行星际速度增幅扰动的演化

采用二维理想MHD模型，分别在日球赤道面（二维二分量模型）和日球子午面（二维 三分量模型）内研究太阳风中纯速度增幅扰动的演化. 结果表明，该扰动在向外传播的过程 中逐渐演化为双重激波对，即由4个激波组成的激波系统. 该4个激波按离太阳由近及远依次 为后向快激波、后向慢激波、前向慢激波和前向快激波. 双重激波对在子午面内相对扰动源 中心法线基本对称，而在赤道面内则不对称：扰动源中心法线西侧双重激波对结构更为明显 ，所跨经度范围宽于东侧. 初步分析表明，行星际磁场的螺旋结构是产生日球赤道面内双重 激波对结构东西不对称性的主要原因.     

运用三维运动学模型对行星际磁场南北分量的预测

提出一种可能产生行星际磁场南北分量扰动的物理机制,并将此物理机制运用于三维运动学模型,对原模型作了改进. 使用改进后的模型模拟研究了1997年5月12日06:30UT爆发的晕状(halo)日冕物质抛射(CME)事件对行星际磁场和等离子体的扰动,以及1978-1981年间17个与CME有关的行星际扰动事件. 在17个事件中有14个事件可准确预测出行星际磁场南北分量的方向,准确率为82%. 结果表明,模型计算出的行星际磁场南北分量的扰动方向与观测的方向是基本一致的.     

用三维运动学模式研究太阳暗条消失与行星际扰动

本文用19个行星际扰动事件为样本,采用三维运动学模式研究暗条消失事件（简称FD事件）与行星际瞬变扰动间的关系．太阳上的扰动源取行星际扰动前2-5d以内的所有FD事件,用势场模式计算得到的源表面磁场为背景,模拟每个扰动在行星际中的传播及其相互作用过程,观察扰动到达地球的时间和扰动大小．从模拟的结果来看,FD事件与行星际扰动事件有较好的对应关系,说明FD事件是行星际瞬变事件的一类重要的太阳源．19个事件中有2个没有对应的FD事件,5个模拟结果与观测结果相差较大,其余12个模拟结果与实际观测符合很好．这与过去这方面的工作有所不同,我们具体模拟了每个扰动事件的传播过程,同时考虑了扰动间的相互作用,包括扰动与共转流之间的相互作用,为太阳-行星际-地磁链天气过程的预报奠定了基础．     

行星际激波特性的数值研究

采用二维二分量 ＭＨＤ模型,应用 ＰＰＭ格式,研究内日球赤道面内 １ＡＵ附近激波波阵面参数的分布特性,以及太阳风速、扰动源宽度、扰动源初始传播方向和行星际电流片对分布的影响．结果指出：（１）均匀背景情况下激波阵面西侧为强磁场区,东侧的动压差比西侧大,而密度比和气压比基本对称;（２）背景太阳风流速和扰动源初始传播方向对参量分布影响较大;扰动源宽度影响不大;（３）当扰动源中心处于电流片东侧或西侧时,密度比、气压比和磁场比峰值均西偏,而动压差峰值和扰动源处于同侧;当扰动源中心与电流片重合时,激波阵面东西两侧都出现峰值,为双峰分布,东侧动力学参数大,西侧磁场强．上述结论与观测资料的统计结果趋势上是一致的．     

太阳风压力系数的研究

利用全球磁流体力学(MHD)的模拟结果,研究了太阳风压力系数与上游太阳风参数和日下点磁层顶张角的相关性.在识别出日下点附近磁层顶位置后,通过拟合得到日下点附近的磁层顶张角.在考虑上游太阳风中的磁压和热压以及磁层顶外侧的太阳风动压的情况下,计算了太阳风压力系数.通过分析行星际磁场不同方向时太阳风动压在日地连线上与磁压和热压的转化关系,详细研究了太阳风参数和日下点磁层顶张角对太阳风压力系数的影响,得到以下相关结论:(1) 在北向行星际磁场较大(B_z≥5 nT)时,磁层顶外侧磁压占主导,南向行星际磁场时磁层顶外侧热压占主导;(2) 太阳风压力系数随着行星际磁场的增大而增大,随着行星际磁场时钟角的增大而减小;并且在行星际磁场大小和其他太阳风条件相同时,北向行星际磁场时的太阳风压力系数要大于南向行星际磁场时的;北向行星际磁场时,太阳风压力系数随着太阳风动压的增大而减小,南向行星际磁场时,太阳风压力系数随着太阳风动压的增大而增大;以上结论是对观测结果的扩展;(3) 最后,我们还发现太阳风压力系数随着日下点磁层顶张角的增大而增大.     

