冀北水泉沟岩体西段锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究

冀北水泉沟碱性正长杂岩体位于华北克拉通北缘中段,主要岩性为正长岩、石英正长岩、碱性正长岩、角闪正长岩、角闪二长岩和碱长花岗岩等.为了避开后期热液蚀变作用的影响,作者采集了远离东坪-后沟金矿田的水泉沟岩体西段无蚀变的角闪二长岩、角闪正长岩样品,并对这些代表性岩石进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和锆石Hf同位素研究.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄表明,角闪二长岩结晶年龄为372.7±2.5Ma,角闪正长岩结晶年龄为372.7±2.4Ma,二者年龄结果一致,表明水泉沟碱性杂岩体西段形成于晚泥盆世.角闪二长岩的锆石ε_Hf(t)＝-12.4~-8.9,两阶段Hf模式年龄为1.93~2.16Ga,平均2.05Ga.角闪正长岩的锆石ε_Hf(t)＝-13.2~-11.1,两阶段Hf模式年龄为2.07~2.21Ga,平均2.13Ga.考虑到两种岩石的模式年龄与华北基底变质岩的形成年龄相近,我们初步认为水泉沟碱性杂岩体西段角闪二长岩和角闪正长岩可能主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成的镁铁质岩浆与古老的中下地壳变质岩部分熔融形成的长英质岩浆混合的结果.野外地质和地球化学数据表明,水泉沟碱性杂岩体形成于晚造山阶段的张性构造环境.     

冀北雾灵山碱性花岗质杂岩的岩石学,成因类型及构造意义

河北雾灵山碱性花岗质杂岩主要由似斑状碱长正长岩、碱长正长斑岩、碱性石英正长岩和碱性石英正长班岩组成，是华北地区燕山晚期岩浆活动的代表。本文系统报道了它的地质学、岩相学、岩石化学和地球化学的特征，讨论了它的成因类型归属和所代表的大地构造环境问题。这些资料表明；该杂岩体形成于白垩纪早期，是一个剥蚀程度较小、定位于浅成环境的硅饱和碱性－过碱性岩杂岩体，属裂谷－类裂谷Ａ型花岗岩类，它的出现表明华北地区早白垩纪时期曾处于板内裂谷－类裂谷的引张环境。     

湖北竹溪蔓荆沟碱性正长岩地球化学特征及其构造环境分析

在南秦岭造山带中发现的竹溪蔓荆沟碱性正长岩,呈透镜状侵入于辉绿岩体内,个别呈独立岩体侵入于早古生代地层中。单个正长岩体规模较小。通过对其进行岩相学及岩石地球化学特征研究,表明其为全碱(Na_2O~+K_2O)含量较高的钾质碱性正长岩;岩石中Mg~#值较低,明显低于原始岩浆Mg~#值,说明其为原始岩浆经历较高程度演化的产物;岩体中稀土元素总量ΣREE较高,轻稀土元素LREE富集明显,重稀土元素HREE亏损;通过微量元素构造环境判别分析认为,研究区正长岩形成于大陆裂谷环境,且形成于大陆裂谷早期阶段,其形成时代为早志留世。     

广东石岭碱性杂岩的岩石学特征及地质意义

广东石岭碱性杂岩体岩石矿物和岩石化学研究表明,杂岩体以霞石角闪正长岩、角闪正长岩为主,黑云母正长岩等岩石组成,为Ａ－型花岗岩分异结晶作用所形成。产于板内引张构造环境,与深大断裂有关。岩体本身已构成霞石正长岩矿床,具有较高的工业利用和经济价值。     

辽宁盖县梁屯—矿洞沟碱性正长岩杂岩体的U—Pb和Sm—Nd年龄及其地质意义

辽宁梁屯 -矿洞沟杂岩体主要由辉石正长岩、霓辉正长岩和霓辉角闪正长岩等碱性岩石组成 ,具有全岩 Rb- Sr等时线年龄 186 6± 115 Ma和 ISr=0 .70 4 9的同位素特征 ,是我国目前报道的最古老的碱性正长岩类。本文报道了该岩体的锆石U- Pb和全岩 Sm- Nd同位素测试资料 ,获得了锆石 U- Pb同位素年龄为 185 7± 2 0 Ma、Sm- Nd等时年龄为 1787± 180 Ma、εNd(t) =- 4 .8～ - 5 .0的数据。它们反映出该杂岩体形成年龄的上限为 185 7± 2 0 Ma、下限不小于 1787± 180 Ma,来源于富集地幔物质。基于这些数据并结合区域地质资料分析 ,作者提出了华北地台北缘古元古宙存在有富集地幔储库 ,以及辽河群主体形成于 190 0 Ma以前的认识     

