益激烈的竞争。了解能够实现更高灌溉农业用水效率的机制,探讨水环境利用效率的提高对提高作物产量的影响,特别是在半干旱和干旱环境下提高水利用效率意义重大。     

试论灌溉工程的环境效应及其可持续发展对策

灌溉为社会经济，尤其是为农业的发展创造了有利的条件，正是由于灌溉工程带来的巨大正面效益，人们往往忽视了其负面影响。本文从生态、土壤、水质、水文地质等方面初步分析了灌溉工程对环境的影响，试图引起人们重视研究灌溉的环境问题，并采取相应的对策以减轻其不利影响，达到灌溉的可持续发展。     

水利工程建设对环境的影响及对策

<正>水利工程是以防洪、发电、灌溉、供水为目的的综合性工程,给社会带来了巨大的经济效益和环境效益,同时也在一定程度上破坏了人类赖以生存的自然环境和社会环境,现探讨于下。1.水利工程建设对环境的影响1.1对自然环境的影响对空气质量的影响:工程建设过程中排放的废弃物和使用的部分原材料,如果处理不当会造成空气质量下降。     

灌溉、排水及河川调节对水文环境的影响

人类活动对水文情势的影响,就其性质可分为三种:1、瞬变(或突然变化),如筑堤建闸,跨流域调水及排水系统等。这类活动时间短、范围小,但对水文情势与环境状况的改变是持久的,即一旦发生变化,就一直存在下去。2、渐变,如灌溉、都市化与工业化、采煤开矿及长期施工的工程等。这类活动对水文要素的影响是逐渐增加的。3、随机影响,即其影响效应是随机的,如土地利用、林业活动等。下面可就灌溉、排水、河川调节及土地利用等方面分别进行讨论——     

卷首

新中国成立以来,我国进行了大规模的水利建设,初步形成了防洪、排涝、灌溉、供水、发电等水利工程兴利减灾体系,为保障国家经济社会的持续快速发展和生态与环境的改善等发挥了重要作用.但随着社会文明的进步和人们对自然、对世界认识水平的提高,也认识到水利工程在为人类社会发展带来福祉的同时,往往还对生态系统产生各种影响.而与此同时,我国水旱灾害、水资源短缺、水环境污染、水土流失等水的问题依然突出,水利建设和发展的任务十分艰巨.     

再生水农业利用现状及其研究进展

水资源严重短缺已经成为制约我国经济社会可持续发展的瓶颈,而且受生态环境用水不断加强的影响,农业用水变的愈加紧张,再生水的农业利用是缓解这种紧张局势的重要举措之一.现详细总结了国内外再生水的农业利用现状,从再生水灌溉水质标准、再生水灌溉对作物生长、土壤及作物生长环境的影响、再生水灌溉技术及灌溉制度等几个方面论述了其研究进展;最后对再生水灌溉存在的问题及今后的重要研究方向进行了分析.     

石津灌区环境影响回顾评价

本文回顾了石津灌区大面积开发以来对该地区农业生产发展的积极影响;分析了灌溉对农作物种植结构、土壤、地下水等农业生产环境因子的影响;同时分析了环境对灌区产生的一些不利影响。     

论淮河流域的科学治理

治水是人类为改变水环境而进行的各种工程和非工程措施等活动,其本身是人类科学实践的一个组成部分。自古以来,治水与科学技术相互映照,共同发展。随着近代科学的兴起,水文学、地质学、气候学、力学等的形成和发展,为水利建设提供了雄实的科学基础,以防洪发电、灌溉除涝、交通航运为目标,包括勘探、设计、施工等内容的现代水利科学逐步成为一门综合性学科。在当代,由于人口、资源、环境问题日趋尖锐,治水不再是单纯的水利工程建设问题,除了防洪保安、灌溉利农,还必须考虑水质防护、跨流域调水所带来的生态问题,巨型水库对地质     

鄱阳湖低水位对环湖区农业灌溉的影响分析

近年来,鄱阳湖水系受入湖径流量减少、三峡水库蓄水以及人类活动等多种因素影响,出现了枯水时间提前、水位偏低、持续时间延长等现象,对湖区农业灌溉产生了较大影响。为分析鄱阳湖水位降低对农业灌溉的影响,分别根据历史水文资料和农业灌溉资料,分析了三峡水库蓄水前后鄱阳湖代表站的水位变化情况和农业用水情况,尤其是9~10月份灌溉用水高峰期的水位变化情况和用水情况。分析结果表明,环湖区取水口2003~2012年9~10月水位与1953~2002年同期水位相比,降低明显,导致工程运行费增大、取水量减少甚至无水可取,给湖区农业造成严重影响。为切实解决鄱阳湖低枯水位引起的问题,应加快推进鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程建设,采取“调枯不调洪”的运行方式,保持枯水期水位相对稳定。     