行星际激波的传播及其相应的地磁效应

基于 2.5 维理想磁流体力学（Magnetohydrodynamic,MHD）方程组分析了行星际激波在日球层子午面内的传播过程及其相应的地磁效应.日球层电流片（Heliospheric Current Sheet,HCS）-日球层等离子体片（Heliospheric Plasma Sheet,HPS）对于行星际激波的传播具有一定的阻碍作用.当行星际激波相对于HCS 倾斜传播时,相对于扰动源位于HCS 异侧的激波强度较同侧的明显减弱.局地激波面的法线（或形状）对通过激波阵面的磁力线发生偏转的程度和方向起决定性作用.沿激波传播方向其为准平行激波,磁场偏转程度较小,而其两侧部分则为斜激波,磁场偏转程度较大.位于HCS-HPS 位置处的波前形成凹槽,磁力线偏转程度明显加强.行星际激波对磁场的偏转效应是其驱动地磁暴的重要机制,而且地磁效应的强度与地球相对于HCS 的角距离Δθ_p有明显关系.数值模拟结果表明：任何行星际激波,Δθ_p=0°处均无法形成较大强度的地磁效应;沿HCS 传播的行星际激波,地磁效应最强的区域位于HCS 两侧;相对于HCS 倾斜传播的行星际激波,地磁效应最强的区域位于HCS 异侧.     

行星际磁场By分量对地球磁层顶场向电流调制

采用三维可压缩MHD数值模拟研究了行星际磁场By分量的变化对磁层顶重联区场向电流大小和分布的影响. 行星际磁场通过模拟区x=-Lx处左边界条件By来影响重联过程，从而改变重联区的场向电流. 研究结果表明边界条件By的突然改变，能使重联区场向电流迅速增加，甚至达到增大一个量级的水平.By本身的存在(即不为零)也会使场向电流维持在一个较高的水平. 由于行星际磁场By分量不为零，而形成模拟区磁场By不对称分布，这种不对称分布是场向电流不对称分布产生的主要原因. 这些结果是与Orsted卫星最新观测结果和地 面观测结果相符合的，它表明行星际磁场By分量对地球空间场向电流有较大的调制作用.     

基于Weimer模型的高纬地磁扰动预测

地磁扰动是空间天气中的重要现象,对地基技术系统具有重要的影响.准确预报地磁扰动可以有效避免重大灾害发生.本文基于Weimer电势和磁势模型发展了高纬地区地磁扰动的模拟方法,并与地面台站观测数据进行了比较.地表磁场扰动主要受电离层电流系统的影响,利用Weimer模式计算出电离层等效电流分布后,基于毕奥-萨伐尔定律推导了地磁扰动三分量与电流的关系,最终计算出地磁扰动量.模型的输入参数为太阳风速度、太阳风密度、行星际磁场和磁偶极倾角.模型计算结果与不同纬度和经度的地磁台站观测结果对比表明本文的计算方法能有效地模拟地磁暴期间地磁扰动特征.本文结果对今后发展高纬地区地磁场预报模型奠定了重要基础.     

