攀枝花不同海拔高度烤烟农田红壤中氨氧化细菌与氨氧化古菌的群落结构分析

为探究攀枝花干热河谷区农田土壤氨氧化古菌（Ammonia oxidizing archaea,AOA）与氨氧化细菌（Ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB）群落对海拔高度的响应特征,深入认识该区域的氮素循环过程。以攀枝花米易县不同海拔（1600 m、1800 m和2000 m）农田红壤为研究对象,运用化学分析和末端限制性片段长度多态性（Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP）分别测定土壤理化性质、AOA和AOB群落组成及多样性,研究不同海拔农田土壤中AOA和AOB群落变异及其驱动因子。研究结果显示,不同海拔农田土壤pH均小于7,土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、速效钾（AK）和铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量随海拔升高而降低,碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量随海拔升高先增加后降低;随海拔升高,AOA群落多样性指数增加,而AOB群落多样性指数先增加后降低;AOA以亚硝基球菌属（Nitrososphaera）为优势菌群,AOB以亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）为优势菌群;土壤有机碳（SOC）、速效钾（AK）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）是影响该区域农田土壤AOA和AOB群落发育的主要因子。总体而言,攀枝花干热河谷区不同海拔农田土壤AOA和AOB群落结构变化明显,土壤硝态氮、速效钾和有机碳是影响AOA和AOB群落结构变异的主要因子;研究结果可为揭示干热河谷区农田红壤氮循环相关微生物的海拔分布格局提供理论依据。     

基于模型的农田土壤固碳潜力估算

农田生态系统在陆地碳循环中具有重要地位. 增加农田土壤有机碳的固定不仅有助于减缓大气CO₂浓度增加速率, 而且对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义. 基于农田土壤碳饱和理论, 分析了全球95个覆盖温带、热带、亚热带等不同气候区农田长期定位试验数据, 并构建了由气温、降水、土壤黏粒含量和pH驱动的农田土壤固碳潜力模型(R₂=0.58, n=76). 中国的长期定位试验较好地验证了这一模型(R₂=0.74, n=19). 模型敏感性分析表明, 低温湿润地区、高黏粒含量和低pH的土壤具有相对较高的固碳潜力; 高温低湿地区、低黏粒含量和高pH的土壤则较低. 利用所建模型和气候、土壤等基础数据, 对中国河南省农田土壤固碳潜力进行了估算. 结果表明, 该省农田表土(0~20 cm)碳饱和密度平均约为32 t/ha, 南部地区相对较高. 按该省第2次土壤普查的有机碳密度估算, 未来可望增加土壤固碳约为100 Tg.     

蚂蚁筑巢对西双版纳热带森林土壤有机氮矿化的影响

蚂蚁作为生态系统工程师能够调节土壤微生物及理化环境,进而对热带森林土壤有机氮矿化速率及其时间动态产生显著影响。以西双版纳白背桐热带森林群落为研究对象,采用室内需氧培养法测定土壤有机氮矿化速率,比较蚁巢和非蚁巢土壤有机氮矿化速率的时间动态,揭示蚂蚁筑巢活动引起土壤无机氮库、微生物生物量碳及化学性质改变对有机氮矿化速率时间动态的影响。结果表明：（1）蚂蚁筑巢显著影响土壤有机氮矿化速率（P<0.01）,相较于非蚁巢,蚁巢土壤有机氮矿化速率提高了261%;（2）土壤有机氮矿化速率随月份推移呈明显的单峰型变化趋势,即6月最大（蚁巢1.22 mg kg^-1 d^-1、非蚁巢0.41 mg kg^-1 d^-1）,12月最小（蚁巢0.82 mg kg^-1 d^-1、非蚁巢0.18 mg kg^-1 d^-1）;（3）两因素方差分析表明,不同月份及不同处理对土壤有机氮矿化速率、NH₄-N及NO₃-N产生显著影响（P<0.05）,但对NO₃-N的交互作用不显著;（4）蚂蚁筑巢显著提高了无机氮库（NH₄-N与NO₃-N）、微生物生物量碳、有机质、水解氮、全氮及易氧化有机碳等土壤养分含量,而降低了土壤pH值;（5）回归分析表明,铵态氮和硝态氮对土壤有机氮矿化速率产生显著影响,分别解释87.89%、61.84%的有机氮矿化速率变化;（6）主成份分析表明NH₄-N、微生物生物量碳及有机质是影响有机氮矿化速率时间动态的主要因素,而全氮、NO₃-N、易氧化有机碳、水解氮及pH对土壤有机氮矿化速率的影响次之,且pH与土壤有机氮矿化速率呈显著负相关。总之,蚂蚁筑巢活动主要通过影响土壤NH₄-N、微生物生物量碳及有机质的状况,进而调控西双版纳热带森林土壤有机氮矿化速率的时间动态。研究结果将有助于进一步提高对土壤氮矿化生物调控机制的认识。     