川南德昌地区茨达碱性岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年

对产于攀西古裂谷带内的德昌地区茨达碱性杂岩体中的碱长石英正长岩和钠铁闪石碱性花岗岩进行了锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄测定,年龄结果分别为221Ma±6Ma和225Ma±2Ma,表明该碱性岩的结晶年龄或成岩年龄相当于晚三叠世,同时暗示攀西古裂谷的张裂时间为三叠纪.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘龙门隐伏碱性杂岩体地球化学特征

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘龙门隐伏碱性杂岩体呈岩墙、岩床或岩脉产出,侵入于延长组及以下地层,主要由霞石正长斑岩、角闪二长正长岩、霓辉二长斑岩、白榴正长斑岩、角闪二长闪长岩和碱性长石正长斑岩组成。地球化学特征为:SiO2含量51.25%~63.87%,K2O+Na2O含量7.23%~12.55%,Al2O3含量17.74%~20.12%,∑REE含量96.19×10-6~620.57×10-6,(La/Yb)N比为8.68~251.42,δEu为0.62~0.98。大离子亲石元素和放射性生热元素Th含量普遍较高,Ni,Co,Cr等地幔富集亲铁元素(相容元素)相对亏损。龙门隐伏碱性杂岩体主要为A1型及少量I型,形成于板内裂谷环境。主量元素、稀土微量元素特征表明,物质来源可能为发生上涌底侵后熔融的亏损软流圈地幔,锆石U-Pb年龄为(241.6±1.9)Ma和(108±1)Ma。研究表明,鄂尔多斯西南缘早中三叠世存在局部拉张环境,早白垩世由于区域性拉张作用使地壳减薄,地幔岩浆上涌,早期形成的花岗岩部分熔融,I型花岗岩开始向A1型花岗岩转变,使得I型花岗岩具碱性岩地球化学特征。     

西南天山巴什索贡岩体岩石地球化学特征及地质意义

西南天山巴什索贡岩体侵位于下二叠统巴立克立克组中。该岩体主要由辉长岩、石英正长岩及碱长花岗岩组成。从岩石化学等资料分析,辉长岩Si O2含量46.16%~53.89%,为基性岩类,石英正长岩及碱长花岗岩Si O2含量为60.92%~74.6%,属酸性岩类,三者铝饱和指数A/CNK1.1,岩石类型均为偏铝质花岗岩。采用等离子体质谱-激光探针法(LA-ICP-MS),在辉长岩中和石英正长岩中获得锆石U-Pb年龄值分别为(273.95±0.85)Ma、(268.9±1.0)Ma,时代为中二叠世,代表巴什索贡岩体的生成年龄。辉长岩、石英正长岩及碱长花岗岩为碱钙性系列岩石,发生在碰撞后的张驰阶段,该期岩体的构造环境为板内拉伸环境下产物,具有板内裂谷特征。     

西藏措勤地区布嘎寺碱性正长岩的特征及构造环境

布嘎寺正长岩体是目前冈底斯乃至青藏高原地区唯一含似长石及碱性暗色矿物的新生代碱性正长岩体,主要岩性为霓辉正长岩。碱性正长岩体与新生代钾质熔岩密切共生,Ar-Ar法测得正长岩的年龄为27.14Ma±0.05Ma,略早于熔岩。正长岩在化学成分上高钾、富碱,K2O Na2O>11%,K2O>8%,K2O/Na2O>2,里特曼指数σ>9,属超钾质的碱性系列岩石。岩石富集大离子亲石元素、生热元素和轻稀土元素,贫Sr、Ba,具弱的Eu负异常。岩石地球化学特征、O同位素组成、黑云母化学成分等显示其成岩物质来源于富集的上地幔。渐新世碱性正长岩与中新世钾质火山岩构成了该区碰撞后的构造岩浆组合,是在印度-欧亚板块碰撞引起的岩石圈加厚及高原隆升的基础上,岩石圈拆沉、软流圈上涌导致富集的岩石圈地幔部分熔融所形成的。     

