基于TOFD周向扫查图像特征的管道缺陷超声检测

利用超声衍射时差法(Time-of-flight diffraction,TOFD)对管道进行周向扫查检测时,直达纵波传播路径与管道表面不平行,需分别对直达纵波上下区域内缺陷进行识别和定位检测。特别地,管道结构导致TOFD近表面盲区增大,缺陷衍射波与直达纵波发生混叠。针对上述问题,理论分析极坐标系下的管道TOFD周向扫查图像中缺陷衍射波特征,借此确定缺陷与直达纵波的相对位置。在此基础上,对盲区外缺陷进行定位检测,并结合自回归谱外推方法计算盲区内缺陷深度。试验结果显示,对于外壁半径100.0 mm,壁厚30.0 mm碳钢管道,在5 MHz中心频率和不同探头中心距(Probe center separation,PCS)的检测条件下,埋深4.0 mm的上表面开口槽与埋深16.0 mm的下表面开口槽均可检出,且定位误差不超过0.36 mm。缺陷衍射波特征与PCS直接相关,对管道进行周向扫查检测时应合理调整参数。     

自适应解卷积方法抑制管道 TOFD 周向扫查盲区

利用超声衍射时差法(TOFD)沿管道外表面实施周向扫查时,受管道曲率和直达纵波脉冲宽度共同影响,在近表面区域形成分层盲区。本文采用自适应解卷积方法,选取与混叠信号主频接近的子带直达纵波信号作为参考信号,进行解卷积与自回归谱外推处理,拓宽有效频带范围,实现时域信号脉冲压缩,并结合周向扫查图像中端点衍射波确定缺陷深度。实验结果表明,对于外壁半径100.0 mm、壁厚30.0 mm,以及外壁半径148.0 mm、壁厚27.0 mm的碳钢管道,在中心频率5 MHz、探头中心距87 mm的检测条件下,自适应解卷积方法能够将管道近表面分层盲区范围减少约60%,且到直达纵波声线距离不小于4.0 mm缺陷的深度定量误差不超过10.6%。同常规频谱分析方法和自回归谱外推方法相比,自适应解卷积方法具有更优的盲区抑制效果,且能够准确定量前者难以检测的缺陷,测量误差不超过5.8%。     

基于波型转换的TOFD近表面盲区抑制研究

针对超声衍射时差法(Time of flight diffraction,TOFD)存在的近表面盲区问题,基于波型转换理论,提出盲区抑制方法。根据TOFD平行扫查时变型波变化规律,明确裂纹深度d与变型波声程最短时缺陷偏心距(35)S之间的理论关系。考虑到(35)S读数误差较大的问题,引入直通波与变型波声程最短位置点间的垂直距离d′,从而实现近表面盲区抑制。选用中心频率10 MHz、折射角度70°以及探头中心间距(Probe center spacing,PCS)17.00 mm的TOFD探头对,通过模拟与试验的方法对厚度35.00 mm碳钢试块中深度1.00~6.00 mm的底面开口槽进行平行扫査和定位检测。结果表明,该方法可将近表面盲区抑制到1.00 mm,深度2.00 mm底面开口槽定位误差最大,误差绝对值为0.24 mm。     

基于全模式全聚焦方法的裂纹超声成像定量检测

利用超声成像方法对关注区域成像,对获取缺陷形状、尺度和取向等特征具有重要意义。考虑了21种不同声束路径的模式波,复合叠加各重建点能量最强信号,提出全模式全聚焦方法(FTFM)。利用一组探头楔块,通过一次信号采集实现未知裂纹的轮廓重建与定量检测。针对厚度40 mm碳钢中长度4 mm,中心深度25 mm,取向角度分别为0°、±20°、±50°和±80°的裂纹,采用64阵元、中心频率5 MHz线阵探头配合45°纵波楔块实施全矩阵捕捉(FMC)和FTFM成像,仿真和实验均重建了裂纹完整轮廓,裂纹长度、取向和中心深度定量误差分别不超过0.60 mm、2.39°和0.73 mm。最后,为保证FTFM成像质量,检测时应合理选择相控阵探头参数,并移动探头至最佳位置处采集FMC信号。     

TOFD方法在厚壁承压设备焊缝检测中的试验和应用

TOFD检测技术近年来在国际上应用越来越多,特别是对于大厚壁承压设备,与传统检测方法如射线检测相比,具有检测厚度大、检测灵敏度高和对裂纹类缺陷敏感性强的优势.重点介绍了厚壁容器焊缝TOFD检测技术的试验研究,该技术已成功应用于国内最大壁厚板焊加氢反应器的现场检测.     