氮素添加对贝加尔针茅草原土壤团聚体微生物群落的影响

大气氮沉降增加作为全球气候变化的重要因素,其对土壤生态系统影响的研究受到了生态学家的广泛关注。土壤微生物是有机物分解和养分循环的主要参与者,在维持土壤的功能多样性和可持续发展方面发挥着重要的作用。氮沉降的激增会引起土壤微生物群落结构和功能的改变。土壤中营养物质在不同团聚体组分中分布的不均匀,为微生物提供了空间异质微生境。为揭示草原土壤不同粒径团聚体中微生物群落分布及其对氮素添加响应特征。自2010年起,在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原典型地段设置N₀（0 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₅（15 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₃₀（30 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₅₀（50 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₀₀（100 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₅₀（150 kg hm^-2 a^-1）6个氮素添加处理模拟氮沉降野外控制试验。采用磷脂脂肪酸（phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA）法测定>2 mm、0.25-2 mm和<0.25 mm 3个粒径土壤团聚体中微生物PLFA含量,探讨氮素添加对土壤团聚体微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明：氮素添加提高了土壤碳、氮含量,降低了土壤pH。氮素添加显著提高了0.25-2 mm土壤团聚体微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸总量、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和真菌/细菌（Fungi/bacteria,F/B）、革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌（Gram-positive bacteria/gram-negative bacteria,G⁺/G^-）的比值（P<0.05）,降低了土壤团聚体微生物Margalef丰富度指数（P<0.05）。相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体微生物总PLFAs、真菌PLFAs含量、G⁺/G^-、F/B与土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈显著正相关关系,与C/N值负相关。综合研究表明,连续8年氮素添加显著提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量、降低了土壤pH;提高了0.25-2 mm土壤团聚体真菌群落,土壤有机碳、全氮的固持与真菌群落的增加有关。     

引黄灌区土壤有机碳密度剖面特征及固碳速率

为揭示灌溉耕作对土壤有机碳密度剖面(0—100 cm)分布产生的影响,通过在宁夏引黄灌区进行实地调查与采样,以无灌溉耕作的自然土壤作为对照,研究不同灌溉耕作时间序列下灌区土壤有机碳密度的剖面分布特征,并估算其平均固碳速率。结果表明:灌区土壤有机碳含量具有随土层深度增加而下降的剖面分布特征,灌溉耕作对增加表层土壤有机碳含量作用最明显;灌区土壤剖面碳密度与灌溉耕作时间和土壤类型均显著相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.63和0.74,且因灌溉耕作时间和土壤类型的不同,土壤有机碳密度差异性显著(P0.05);灌溉耕作影响的土层深度及剖面土壤有机碳密度的增加量因灌溉耕作时间长短的不同而异;引黄灌区5类土壤的平均固碳速率为0.53 MgC·hm-2·a-1。引黄灌溉耕作在增加农田土壤固碳中发挥着重要作用。     

农田生态系统土壤有机碳库及其影响因子

土壤有机碳(SOC)的数量和质量在很大程度上与维持和提高土壤肥力密切相关。农田生态系统土壤碳库研究一直是农业、生态和环境领域的一个主要方向。土地利用、耕作、作物类型、种植密度、灌溉、施肥以及其他人为活动等,对农田生态系统土壤有机碳库的变化均能产生影响。本文综合评述了农田生态系统土壤有机碳库及其影响因子,土壤碳截获潜力,维持和提高土壤有机碳库的措施,以及农田土壤碳截获在温室气体减排及气候变化中的潜在作用等,最后提出了农田生态系统土壤有机碳库研究的主要方向。     