面向新世纪的水电

一条健康的河流，应该是清澈的，应该是鱼水相融的，应该是人水和谐的。河流生态系统提供的功能维持着人类赖以生存的条件，同时还为人类社会提供了多种福利。这些功能一部分是实物型的，比如河流具有供水、灌溉、发电、航运和旅游等多种功能，但河流的价值不仅仅是人类能够利用的资源价值．河流还有其非实物型的服务功能，包括生物群落多样性、环境、气候、水质、人文等，这些功能往往是间接的．却又对人类社会产生深远、重要的影响。     

劣质水安全利用研究综述

分析了劣质水资源化利用在缓解用水压力、优化水资源配置、产生特有灌溉效益等方面的重要意义,简要概括了劣质水灌溉的研究与实践进展,重点阐述了对土壤、作物、地下水的影响。今后应着重开展农田污染物迁移与劣质水处理、劣质水灌溉技术与标准以及劣质水灌溉的环境影响与生态风险等研究。     

现代灌溉水管理发展理念及改善策略研究综述

对现代灌溉水管理发展理念和改善策略的研究进展与趋势进行综述,探讨了有关的研究重点与内容.现有成果表明,研究探索诸如考虑农田排水或灌溉回归水再利用的灌溉效率、灌溉经济社会净收益极大化的经济效率以及灌溉用水尺度的水分生产率等灌溉水管理发展理念及其改善策略,对加强灌溉水管理、提高农业用水效率、确保食物安全、减少环境负效应、增加农业产出效益具有十分重要的意义和作用.鉴于灌溉效率、经济效率、水分生产率等指标具有明显的尺度效应,应在研究建立相应于各评价指标的尺度化特定表达式基础上,探索不同尺度特定表达式间可能存在的定量转换关系,实现相同评价指标下的尺度数量转换,为评价灌溉用水尺度效用、采用适宜于不同用水尺度的灌溉水管理策略提供科学的分析手段与定量方法.     

南方地区水稻节水灌溉的综合效应研究进展

水稻节水灌溉技术的应用对于提高水肥利用效率、减少面源污染和温室气体排放、维持生物多样性和保障粮食安全具有重要意义。近年来,水稻节水灌溉的生态环境效应日益凸显,并逐渐受到重视。阐述了南方地区水稻节水灌溉模式的应用现状,分析了主要节水灌溉模式的特点及其节水、经济、环境、生态效应,指出在田间节水灌溉的综合效应、节水灌溉对温室气体排放的综合影响机理、对杂草和动物多样性调控机制的研究和节水灌溉模式的多准则评价方面的不足,从开展节水灌溉与节水、增产、环境、生态之间的互馈机制、节水灌溉条件下温室气体排放的协同和微生物驱动机制、水管理措施下稻田杂草群落之间的竞争和群落调控机制的研究以及利用考虑多重效应的综合评价指标体系进行灌溉模式优选等方面提出下一步的研究方向。     

The Financing of Hydropower,Irrigation and Water Supply Infrastructure in Developing Countries

A companion paper in the previous issue of this journal (Briscoe, 1999) describes the changing face of infrastructure financing in developing countries. This paper deals with the financing of major infrastructure in the water-related sectors-hydropower, water supply and sanitation, irrigation, and overall water resources management (including the environment). The overall level of investment in water-related infrastructure in developing countries is estimated to be of the order of $65 billion annually, with the respective shares about $15 billion for hydro, $25 billion for water and sanitation and $25 billion for irrigation and drainage. About 90% of this investment comes from domestic sources, primarily from the public sector. Water-related infrastructure accounts for a large chunk-about 15%-of all government spending. This heavy dependence on the public sector means that the global 'winds of change' in the respective roles of government and the private sector have major implications for the financing and structure of the water economy. The paper describes how each of the 'sub-sectors' is adapting to these winds of change. First, in recent years competition and private sector provision have emerged as the characteristicsof the new electricity industry. This change poses a fundamental challenge to hydro which, to a much greater degree than thermal, has risks (hydrological, geological, social and environmental) which are better assumed by the public than the private sector. The future of private hydro, and thus of hydro itself, depends heavily on the ability of the public sector to both share risks with the private sector, and to provide predictable social and environmental rules of the game. Second, the urban water supply sector is in the early stages of equally profound change. In recent years there has been a dramatic shift towards the private sector, in developed and developing countries alike. An outline of the future shape of a competitive urban water sector is emerging: it is one in which a growing number of private companies will compete with revitalized (and often corporatized) public utilities. Capital will, increasingly, come from the private capital markets, with the critical government role being that of light, transparent benchmarking and regulation. Third, the adaptation to the winds of change is least advanced in the public irrigation sector, which has long been characterized by public financing and 'rent seeking' by bureaucracies, politicians and private beneficiaries. It is only in recent years, and only in a few countries, that the irrigation sector has modernized. In these cases irrigation has become like any other utility, in which accountable, autonomous agencies provide users with the services the users want. In many instances, farmers have become responsible for the costs of operating and maintaining their systems; in some instances they are responsible for meeting the full costs of replacement, rehabilitation and new investments. Where these changes have taken place, there have not only been sharp swings in the relative proportion of private and public spending, but there have been dramatic improvements in the efficiency of investment and operation and, in most cases, major positive environmental impacts.     