基于微带天线传感器的斜裂纹定量识别算法

在结构健康监测领域中微带天线传感器主要用于定性监测，缺乏结构损伤的定量识别研究。文中提出一种基于微带天线传感器斜裂纹定量识别算法，用于裂纹长度和角度的定量识别。基于谐振腔模型下的电场和电流分布规律，并结合传感器的裂纹识别原理，从裂纹引起的电流绕行路径增量出发，提出投影因子的概念，将斜裂纹对传感器谐振频率的影响转换成相应的垂直裂纹和平行裂纹对谐振频率的影响，据此给出一种斜裂纹的定量识别算法。实验结果表明，所提出的斜裂纹定量识别算法可以很好的得到裂纹长度和角度，其中裂纹长度识别误差为±1mm，裂纹角度识别误差在±4°内。     

合成孔径聚焦技术在超声衍射时差法缺陷长度定量中的应用研究

超声衍射时差法(Time of flight diffraction,TOFD)中由于探头具有一定声束宽度使得缺陷D扫描图像中存在甩弧现象,导致检测图像横向分辨率差,缺陷起始位置确定困难,长度定量误差大。为了提高缺陷长度定量精度,引入合成孔径聚焦技术(Synthetic aperture focusing technology,SAFT),并建立D扫描图像SAFT数学模型。借助CIVA仿真软件,对长度范围为5.0~45.0 mm的9个矩形槽进行TOFD检测D扫描模拟,并利用SAFT对D扫描图像进行处理与重建,结果显示缺陷的有效衍射信号得到增强,甩弧现象减弱甚至消失;对于长度为5.0 mm的矩形槽,经SAFT处理后,缺陷定量误差为-0.4 mm。将该方法应用到长度分别为5.0 mm和40.0 mm的表面开口槽试验D扫描图像处理中,缺陷长度定量误差分别为0.4 mm和0.8 mm。研究结果表明,通过D-SAFT技术能够有效提高缺陷D扫描图像横向分辨率,实现缺陷长度精确定量。     

基于ANSYS Workbench的管道内表面裂纹强度因子干涉作用研究

基于ANSYS Workbench对管道内表面单裂纹和双裂纹的影响因素进行数值模拟研究。建立单向拉伸载荷作用下的管道内表面裂纹的有限元模型，比较研究数值模拟结果与理论解，研究表明两者的最大误差为6.01%。应用数值模拟方法研究管道内表面单裂纹与拉伸载荷倾角对裂纹等效应力和最大应力强度因子的影响规律，研究表明当倾角为30°时，裂纹的最大等效应力达到最大值(22.676 MPa)，而最大应力强度因子随着倾角角度的增加呈现单调递减的趋势。建立水平裂纹和斜裂纹的有限元模型，分析单向拉伸载荷下的管道内表面水平裂纹和斜裂纹在夹角为30°、45°、60°和90°的干涉机制，研究表明两个裂纹的夹角从30°增加到90°，水平裂纹的最大等效应力在20.095～22.05 MPa之间，最大应力强度因子在9.791 2 MPa·mm^0.5与9.262 1 MPa·mm^0.5之间；而倾斜裂纹的的最大等效应力从24.103 MPa减小到5.715 2 MPa；最大应力强度因子从7.995 1 MPa·mm^0.5下降到1.744 7 MPa·mm     

基于平衡电磁技术的管道裂纹全角度检测方法

针对管道表面裂纹缺陷方向各异的问题,提出一种基于平衡电磁技术的裂纹全角度检测方法。通过麦克斯韦方程分析了时谐电磁场下管道内表面的电磁分布,根据磁通与感应电流的畸变分析了管道表面各方向裂纹的检测机理与检测信号规律,并证明了平衡电磁技术对管道裂纹全角度检测的有效性。利用有限元方法计算分析了裂纹与检测方向成七种不同角度时管道内表面的电磁畸变程度,并通过仿真得到相应的感应电压信号,根据仿真结果进行有效性试验,结果表明,平衡电磁检测技术能够对管道表面裂纹实现全角度检测,检测信号特征以检测方向与裂纹成30°夹角为分界,0°～30°信号特征为先波谷后波峰,检测信号幅度随着角度增加逐渐减小,峰谷间距快速变小;30°～90°信号特征为先波峰后波谷,检测信号幅度随着角度增加逐渐增大,峰谷间距缓慢变小;当检测方向与裂纹成30°时,感应电压信号为双峰谷特征,且峰峰值最小。该方法为管道表面裂纹角度的量化研究提供了理论依据和实验基础。     

钢桥疲劳裂纹几何特征对涡流检测信号影响规律研究

针对常规钢桥面板疲劳裂纹检测手段只能贴合表面进行检测的问题,引入涡流检测方法,实现对钢桥面板表面疲劳裂纹的检测。搭建了涡流检测实验平台,设计研发了涡流检测探头,对不同尺寸疲劳裂纹进行横向扫查,研究了不同长度、宽度和深度特征的疲劳裂纹对检测信号的影响规律。并建立有限元仿真模型,模拟疲劳裂纹扫查过程,验证了钢桥面板疲劳裂纹涡流检测方法的可靠性,为后续疲劳裂纹尺寸精准测量提供依据。实验结果显示：设计的空心圆柱形检测探头能够实现最小尺寸为长度60 mm、宽度0.2 mm、深度5 mm的表面裂纹缺陷的定位检测;检测信号的幅度变化值与裂纹长度、宽度、深度在一定范围内均成正相关,裂纹长度和深度对检测信号影响较大,裂纹宽度对检测信号影响较小。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

交通荷载作用下桥梁结构参数识别方法

应用动力节点加载法,将作用在桥梁上的交通荷载转化为等效节点荷载,再用两步构造法识别结构物理参数.第1步,用Newmark-β方法变换结构运动方程,并用结构的加速度响应求得变换空间内的位移、速度和加速度响应;第2步,基于最小二乘原理,构造出变换空间内求解结构参数的递推式,进行结构物理参数识别.数值模拟结果表明,在交通荷载作用下,该方法能够快速、准确地进行桥梁结构参数识别.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...