松嫩平原农田土壤有机碳变化及固碳潜力估算

基于1979—1985年全国第二次土壤普查和2015年实地采样数据,利用土壤类型法计算了近35年来松嫩平原及其各县农田表层土壤有机碳密度和土壤碳库储量;并分析了松嫩平原农田土壤有机碳密度的空间分布及变化特征;利用饱和值法对松嫩平原及其各县市农田土壤有机碳量的变化趋势进行拟合,估算其农田土壤的固碳潜力。结果表明:(1)2015年松嫩平原农田表层土壤有机碳密度平均值为1.61 kg/m~2,近35年来约有81.59%的农田土壤有机碳密度呈下降趋势,集中分布在松嫩平原北部、东部和东南部地区,以富裕县东部、依安县中部、肇东县西部、扶余县西部等地区土壤有机碳密度下降幅度最大;(2)2015年松嫩平原农田表层土壤有机碳库总储量为233.63 Tg,比全国第二次土壤普查减少了32.62 Tg;(3)2015年松嫩平原农田表层土壤总固碳潜力为-32.7 TgC,呈现出"碳源"趋势,农田土壤单位面积固碳潜力平均值为-1.793×10~(-3)Tg/km~2。     

我国东北土壤有机碳、无机碳含量与土壤理化性质的相关性

根据黑龙江、吉林、辽宁省和内蒙古地区相关历史资料数据,分析了我国东北表层土壤(0-50 cm)土壤相关理化性质与有机碳、无机碳的相关性,得到如下结论:土壤全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、K⁺离子交换量、Fe₂O₃、P₂O₅、总孔隙度均与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关(R²=0.10-0.94, n=38-345, P<0.0001),但与土壤无机碳含量则大多呈显著负相关(R²=0.11-0.30, n=37-122, P<0.01);与此相反,土壤pH值、容重与土壤有机碳呈负相关(R²=0.36-0.42,n=41-304, P<0.0001),而与无机碳呈显著正相关(R²=0.29-0.31,n=39-125, P <0.01)。表层土壤有机碳、无机碳与土壤理化性质呈相反变化趋势的结果说明,由于土壤利用方式变化所导致的土壤理化性质改变对土壤无机碳和有机碳可能具有相反影响。在研究土壤碳平衡过程中,应该充分考虑这种关系所导致的相互补偿作用,即有机碳的增加,可能意味着无机碳的减少,或者反之。目前研究中普遍忽略无机碳的变化,可能导致生态系统碳收支计算显著偏差,所获得的经验拟合方程有利于对我国东北地区土壤碳平衡研究产生的这种偏差进行粗略估计。     

青藏高原高寒草甸土壤CO2排放对模拟氮沉降的早期响应

研究大气氮沉降输入对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤-大气界面CO₂交换通量的影响,对于准确评价全球变化背景下区域碳平衡至关重要。通过构建多形态、低剂量的增氮控制试验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤CO₂排放通量,同时测定相关土壤变量和地上生物量,分析高寒草甸土壤CO₂排放特征及其主要驱动因子。研究结果表明:低、高剂量氮输入倾向于消耗土壤水分,而中剂量氮输入有利于土壤水分的保持;施氮初期总体上增加了土壤无机氮含量,铵态氮累积效应更为显著;施氮显著增加地上生物量和土壤CO₂排放通量,铵态氮的促进效应显著高于硝态氮。另外,土壤CO₂排放通量主要受土壤温度驱动,其次为地上生物量和铵态氮储量。上述结果反映了氮沉降输入短期内可能刺激了植物生长和土壤微生物活性,加剧了土壤-大气界面CO₂排放。     