四川锦屏山地区碱性杂岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

四川锦屏山地区碱性杂岩位于扬子地台西南缘,其岩体的主要岩石类型为霓石英碱正长岩、英碱正长岩、含萤石霓石钠闪-钠铁闪石碱性花岗岩、霓石(碱性)花岗斑岩、碱性伟晶岩脉。为确定该碱性杂岩的形成时代、成因及地质意义,对其进行了岩相学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学研究。结果表明,碱性杂岩中的锆石为岩浆成因,锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为27.06±0.51Ma,侵入时代属于渐新世。该岩石具有富碱,高钾,贫镁、钙的岩石化学特征,属于碱性岩石系列。其稀土元素总量极高,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,Eu异常不显著。微量元素相对富集Th、Zr、La、Nd等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素的特征。综合以上数据、结合区域构造演化背景,说明该碱性杂岩为扬子地块插入到龙门山地壳的过程中,俯冲陆壳发生变质、脱水后形成的产物。     

Structure energies of the alkali feldspars

Structural energetics of the alkali feldspars have been studied using a “lattice” or structure energy model. Electrostatic energies, U _e,for 20 well-refined, non-intergrown alkali feldspars were calculated using Bertaut's (1952) summation procedure and average about ?13,400 kcal/mol; the repulsive energies of the alkali site in each structure (～15 kcal/mol) were calculated using repulsive parameters for K-O and Na-O interactions estimated from bulk modulus data for NaF and KF and the exponential form of the repulsive potential. Using a procedure in which the position of the alkali cation was varied while the oxygen cage was kept fixed, structure energy gradients for the alkali sites of high albite and a hypersolvus Ab₄₂Or₅₈ structure were computed. In both cases, a broad structure energy well, elongated approximately parallel to c and subparallel to the observed split Na positions, was found. In both structures there is a single energy minimum corresponding closely with the observed single alkali positions. Comparison of U _e values for the alkali feldspars with different K/Na ratios shows that intermediate compositions are predicted to be less “stable” than either endmember and that the potassic end-member is predicted to be less “stable” than the sodic one, assuming that all other factors contributiong to the free energies of each phase are approximately the same. Comparison of U _e values for the high albite and low sanidine structures with different Al/Si distributions and a fixed tetrahedral framework indicates that the ordered charge distributions are 63.0 and 54.8 kcal/mol, respectively, more “stable” than the disordered distributions. Smaller, more realistic energy differences were obtained by using U _evalues averaged from four separate calculations with a +3 charge on a different T site in each and with +4 charges on the other T sites. If, in addition, the charges on cations and oxygen are reduced to half their nominal formal charges, in agreement with Pauling's electroneutrality principle and the results of recent molecular orbital calculations on silicates, the predicted electrostatic energy differences are reduced to 3.6 and 1.6 kcal/mol, respectively. These calculations also indicate that the T₁O site in the high albite structure energetically favors Al and that the Al/Si distribution determines the Na position within the alkali site.     

On the constitution of the alkali feldspars

Summary The crystalline variants of the alkali feldspars differ from each other in the pattern of Al/Si disorder. The interrelations of the several variants are graphically shown in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. In high albite thekind of disorder is different from that in any other alkali feldspar; therefore the transition high albitemonalbite is diffusive; but the transition monalbiteanalbite is displacive. See Fig. 10.The phase diagram of the system NaAlSi₃O₈–KAlSi₃O₈ is presented in Fig. 4. The volume relations of the mixed crystals (Figs. 5 and 8) indicate that albite exhibiting monoclinic symmetry at room temperature has a defect lattice (defect monalbite) with vacant Na sites. A vacant cation site behaves as if a large cation (for example K) were present; therefore the defect monalbite behaves like a mixed crystal with some K replacing Na.

