热致相分离法制备聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜的研究

热致相分离法是一种制备聚合物微孔材料的有效方法.介绍了聚合物初始浓度、稀释剂、降温速率、成核剂、萃取剂等因素对热致相分离法制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微孔材料的影响,并对热致相分离法制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微孔膜的最新研究进展进行了介绍.     

热致相分离法聚偏氟乙烯膜的制备及应用

以课题组通过热致相分离法(TIPS)制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微孔膜及其产业化的相关工作为基础,从PVDF材料性能及其超微滤膜制备方法出发,全面回顾了课题组在TIPS法PVDF膜制备方面的研究历程,包括稀释剂和非溶剂的探索,纳米粒子、共聚物、两性离子等对PVDF膜的改性研究以及PVDF中空纤维膜组件的研制和规模化生产等等,最后还简要介绍了膜组件在不同工业领域的应用情况.     

热致相分离法制备聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜的结构及性能研究

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)作为膜材料和稀释剂,采用热致相分离法(TIPS法)制备了聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微孔膜.通过差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试了不同混合体系的固-液相分离温度,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察和研究了稀释剂、冷却条件、聚合物浓度对膜断面微观结构的影响.     

F2.4微孔膜的制备及在膜蒸馏过程中应用的初步研究

采用相转化法制备了F2 4的疏水微孔膜 ,并对F2 4和PVDF微孔膜的机械性能以及疏水性等方面进行了对比 .结果表明 ,F2 4微孔膜在拉伸时的应变以及断裂伸长率约为PVDF微孔膜的 6～ 9倍 ;其接触角 (77 4°)也大于PVDF膜的接触角 (6 6 7°) .尽管膜蒸馏的数据显示F2 4微孔膜的蒸馏通量尚不及PVDF膜 ,但通过调节各项制膜参数 ,F2 4可能具有良好的应用前景     

热致相分离法制备聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜

对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/碳酸二苯酯(DPC)体系,采用热致相分离(TIPS)法制备了PVDF微孔膜.通过稀释剂的溶度参数对体系的相容性进行分析,热力学相图和不同PVDF质量浓度下制备的微孔膜断面照片均证明该体系具有较宽的液-液相分离区.PVDF/DPC体系偏晶点对应的PVDF浓度约为质量分数56%,低于此浓度体系降温后先发生液-液相分离,随着PVDF浓度的增大,微孔膜断面结构由双连续结构转变为蜂窝状结构,且膜孔孔径减小,高于此浓度体系降温后只发生固-液相分离,微孔膜断面呈块状紧密堆积结构.较快的冷却速率有利于低PVDF浓度时较小孔径膜和高PVDF浓度时较小球粒尺寸膜的生成.     

二元稀释剂对热致相分离法制备PVDF微孔膜的结构影响

采用热致相分离法(TIPS)制备PVDF平板和中空纤维微孔膜,研究了二元稀释剂对PVDF微孔膜的结构的影响。当二元稀释剂由邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、三乙酸甘油酯(GTA)中的一种,与邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)、癸二酸二丁酯(DBS)、苯甲酸苄酯(BB)中的一种混合而成时,TIPS法制备的PVDF膜的断面均具有双连续结构;当二元稀释剂由二苯甲酮(DPK),与DOP、DBS、BB中的一种混合而成时,TIPS法制备的PVDF膜的断面为胞腔结构,断面孔的孔径按如下顺序依次增大:BB、DOP、DBS。GTA/DBS为二元稀释剂,采用TIPS法制备PVDF中空纤维微孔膜,随着二元稀释剂中GTA的质量分数由30%增加至50%,膜的断面由双连续结构变为球晶结构。     

表面引发接枝聚合制备MWCNTs-g-PMMA及对PVDF微孔膜性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

以表面引发接枝聚合制备多壁碳纳米管接枝聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MWCNTs-g-PMMA)。通过非溶剂致相分离(NIPS)法制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/MWCNTs-g-PMMA复合微孔膜。通过差示扫描量热和衰减全反射红外光谱测试考察了微孔膜的热性能和结晶性能,通过水接触角和水通量测试分析了膜的亲水性能,通过场发射扫描电子显微镜和力学性能测试分析了膜的微观形貌和力学性能。随着MWCNTs-g-PMMA接枝率和含量的增大,PVDF复合微孔膜的结构和性能明显改善。当MWCNTs-g-PMMA接枝率和含量分别为28. 6%和1%时,PVDF复合微孔膜的亲水性能、结晶度、β相和力学性能相对纯PVDF膜提升最为明显。     