华北平原冬小麦田土壤胞外/内酶活性对长期CO2浓度升高的响应

针对农田胞外和胞内酶活性响应CO₂浓度升高认识不足的现状,依托华北平原冬小麦种植区北京昌平试验站长期开放式CO₂富集平台,设置常规和升高两组CO₂浓度处理,研究冬小麦田土壤胞外和胞内酶活性的变化及影响因素。结果表明:CO₂浓度升高促进胞外碳获取酶活性,不影响胞外氮获取酶活性以及全部胞内酶活性。通过量化碳、氮获取酶的胞外胞内比发现,CO₂浓度升高在冬小麦成熟期增强了碳获取酶胞外胞内比,但降低了氮获取酶胞外胞内比。胞外碳、氮获取酶活性都与土壤pH值呈负相关;而胞内碳获取酶活性与土壤含水量正相关,胞内氮获取酶活性与微生物生物量负相关。CO₂浓度升高导致上述大部分酶活性变化驱动因素的作用消失,仅存在土壤全氮与胞内碳获取酶活性负相关。研究结果强调了对胞内酶开展研究的重要性,为理解土壤过程对全球变化因素的响应提供了新见解。     

耕作方式对紫色水稻土有机碳和微生物生物量碳的影响

以位于西南大学的农业部紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站始于1990年的长期定位试验田为对象,研究了冬水田平作(DP)、水旱轮作(SH)、垄作免耕(LM)及垄作翻耕(LF)等4种耕作方式对紫色水稻土有机碳(SOC)和微生物生物量碳(SMBC)的影响。结果表明,4种耕作方式下SOC和SMBC均呈现出在土壤剖面垂直递减趋势,翻耕栽培下其降低较均匀,而免耕栽培下其富集在表层土壤中。同一土层不同耕作方式间SOC和SMBC的差异在表层最大,随着土壤深度的增加,各处理之间的差异逐渐减小。在0—60 cm剖面中,SOC含量依次为:LM(17.6 g/kg)>DP(13.9 g/kg)>LF(12.5 g/kg)>SH(11.3 g/kg),SOC储量也依次为:LM(158.52 Mg C/hm2)>DP(106.74 Mg C/hm2)>LF(93.11 Mg C/hm2)>SH(88.59 Mg C/hm2),而SMBC含量则依次为:LM(259 mg/kg)>SH(213 mg/kg)>LF(160 mg/kg)>DP(144 mg/kg)。与其它3种耕作方式比较,LM处理显著提高SOC含量和储量以及SMBC含量。对土壤微生物商(SMBC/SOC)进行分析发现,耕作方式对SOC和SMBC的影响程度并不一致。SMBC与SOC、全氮、全磷、全硫、碱解氮、有效磷均呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01),与有效硫呈显著正相关(P<0.05);表明SMBC可以作为表征紫色水稻土土壤肥力的敏感因子。     

土地利用变化对土壤有机碳的影响研究进展

土壤有机碳是陆地碳库的重要组成部分,也是当前全球碳循环和全球变化研究的热点。土地利用/覆被变化及土地管理变化通过影响土壤有机碳的储量和分布,进而影响温室气体排放和陆地生态系统的碳通量。研究土地利用变化影响下的土壤有机碳储量及其动态变化规律,有助于加深理解全球气候变化与土地利用变化之间的关系。在阅读国内外有关文献的基础上,分别从土地利用及其管理方式变化的角度,概括了土地利用变化对土壤有机碳的影响过程与机理;针对当前研究的两大类方法,即实验方法和模型方法,分类详细介绍了它们各自的特点以及存在的一些问题。在此基础上,提出今后土地利用变化对土壤有机碳影响研究的发展趋势。     

Modelling the impact of agricultural management on soil carbon stocks at the regional scale: the role of lateral fluxes