开封市污水灌溉费用效益分析

利用开封市用水资料,计算了开封市区农业灌溉、市政用水、工业用水可利用的回用水量。由于污水的农业回用涉及到许多环境问题,因此根据开封市具体实例分析了污水的农业回用对灌区土壤中As、Pb含量、小麦品质、地下水水质和居民健康的影响。同时,运用费用效益基本理论,选择了市场价值法、影子工程法和人力资本法对灌溉带来的直接效益和间接效益进行了计算,并折算为单方水的效益。最后对比单方水灌溉费用,得到污水灌溉的单方水净效益,以此分析了开封市污水农业回用的费用效益。     

灌区水生态环境风险评估研究进展

系统梳理了灌区水生态环境污染物来源及类型、污染物迁移转化过程和风险评价方法,从地表水生态环境风险评估、地下水生态环境风险评估、土壤生态环境风险评估和人体健康风险评估4个方面,系统总结了灌区水生态环境风险评估的研究进展,提出今后应加强灌区水生态环境污染治理及相关管理制度研究、加大灌区水生态环境风险评估机理研究、加强灌区水生态环境和农产品质量安全风险预警技术研究以及加强生态灌区建设与评估。     

Irrigation, Productivity and Poverty Linkages in Irrigation Systems in Java, Indonesia

This paper analyzes irrigation-poverty linkages, and determines how and to what extent irrigation contributes to poverty alleviation, and whether there are any spatial patterns in poverty in irrigation systems. It also identifies conditions under which irrigation has greater anti-poverty impacts. The analysis is based on primary data collected during the 2000--2001 agricultural year, from four selected irrigation systems and rainfed areas in Java. The results indicate that irrigation has significant poverty reducing impacts. Poverty varies across irrigation systems and across locations within the systems. In general, crop productivity is relatively higher and poverty is lower in middle parts of the systems compared to head and tail parts. Further, locational differences in poverty are more pronounced in larger systems where locational inequities in water distribution and productivity differences are also high. Crop productivity, the size of landholdings and location of households are important determinants of poverty, in addition to demographic factors such as family size. The smaller the systems with well managed infrastructure, relatively equitable water distribution and diversified cropping patterns supported with market infrastructure, the greater the poverty reducing impacts of irrigation. Overall, the study findings suggest that improving the performance of irrigation systems by enhancing land and water productivity, diversifying cropping patterns and improving water distribution across locations would help reduce poverty in presently low productivity-high poverty parts of the systems.     

A Novel Multi-Scalar Drought Index for Monitoring Drought: the Standardized Precipitation Temperature Index

Nowadays human beings are facing many environmental challenges because of frequently occurring drought hazards. Several adverse impacts of drought hazard are continued in many parts of the world. Drought has a substantial influence on water resources and irrigation. It may effect on the country’s environment, communities, and industries. Therefore, it is important to improve drought monitoring system. In this paper, we proposed a novel method – Standardized Precipitation Temperature Index (SPTI) for drought monitoring that utilize the regional tempreature. We compared the performance of our proposed drought index – SPTI with commonly used drought indices (i.e., Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)) for 17 meteorological stations of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province (Pakistan) that have both extreme (arid and humid) climatic environment. We found that SPTI is strongly correlated with SPI and performed better than SPEI in low temperature regions for drought monitoring. In summary, SPTI is recommended for detecting and monitoring the drought conditions over different time scales.     

澜沧江-湄公河流域跨境水量-水能-生态互馈关系模拟

澜沧江-湄公河是亚洲的重要国际河流,其水量-水能-生态之间的相互作用关系是流域各国进行利益博弈的重要基础。本文选取上游澜沧江距离出境断面最近(对下游影响最大)的3座水电站年发电量代表水能要素,定义了生态改变系数代表河流生态水文要素,另外用灌溉引水集中的流域下游5国农业用水代表水量要素,通过GAMS建模优化发电调度和生态流量、通过WEAP模型模拟下游5国农业供水量,进而进行水量-水能-生态互馈关系的分析。结果表明,水能与生态之间存在显著的竞争关系,与下游国家总体的农业供水量呈协同关系。在不同的取水情景下,各国的水量-水能-生态互馈关系呈现一定差异,主要表现在农业供水量受水库发电量的影响程度不同,且中国水库适当提高发电量有利于下游国家的农业灌溉,但对生态流量有不利影响,需对流域调控作进一步研究。     

浅析输电线路的环境保护

输电线路的环境影响一般包括电磁干扰、噪声以及对水土保持和生态环境的影响等。文章着重从对输电线路的环境影响因素进行分析,进而提出相应的环境保护措施。