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Zusammenfassung Die verschiedenen kristallinen Modifikationen der Alkalifeldspate unterscheiden sich bezüglich der Art und Weise ihrer Al/Si-Verteilung. Die Interrelationen sind in den Abb. 1, 2 und 3 dargestellt. Im Hochalbit ist die Al/Si-Verteilung andersartig als in irgendeinem anderen Alkalifeldspat. Die meisten Alkalifeldspate haben eine zwifache Unendlichkeit von Variationsmöglichkeiten der Al/Si-Verteilung (entsprechend der in Abb. 2 eingezeichneten Ebene), Hochalbit aber steht einzig da und weist eine dreifache Unendlichkeit von Möglichkeiten auf. Infolgedessen entspricht dem Übergang HochalbitMonalbit ein diffuser Umwandlungsmechanismus, dem Übergang MonalbitAnalbit aber ein displaciver (Abb. 10).Das Phasendiagramm des Systems NaAlSi₃O₈–KAlSi₃O₈ ist in Abb. 4 dargestellt. Die Volumverhältnisse der Mischkristalle (Abb. 5 und 8) deuten darauf hin, daß der bei gewöhnlicher Temperatur monokline Albit ein defektes Gitter hat (= defekter Monalbit mit teilweise unbesetzten Na-Punktlagen). Die Wirkung einer unbesetzten Kation-Punktlage im Gitter ist der Wirkung eines großen Kations (z. B. Kalium) gleich; hierdurch erklärt sich die Tatsache, daß der defekte Monalbit die Eigenschaften eines etwas K-haltigen Mischkristalls nachahmt.

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With 10 Figures

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Dedicated to ProfessorF. Machatschki on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

低18O碱性花岗岩成因讨论——以内蒙巴尔哲碱性花岗岩为例

巴尔哲花岗岩是一个罕见的亏损^18O的碱性花岗岩体，其中的石英、长石、钠闪石、锆石以及全岩的氧同位素含量都是国内碱性花岗岩中最低的。根据其氧同位素资料，结合岩体地质地球化学特征，讨论了该岩体以及我国东部低^18O碱性花岗岩的成因，认为用岩石与大气降水间同位素交换和开放体系下的岩浆去气作用解释该类岩石成因较为合理，但也有缺陷，有待进一步研究。     

An alkali feldspar series

A series of single-phase alkali feldspars in the system Na₂O-K₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O were crystallized from dehydrated gels at 500 bars and 800° C, in the presence of an aqueous vapor phase, quartz, and corundum. Twenty of these bulk samples were analyzed for K₂O and Na₂O by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The unit cell parameters for 19 of these samples and 8 others in the series were obtained by least squares refinement of x-ray powder diffraction data collected with a focusing camera. Polynomial expressions giving the variation in unit cell parameters as a function of composition, in mol fraction potassium feldspar, were obtained, and compared with similar polynomial expressions developed from the avilable data on the sanidine-high albite series.This series of alkali feldspars is distinct from the previously studied series, but is closely related to the sanidine-high albite series. The differences illustrated by this series are principally in the higher values of the b and c unit cell edges, for a given N_or, and consequently higher unit cell or molar volume for a given N_or.Although the source of these differences may be related to crystalline solution with a hydronium (or oxonium) feldspar molecule, H₃OAlSi₃O₈, a more probable source of these differences is that this feldspar series is less ordered in terms of Al/Si distribution than the sanidine-high albite series.     

Coarsening kinetics of the exsolution microstructure in alkali feldspar

Actinolite, hornblende and biotite coexisting in greenschist mafic metagreywackes have been analysed with the electron microprobe to obtain information on their chemical relationship during metamorphism. As in some other parts of the world, the two calcic amphiboles coexist in the greenschist facies because of a miscibility gap between them which is observed under conditions of low-pressure regional metamorphism; it is thought that the two amphiboles are in equilibrium, or at least that the actinolite participated in hornblendeforming reactions. Contact metamorphism by granitic intrusives of these metagreywackes has converted them to hornblende hornfelses with the assemblage hornblende, andesine, quartz, biotite±cummingtonite; the hornblendes of the hornfelses are found to have compositions between actinolite and hornblende of the greenschists, and frequently show fine exsolution lamellae of cummingtonite as a result of oversaturation in this component. The distribution of Fe-Mg between hornblende and biotite changes from the greenschist to the hornblende hornfels facies, and the K _D is probably dependent on Al^VI in the hornblende.     

High-temperature thermodynamic properties of alkali feldspars

Recent hydrofluoric acid solution calorimetric data are used to derive standard enthalpies and Gibbs free energies of formation of low-albite, high-albite, NaAlSi₃O₈ glass, microcline, sanidine, and KAlSi₃O₈ glass. The data are presented as high-temperature functions from 298.15 to 1400° K.     