Agricultural management has received increased attention over the last decades due to its central role in carbon (C) sequestration and greenhouse gas mitigation. Yet, regardless of the large body of literature on the effects of soil erosion by tillage and water on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in agricultural landscapes, the significance of soil redistribution for the overall C budget and the C sequestration potential of land management options remains poorly quantified. In this study, we explore the role of lateral SOC fluxes in regional scale modelling of SOC stocks under three different agricultural management practices in central Belgium: conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and reduced tillage with additional carbon input (RT+i). We assessed each management scenario twice: using a conventional approach that did not account for lateral fluxes and an alternative approach that included soil erosion‐induced lateral SOC fluxes. The results show that accounting for lateral fluxes increased C sequestration rates by 2.7, 2.5 and 1.5 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for CT, RT and RT+i, respectively, relative to the conventional approach. Soil redistribution also led to a reduction of SOC concentration in the plough layer and increased the spatial variability of SOC stocks, suggesting that C sequestration studies relying on changes in the plough layer may underestimate the soil's C sequestration potential due to the effects of soil erosion. Additionally, lateral C export from cropland was in the same of order of magnitude as C sequestration; hence, the fate of C exported from cropland into other land uses is crucial to determine the ultimate impact of management and erosion on the landscape C balance. Consequently, soil management strategies targeting C sequestration will be most effective when accompanied by measures that reduce soil erosion given that erosion loss can balance potential C uptake, particularly in sloping areas.     

Responses of soil carbon sequestration to climate‐smart agriculture practices: A meta‐analysis

Climate‐smart agriculture (CSA) management practices (e.g., conservation tillage, cover crops, and biochar applications) have been widely adopted to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring crop productivity. However, current measurements regarding the influences of CSA management practices on SOC sequestration diverge widely, making it difficult to derive conclusions about individual and combined CSA management effects and bringing large uncertainties in quantifying the potential of the agricultural sector to mitigate climate change. We conducted a meta‐analysis of 3,049 paired measurements from 417 peer‐reviewed articles to examine the effects of three common CSA management practices on SOC sequestration as well as the environmental controlling factors. We found that, on average, biochar applications represented the most effective approach for increasing SOC content (39%), followed by cover crops (6%) and conservation tillage (5%). Further analysis suggested that the effects of CSA management practices were more pronounced in areas with relatively warmer climates or lower nitrogen fertilizer inputs. Our meta‐analysis demonstrated that, through adopting CSA practices, cropland could be an improved carbon sink. We also highlight the importance of considering local environmental factors (e.g., climate and soil conditions and their combination with other management practices) in identifying appropriate CSA practices for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring crop productivity.     

Carbon Sequestration in Reclaimed Minesoils

Minesoils are drastically influenced by anthropogenic activities. They are characterized by low soil organic matter (SOM) content, low fertility, and poor physicochemical and biological properties, limiting their quality, capability, and functions. Reclamation of these soils has potential for resequestering some of the C lost and mitigating CO₂ emissions. Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration rates in minesoils are high in the first 20 to 30 years after reclamation in the top 15 cm soil depth. In general, higher rates of SOC sequestration are observed for minesoils under pasture and grassland management than under forest land use. Observed rates of SOC sequestration are 0.3 to 1.85 Mg C ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} for pastures and rangelands, and 0.2 to 1.64 Mg C ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} for forest land use. Proper reclamation and postreclamation management may enhance SOC sequestration and add to the economic value of the mined sites. Management practices that may enhance SOC sequestration include increasing vegetative cover by deep-rooted perennial vegetation and afforestation, improving soil fertility, and alleviation of physical, chemical and biological limitations by fertilizers and soil amendments such as biosolids, manure, coal combustion by-products, and mulches. Soil and water conservation are important to SOC sequestration. The potential of SOC sequestration in minesoils of the US is estimated to be 1.28 Tg C yr^?1, compared to the emissions from coal combustion of 506 Tg C yr^{? 1}.     

Nitrogen Management Affects Carbon Sequestration in North American Cropland Soils

Agricultural soils in North America can be a sink for rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations through the formation of soil organic matter (SOM) or humus. Humification is limited by the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N). Recommended management practices (RMPs) that optimize N availability foster humus formation. This review examines the management practices that contribute to maximizing N availability for optimizing sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ into soil humus. Farming practices that enhance nutrient use, reduce or eliminate tillage, and increase crop intensity, together, affect N availability and, therefore, C sequestration. N additions, from especially, livestock manure and leguminous cover crops are necessary for increasing grain and biomass yields and returning crop residues to the soil thereby increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration. Conservation tillage practices enhance also the availability of N and increase SOC concentration. Increase in cropping intensity and/or crop rotations produce higher quantity and quality of residues, increase availability of N, and therefore foster increase in C sequestration. The benefit of C sequestration from N additions may be negated by CO₂ and N₂O emissions associated with production and application of N fertilizers. More studies need to be conducted to ascertain the benefits of adding N via manuring versus N fertilizer additions. Furthermore, site specific adaptive research is needed to identify RMPs that optimize soil N use efficiency while improving crop yield and C sequestration thereby curbing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Due to the wide range of climate in North America, there is a large range of C sequestration potential in agricultural soils through N management. Humid croplands may have the potential to sequester 8–298 Tg C yr^?1 while dry croplands may sequester 1–35 Tg C yr^?1. These estimates, however, are highly uncertain and wide-ranging. Clearly, more research is needed to quantify, more precisely, the C sequestration potential across different N management scenarios especially in Mexico and Canada.     