在耀斑-电流片坐标系中——研究耀斑-激波的传播特性（Ⅰ）

本文提出一种用于研究太阳瞬变扰动在日球空间传播的新坐标系--瞬变源-日球电流片坐标系,并运用该坐标系以瞬变源耀斑为例,分析研究了由地球近空飞船观测到的277个耀斑-激波事件,发现:1.引起行星际激波和地球物理事件的大耀斑（H_α≥2,持续时间>半小时）的频数在耀斑-日球电流片坐标系中呈高斯分布,极值在电流片附近,那种在日面坐标系中随日面纬度呈双峰形的分布看不到了;2.当地球观测者和耀斑位于日球电流片同侧时,耀斑事件频次明显高于它们分处不同侧时的情形;3.激波参数（速度、磁场、密度和温度）呈现了同侧高于异侧,强激波多在同侧观测到;4.激波沿日球电流片方向的传播具有一定优势.上述结果表明,日球电流片的存在对瞬变扰动,如耀斑-激波在日球空间,特别是近太阳的传播可能具有重要影响.     

行星际电流片与激波特性的东西不对称性

采用日球赤道面二维二分量MHD模型，研究行星际电流片对1AU附近激波的密度比、气压比、动压差和磁场强度比沿激波阵面分布特性的影响.结果表明，只有当扰动源靠近电流片时，这一影响才比较显著，且对电流片东侧扰动源形成的激波的影响较强.当扰动源位于电流片东(西)侧时，激波动力学参数峰值位置相对扰动源法向东(西)偏，磁场比峰值位置西偏的程度减弱(增强).电流片的上述影响与它对激波最快传播方向的偏转效应密切相关，而磁场强度比峰值总是西偏，则主要取决于行星际磁场的螺旋结构.     

Model of Transport of Large-Scale Magnetic Field Fluctuations in the Solar Wind

We consider a model that couples the magnetic field fluctuations in the heliosphere with random shifts of force line footpoints on the Sun. This model generalizes the Giacalone (2001) model by taking into account the large-scale inhomogeneity of the solar wind velocity. This generalization aims to explain a number of specific features of the distribution of IMF directions, such as the change in the asymmetry of the distribution of IMF directions as a function of heliographic latitude and the solar cycle phase and the correlation of azimuthal angles and inclinations of the IMF; the sign of this correlation changes during the solar magnetic cycle. The simulation results have shown that the gradients of the solar wind speed can actually explain these specific features of the distribution of IMF directions, at least qualitatively.     

Relationship between the IMF azimuthal angle and solar wind velocity

The relationship between the IMF azimuthal angle and plasma velocity has been studied independently for three types of solar wind streams (recurrent and transient high-speed streams and low-speed background wind) based on the interplanetary medium parameters measured in the near-Earth orbits in 1964–1996. The relationships between the IMF azimuthal angle cotangent and plasma velocity are close to linear but strongly differ from one another and from the theoretical relationship for all types of streams. These differences area caused by the magnetic field disturbance on the time scales smaller than a day, and the effect of this disturbance has been studied quantitatively. The effective periods of rotation of the IMF sources on the Sun, depending on the solar cycle phase, have been obtained from the relations between the IMF azimuthal angle cotangent and plasma velocity. During the most part of the solar cycle, the periods of rotation of the IMF sources are close to the period of rotation of the solar equator but abruptly increase to the values typical of the solar circumpolar zones in the years of solar minimums.     

Correlation between the near-Earth solar wind parameters and the source surface magnetic field

The solar magnetic field B _s at the Earth’s projection onto the solar-wind source surface has been calculated for each day over a long time interval (1976–2004). These data have been compared with the daily mean solar wind (SW) velocities and various components of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) near the Earth. The statistical analysis has revealed a rather close relationship between the solar-wind parameters near the Sun and near the Earth in the periods without significant sporadic solar and interplanetary disturbances. Empirical numerical models have been proposed for calculating the solar-wind velocity, IMF intensity, and IMF longitudinal and B _z components from the solar magnetic data. In all these models, the B _s value plays the main role. It is shown that, under quiet or weakly disturbed conditions, the variations in the geomagnetic activity index Ap can be forecasted for 3–5 days ahead on the basis of solar magnetic observations. Such a forecast proves to be more reliable than the forecasts based on the traditional methods.     