Structural state of detrital alkali feldspars

The structural state of an alkali feldspar is determined by the nature of the distribution of Al and Si in the tetrahedral sites of the feldspar structure. This state is a function of a number of genetic controls including temperature, cooling rate, deformation, crystal size, and several chemical factors. Together these controls constitute a genetic regime. Identification of the structures of detrital feldspars may enable recognition of genetic regimes and be useful in provenance interpretation and mineral province definition. A 2-peak method of X-ray diffraction (XRD) determination as a variant of an earlier proposed 3-peak method of structural state determination is used in this study. Total analytical time for each determination is about 50–55 min per grain. Results of structural state identification of 126 detrital feldspars from Holocene stream sands derived from volcanic, plutonic and metamorphic rocks are presented in order to illustrate the application and potential of the technique. Detrital feldspars from the metamorphic rocks are all maximum microcline; those from the plutons range from orthoclase to microcline depending on the age of the pluton, whereas those from the volcanic rocks are sanidines.     

Amazonite from the alkali granite of the Avdar Massif,Mongolia

Summary The green feldspar in alkali granite from the Avdar deposit of decoration stone (150 km W of Ulan-Bator) has been identified by means of physical and chemical methods as amazonite. Its structural state corresponds to that of microcline with a high degree of triclinicity and displaying the following anomalous dimensions of the unit cell (nm):a=0.8568,b=1.2967,c=0.7217 nm, =90.732, =115.851, =87.702°;V=0.72115 nm³.The amazonite contains in increased amount of Pb (1950 ppm) as well as of Rb (1.15 mass %). The genesis of this amazonite is associated with younger metasomatic processes in the alkali granite.

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Amazonit aus dem Alkali-Granit des Avdar-Massivs, Mongolei

Zusammenfassung Der grüne Feldspat im Alkaligranit aus der Dekorationsstein-Lagerstätte im Avdar Massiv (150 km W von Ulan-Bator) wurde auf Grund physikalischer und chemischer Methoden als Amazonit bestimmt. Sein Strukturzustand entspricht demjenigen eines Mikroklins, der eine hohe Triklinität und anomale Elementarzelle aufweist (in nm):a=0.8568,b=1.2967,c=0.7217 nm, =90.732, =115.851, =87.702°;V=0.72115 nm³.Der Amazonit hat einen erhöhten Gehalt an Pb (1950 ppm) und an Rb (1.15 Gew.-%). Die Genesis dieses Amazonits ist mit jüngeren metasomatischen Prozessen im Alkaligranit verknüpft.

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With 1 Figure     

东北平原西部的碱性尘暴

每年冬春季节在东北平原的西部常有碱性尘暴发生。碱性尘暴是指地表碱性物质被风吹扬、在空中悬移造成的能见度低于 1 0 0 0m的灾害性天气现象。碱性尘暴以碱性物质为主 ,并伴有一定的沙尘和盐尘物质 ,是一种特殊类型的尘暴。碱性尘暴发生时 ,白色的盐碱物质大面积地弥漫在空中随风迁移 ,所到之处均披覆了一层白色的碱尘物质 ,当地群众称这种碱性尘暴为“刮白烟”。早在 2 0世纪 70年代美国西部的Owen和Mono湖盆区就有关于碱性尘暴现象和其对人体健康影响的报道。碱性尘暴不仅造成土地沙化 ,而且大量的碱性物质沉降在土壤表面造成了土地碱…     

Characteristics of alkali magma differentiation at the Cape Verde Islands

Parental magmas of the Cape Verde Islands are high-Mg foidites, picrobasalts, and basanites. The rocks can be classified into the following two differentiated series: (1) a high-alkali series, which includes picrites, high-Mg foidites, low-Mg-foidites, and phonolites; and (2) a series of moderate alkalinity, which includes picrobasalts, basanites, tephrites, tephrophonolites, phonotephrites, phonolites, and trachytes.The differentiation of both series is associated with a decrease in the concentrations of Mg, Fe, Ti, and Ca and an increase in the contents of Al, Si, K, and Na. Rare lithophile elements (REE, Zr, Nb, Th, Rb, and U) progressively enrich younger derivatives. The Sr and Ba concentrations pass through a maximum, as is typical of alkaline series, which are characterized by broad crystallization fields of plagioclase and melilite, minerals that have high distribution coefficients of these elements. The analysis of the composition of volcanic rocks from the Cape Verde Islands within the scope of the system olivine-diopside-nepheline shows that the evolution of the parental magmas was controlled by crystallization differentiation in shallow-depth intermediate chambers. This conclusion finds further support in data on inclusions in minerals and a simulated crystallization model in a magmatic chamber.