表面引发接枝聚合制备MWCNTs-g-PMMA及对PVDF微孔膜性能的影响

以表面引发接枝聚合制备多壁碳纳米管接枝聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MWCNTs-g-PMMA)。通过非溶剂致相分离(NIPS)法制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/MWCNTs-g-PMMA复合微孔膜。通过差示扫描量热和衰减全反射红外光谱测试考察了微孔膜的热性能和结晶性能,通过水接触角和水通量测试分析了膜的亲水性能,通过场发射扫描电子显微镜和力学性能测试分析了膜的微观形貌和力学性能。随着MWCNTs-g-PMMA接枝率和含量的增大,PVDF复合微孔膜的结构和性能明显改善。当MWCNTs-g-PMMA接枝率和含量分别为28. 6%和1%时,PVDF复合微孔膜的亲水性能、结晶度、β相和力学性能相对纯PVDF膜提升最为明显。     

热拉伸温度对聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜结构与性能的影响

采用熔体挤出拉伸法以高、低分子量混合聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为原料制备微孔膜,研究了不同热拉伸温度对PVDF微孔膜表面形貌及结晶行为的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和差示扫描量热仪等测试手段分别对微孔膜的形态、结构、晶型进行表征.结果表明,热拉伸温度对PVDF微孔膜的成孔形貌、孔隙率、结晶度及β相含量均有影响.热拉伸温度为80℃时,微孔膜结晶度为58.86％,β相的相对含量最高达到42.50％,此时微孔膜的力学性能最佳;而当热拉伸温度为120℃时,PVDF微孔膜的成孔分布更加均匀,其孔隙率可达到最大值31.51％.     

添加剂PEG对PVDF/SiO_2杂化膜性能的影响

在PVDF/SiO2体系中添加了PEG,利用浸没沉淀相转化法制备了PVDF/SiO2杂化膜,并对膜性能进行测试,采用SEM观察膜表面与断面的微孔结构.结果表明:铸膜液中加入PEG,促进了SiO2在PVDF体系中的分散,增加了界面微孔数量,该膜试样在保持较高截留率的情形下,水通量得到了一定程度的提高.SEM断面照片显示,在PVDF/SiO2体系中加入PEG,制备的PVDF/SiO2杂化膜试样中大孔的数量增多,而且孔壁上细小微孔数量也增多.     

管式陶瓷膜十字流微滤过程强化研究

对管式陶瓷膜十字流微滤过程中的流体流动方式和原位再生膜的方式与周期进行了优化研究。结果表明，外旋流方式和压气反吹的原位再生方法相结合能够使管式陶瓷膜十字流微滤过程得到较大程度的强化，即微滤过程中的浓差极化和膜污染得到有效控制；在较高频率的压气反吹情况下，该微滤过程的过滤通量能在较长时间内保持不下降。研究结果为管式陶瓷膜十字流微滤的高效膜器结构与工艺设计提供了依据。     

旋转切向流强化管式膜微滤机理研究

首次设计出了旋转切向流管式膜分离器及其实验系统，通过理论研究和实验测试，系统地研究了旋转直线切向流和旋转圆弧切向流聚丙烯管式膜微滤的流场特征，揭示了旋转切向流强化膜微滤的机理。     

神经网络在膜技术中的应用

神经网络是一种旨在模仿人脑结构及其功能的软计算方法．它具有优良的容错性、自组织性和突出的非线性映射能力．最近几年，神经网络开始渗透到膜技术领域，为膜过程的研究和应用提供了一种全新的表达工具．目前，神经网络涉及到的膜过程包括MF、UF、NF以及RO等，在简要介绍了神经网络的结构与理论的基础上，分别评述了神经网络在这些膜过程中应用的研究现状，并展望了今后的研究方向，     

聚丙烯接枝聚丙烯酸微滤膜的pH响应性

研究了聚丙烯接枝聚丙烯酸微滤膜的pH响应性及其在牛血清蛋白溶液过滤中的抗污染性。聚丙烯酸(PAA)接枝链可提高膜亲水性,但会造成膜孔堵塞:在低接枝率(<17%)下,PAA大幅度提高膜亲水性,膜通量和pH响应性随接枝率的增加逐渐增大;接枝率过大(>17%)时,PAA对膜孔的堵塞作用占主导,膜通量和pH响应性逐渐下降。与未接枝膜相比,在碱性条件下接枝膜对牛血清蛋白(BSA)分子具有一定的抗污染性能,而酸性条件下则加剧BSA对膜的污染,但改性后接枝膜的通量大幅度增长,使这种膜在BSA类蛋白质的微滤领域仍有较好的应用前景。     