Potential Soil Carbon Sequestration and CO2 Offset by Dedicated Energy Crops in the USA

Energy crops are fast-growing species whose biomass yields are dedicated to the production of more immediately usable energy forms, such as liquid fuels or electricity. Biomass-based energy sources can offset, or displace, some amount of fossil-fuel use. Energy derived from biomass provides 2 to 3% of the energy used in the U.S.A.; but, with the exception of corn-(Zea mays L.)-to-ethanol, very little energy is currently derived from dedicated energy crops. In addition to the fossil-fuel offset, energy cropping might also mitigate an accentuated greenhouse gas effect by causing a net sequestration of atmospheric C into soil organic C (SOC). Energy plantations of short-rotation woody crops (SRWC) or herbaceous crops (HC) can potentially be managed to favor SOC sequestration. This review is focused primarily on the potential to mitigate atmospheric CO₂ emissions by fostering SOC sequestration in energy cropping systems deployed across the landscape in the United States. We know that land use affects the dynamics of the SOC pool, but data about spatial and temporal variability in the SOC pool under SRWC and HC are scanty due to lack of well-designed, long-term studies. The conventional methods of studying SOC fluxes involve paired-plot designs and chronosequences, but isotopic techniques may also be feasible in understanding temporal changes in SOC. The rate of accumulation of SOC depends on land-use history, soil type, vegetation type, harvesting cycle, and other management practices. The SOC pool tends to be enhanced more under deep-rooted grasses, N-fixers, and deciduous species. Carbon sequestration into recalcitrant forms in the SOC pool can be enhanced with some management practices (e.g., conservation tillage, fertilization, irrigation); but those practices can carry a fossil-C cost. Reported rates of SOC sequestration range from 0 to 1.6 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1 under SRWC and 0 to 3 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1 under HC. Production of 5 EJ of electricity from energy crops—a perhaps reasonable scenario for the U.S.A.—would require about 60 Mha. That amount of land is potentially available for conversion to energy plantations in the U.S.A. The land so managed could mitigate C emissions (through fossil C not emitted and SOC sequestered) by about 5.4 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1. On 60 Mha, that would represent 324 Tg C yr^?1—a 20% reduction from current fossil-fuel CO₂ emissions. Advances in productivity of fast-growing SRWC and HC species suggest that deployment of energy cropping systems could be an effective strategy to reduce climate-altering effects of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions and to meet global policy commitments.     