A search for north-south asymmetry of interplanetary magnetic field and solar plasma

An analysis of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and plasma data taken near 1 AU during solar activity cycle 21 reveals the following. 1. The yearly averaged spiral angle shows a solar cycle dependence. 2. The spiral angle north of the current sheet is 2.4○ higher than south of it during both epochs of positive and negative polarities. 3. The included angle is 4.8○ higher during the epoch of positive polarity than during the epoch of negative polarity. 4. The asymmetries in the number of away and toward IMF days are correlated with the asymmetries in solar activity. 5. The solar plasma north of the current sheet is hotter, faster and less dense than south of it during the epoch of negative polarity. 6. An asymmetry in the averaged filed magnitude is absent for solar cycle 21.     

Magnetic field behavior in the magnetosheath when the IMF slightly differs from the solar wind velocity vector

The magnetic field behavior in the magnetosheath, when the IMF and the solar wind velocity are almost collinear, has been analyzed based on the perturbation method. Magnetic disturbances are considered against a background of the stationary MHD solar wind flow around the magnetosphere when the magnetic field and the solar wind velocity are strictly collinear. It has been indicated that the angle between the magnetic field and velocity vectors increases considerably in a relatively thin layer near the magnetopause. The angle rise factor profiles have been determined for different distances from the subsolar point. The thickness of the layer, where the angle reaches values of about unity and more, has been estimated. It is important to take this layer into account when the magnetopause stability with respect to Kelvin-Helmholtz waves is analyzed.     

太阳风中磁场与等离子体流耦合的探讨

本文在忽略太阳风中磁场对粒子流温度影响的情况下,利用了两个研究太阳风的二元流体模型的结果,计算分析并讨论了在1AU内太阳赤道面附近,考虑磁场与等离子体流耦合后,各太阳风参数的变化情况。结果表明,太阳风中磁场对等离子休流的作用在方位角向较显著;磁场使太阳风方位角速度在1AU处的值可达到1.85km/s;低速太阳风的角动量主要由其中的磁场携带,磁场能逐步将其角动量传输给等离子体流。     

Dependence of magnetic field parameters at the subsolar point of the magnetosphere on the interplanetary magnetic field according to the data of the THEMIS experiment

We analyze the dependence of the magnitude of the magnetic field, its three components, and the clock angle in the magnetosheath just in front of the magnetopause on the same values in the solar wind before a shock wave using the data of the THEMIS experiment. We take into account the time delay of the solar wind arrival at the subsolar point of the magnetopause. We obtain dependencies of the components of the magnetic field and the clock angle at the magnetopause on the corresponding quantities in the solar wind for different averaging intervals. We point to the events for which the direction of the magnetic field at the magnetopause is highly different from the direction of the magnetic field in the solar wind up to the sign change.     

Calculation of the interplanetary magnetic field based on its value in the solar photosphere

The difficulties associated with calculating the parameters of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from solar magnetic data have been considered. All conventional calculation patterns and available input databases have been analyzed from a unified standpoint. It has been shown that these assumptions and limitations cannot affect the general structure and dependence on cycle of solar and interplanetary data. At the same time, the measured solar field values are underestimated as a result of the magnetograph signal saturation effect. It has been shown that the correction should depend on the heliocentric observation latitude and cycle phase. The correction method responsible for good agreement between the calculated and measured values has been proposed. The created database makes it possible to quantitatively calculate the magnetic fields in the solar wind near the Earth.     

Specific features of magnetic barrier formation near the magnetopause

The numerical three-dimensional MHD model is used to study the formation of the magnetic barrier in the inner part of the magnetosheath near the magnetopause. The set of the quasistationary solutions for several characteristic directions of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has been obtained: for northward and southward IMF, for the direction along the Parker helix (at an angle of 45° with respect to the Sun-Earth line), and for the predominantly radial direction (at an angle of 20° with respect to the Sun-Earth line). The mechanism used to take into account the effect of magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause on a flow in the magnetosheath is introduced in the case of southward IMF. The results of the calculations indicate that the magnetic field absolute value in the magnetic barrier reaches its maximal value when IMF is northward. The introduction of magnetic reconnection at southward IMF can result in an insignificant decrease in the field value. However, the model predicts that a decrease in the magnetic field is much more substantial when the IMF direction is close to radial.