陶瓷微滤膜精制菜籽油的工艺研究

针对植物油精制过程，以陶瓷微滤膜对油与粘土的分离进行了研究．比较了陶瓷膜微滤、粘土吸附以及吸附一微滤过程对植物油处理的效果，重点通过对膜孔径、粘土用量、操作压力、错流速度、温度等条件的试验，考察粘土吸附-陶瓷膜微滤对植物油的分离精制效果，为开发包括吸附-微滤集成过程的植物油精制新技术提供依据.     

New avenues in membrane science and technology

Recent advances and avenues for further research and development in three specific fields of membrane science and technology are reviewed. The potential of membrane processes for gas separation has been considerably improved by the development of new materials combining high permeability and selectivity. While working correlations between polymer structure and permeation characteristics have been evolved, there is need to further develop our basic understanding of this relationship. The second field reviewed is that of improving the separation characteristics of porous membrane filtration (ultra-/microfiltration). Recent promising approaches include the fabrication of membranes with uniform porosities, new module configurations and the manipulation of feed chemistries. The third area highlighted is that of hybrid membrane processes. These are considered both as integrated processes in which the membrane process operates in conjunction with another unit operation or as a coupled transport process in which the basic functioning of the membrane is intimately coupled with another physical or chemical process in single unit operation. The scope for basic research in these fields is indicated.     

集成膜分离技术在污(废)水深度处理中的研究进展

介绍由集成膜分离技术在污(废)水深度处理及回用中的研究情况,并指出膜技术今后的研究方向.     

Green-Solvent-Processable Composite Micro/Nanofiber Membrane with Gradient Asymmetric Structure for Efficient Microfiltration

Electrospinning technology has attracted extensive attention in recent decades and is widely used to prepare nanofiber membranes from hundreds of polymers. Polyvinyl formal acetal (PVFA), as a polymer with excellent properties such as high strength and heat resistance, is not reported on the electrospun water treatment membrane. In this paper, the preparation process of electrospun PVFA nanofiber membrane is optimized, and the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) addition on the physical and mechanical properties and microfiltration performance of nanofiber membrane is also explored. And the hydrophobic PVFA nanofiber filter layer is then combined with a hydrophilic nonwoven support layer to construct a composite micro/nanofiber membrane with a pore-size gradient structure and a hydrophilic/hydrophobic asymmetric structure. Finally, unidirectional water transport and water treatment performance are further investigated. The results show that the tensile breaking strength of the composite membrane can reach up to 37.8 MPa, the retention rate for particles with the size of 0.1–0.3 µm is 99.7%, and the water flux is 513.4 L m⁻² h⁻¹ under the hydrostatic pressure. Moreover, it still has a retention of more than 98% after three repeated uses. Therefore, the electrospun PVFA composite membrane has a great potential in microfiltration.     

膜分离在中药制药中的应用进展

对膜分离技术在中药生产过程中的应用领域以及常用的微滤、超滤、纳滤、反渗透、分子印迹膜、膜蒸馏和膜集成联用技术等的应用现状进行了综述,并对膜分离技术的应用前景进行了展望.     

Ceramesh — a company and a membrane

Claimed as a major advance in microfiltration technology, Ceramesh is an inorganic composite ceramic membrane that can be produced in a flat sheet suitable for use in process-scale crossflow filtration systems. The membrane combines a metal mesh and a ceramic to give strength, formability and both chemical and heat resistance The Ceramesh membrane technology has its origins in work carried out at Alcan Separations in Banbury and has been under development since 1988. Some of the original team had also worked on the development of the Anopore membrane, since commercialised by Anotec, and these close personal links have been maintained. Ceramesh Ltd was formed in 1990 by Alcan and a venture capital company with the aim of speeding the development of the membrane and ensuring its early introduction to the commercial filtration market. These objectives have now been achieved and by the middle of 1992 the Ceramesh membrane has been evaluated for a number of specific applications, been incorporated into a range of commercial filtration equipment, and formally launched into the chemical-process industries at the Eurochem exhibition held in Birmingham in June.