氮沉降增加情景下植物-土壤-微生物交互对自然生态系统土壤有机碳的调控研究进展

大气氮沉降增加倾向于促进受氮限制陆地生态系统地上生物量,但是对地下碳过程和土壤碳截存的影响结果迥异,导致陆地生态系统“氮促碳汇”的评估存在很大的不确定性。大气氮沉降输入直接影响微生物活性或间接影响底物质量,改变凋落物和土壤有机质(SOM)的分解速率和分解程度,进而影响土壤有机碳(SOC)的积累与损耗过程。过去相关研究主要集中在土壤碳转化过程和碳储量动态方面,缺乏植物-微生物-SOM交互作用的理解,对土壤碳截存调控的生物化学和微生物学机理尚不清楚。本文以地下碳循环过程为主线,分别综述了氮沉降增加对植物地下碳分配、SOC激发效应、微生物群落碳代谢过程的影响,深入分析SOM化学稳定性与微生物群落动态的关系。该领域研究的薄弱环节体现在:(1)增氮倾向于降低根系的生长和周转,对根际沉积碳分配(数量和格局)的影响及驱动因素不明确;(2)虽然认识到氮素有效性影响土壤激发效应的方向和强度,但是氧化态NO-3和还原态NH+4输入对有机质激发效应的差异性影响及潜在机理知之甚少;(3)微生物碳利用效率(CUE)是微生物群落碳代谢的关键表征,能够很好地解释土壤碳的积累与损耗过程;由于缺乏适宜的测定方法,难以准确量化土壤微生物的CUE及微生物生物量的周转时间;(4)增氮会抑制土壤真菌群落及其胞外酶活性,对细菌群落组成的影响尚未定论,有关SOM化学质量与土壤微生物群落活性、组成之间的耦合关系尚不清楚。未来研究应基于长期的氮添加控制实验平台,结合碳氧稳定性同位素示踪、有机质化学、分子生物学和宏基因组学等方法,深入分析植物同化碳的地下分配规律、微生物碳代谢和周转、有机质化学结构与功能微生物群落的耦合关系等关键环节。上述研究将有助于揭示植物-土壤-微生物交互作用对SOC动态的调控机制,完善陆地生态系统碳-氮耦合循环模型,有效降低区域陆地碳汇评估的不确定性,并可为陆地生态系统应对全球变化提供科学依据。     

Soil organic carbon budget and fertility variation of black soils in Northeast China

Black soils in Northeast China are characteristic of high soil organic carbon (SOC) density and were strongly influenced by human activities. Therefore, any change in SOC pool of these soils would not only impact the regional and global carbon cycle, but also affect the release and immobilization of nutrients. In this study, we reviewed the research progress on SOC storage, budget, variation, and fertility under different scenarios. The results showed that the organic carbon storage of black soils was 646.2 TgC and the most potential sequestration was 2887.8 g m⁻². According to the SOC budget, the net carbon emission of black soils was 1.3 TgC year⁻¹ under present soil management system. The simulation of CENTURY model showed that future climate change and elevated CO₂ concentration, especially the increase of precipitation, would increase SOC content. Furthermore, fertilization and cropping sequence obviously influenced SOC content, composition, and allocation among different soil particles. Long-term input of organic materials such as manure and straw renewed original SOC, improved soil structure and increased SOC accumulation. Besides, soil erosion preferred to transport soil particles with low density and fine size, decreased recalcitrant SOC fractions at erosion sites and increased activities of soil microorganism at deposition sites. After natural grasslands were converted into croplands, obvious variation of soil chemical nutrients, physical structure, and microbial activities had taken place in surface and subsurface soils, and represented a degrading trend to a certain degree. Our studies suggested that adopting optimal management such as conservation tillage in black soil region is an important approach to sequester atmospheric CO₂ and to slow greenhouse effects.     

基于最小限制水分范围评价不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳的影响

以2009年吉林省德惠市中层黑土上进行了8a的田间定位试验小区土壤为研究对象,对免耕和秋翻两种耕作方式及玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作两种种植方式下耕层有机碳进行分析,分别采用加权平均和分层两种方法计算最小限制水分范围(LLWR),用其评价不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳的影响.结果表明,免耕在玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作下0-5 cm土壤有机碳含量分别比秋翻增加了15.2％和11.5％ (P＜0.05).采用加权平均法计算的LLWR值为0.148-0.166 cm3/cm3,不同耕作方式下玉米-大豆轮作的LLWR高于玉米连作且在两种种植方式下均表现出免耕小于秋翻的特点;利用分层法计算得到的LLWR值介于0.130-0.173 cm3/cm3之间,玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作下免耕0-5 cm LLWR均显著小于秋翻,而5-30 cm LLWR数值免耕大于秋翻(P＞0.05);玉米-大豆轮作下0-30 cm各层LLWR均高于玉米连作.由于LLWR可以评价不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳的影响,因此采用加权平均法计算的LLWR可以客观的反映不同耕作处理尤其是种植方式对土壤有机碳的影响;而采用分层法计算的LLWR则更清晰的刻画了土壤表层与亚表层固碳能力的差异.