环境与材料

本文论述了自然环境与社会环境对材料的影响与作用。首先介绍了环境与作为系统的材料之间的关系。给出了材料的定义和判据。分析了社会大环境与经济体制对经济持续发展臁材料事业发展的影响。     

生命周期评价与铝、镁应用中的节能减排效果

<正>材料的生产、使用、废弃和循环再生与环境之间的关系是既相互联系又相互影响和制约的,材料与自然环境构成了一个非常复杂的系统,因此必须采用全面、系统的观点来看待材料与自然环境的关系,包括材料产业上中下游在     

生态环境材料的研究与进展

环境材料作为实现社会可持续发展的先进材料引起了各国政府的普遍重视。环境材料的研究方向就是既要追求良好的使用性能,又要深刻认识到自然资源的有限性和尽可能降低废弃物排放量,并在材料的提取、制备、使用直到废弃与再生的整个过程中都尽可能地减少对环境的影响。本文简要介绍介绍了环境材料概念以及各国通过在原料-生产-消费二次原料的循环中推动环境兼容的产品的研发实现产品生态环境的协调共存性的概况,以及生态环境材料研究开发过程中所要解决的基本问题。     

应重视西部环境对材料的腐蚀——西部环境腐蚀状况调查

1　前　言西部大开发 ,首先是基础建设投入 ,另外一些跨越区域 ,影响全局的重大工程相继起动 ,如西气东输、西电东输、青藏铁路等。这此项目都离不开材料和设备的使用 ,都离不开所处的环境。然而西部自然环境和气候条件较东部恶劣 ,对材料特别是金属材料的腐蚀较严重 ,了解这些材料的环境腐蚀特征以及不同环境条件下的腐蚀规律 ,有助于工程建设中选择环境适应性更好的材料 ,选择对材料和设备保护性更好的防护技术 ,使其在服役过程中使用寿命更长 ,运行可靠性更高。为此科技部在 2 0 0 2年制订了一个社会公益研究专项 :“常用材料在西部自然…     

环境材料的研究进展

材料产业支撑着人类社会的发展,为人类带来了便利和好处,但同时在材料的生产、处理、循环、消耗、使用、回收和废弃的过程中也带来了沉重的环境负担。这促使各国材料研究者从头审视材料的环境负担性,研究材料与环境的相互作用,定量评价材料生命周期对环境的影响,研究开发环境协调     

试论木质家具的环境适应性

设计选材是设计研究的根本问题,环境适应性是材料选择的外部因素。木质家具的环境适应性主要有自然环境的适应性、人工环境的适应性和社会环境的适应性三个大的方面,这三方面各自的特点对木质家具的选择具有一定的制约作用。     

新材料与功能材料的发展趋势

作者在长期从事材料研究、出席学术会议，并查阅大量文献、专著、期刊、文件与资料的基础上，归纳整理出关于新材料与功能材料发展趋势的三十个方面。它们又可分成七大类，即：一．功能化、多功能化与智能化；二．材料的尺寸规格、成品形态与加工制作；三．材料的材质与复合；四．材料的结构、组成与功能；五．信息、生物、环境材料将成为新世纪的研究热点；六．关于新材料的性能表征、专题研究与研发动向；七．改造传统材料，着力新材料的规模化、工程化与产业化。     

国外环境材料的研究进展及发展动向

介绍了近一两年国外环境材料的最新发展动向和研究进展，并就我国环境材料的研究现状及发展提出一些看法和建议。主要讨论的内容有：把环境意识引入材料科学是保持世界平衡、持续发展的一条重要的途径；     

关于环境材料的一些研究进展

介绍了近两三年来环境材料的研究现状。在理论上,介绍了材料的环境协调性评价研究及一些最新的环境影响评价方法。在应用上,介绍了天然材料、可回收材料、水处理材料、大气治理材料等环境相容性材料和环境工程材料,以及材料生产工艺的环境协调性改造。目的在于丰富环境材料科学理论,推动环境材料科学的研究和发展。     

基于环境因素的西北农村地域性设计研究

地域性设计是基于地域特色的设计。地域特色主要包括自然环境、地域文化、区域经济三个主要方面,其中自然环境具有基础性的主导作用。文中论述了环境对文化的影响,生产和生活方式可以理解为人对自然的适应方式,所以有什么样的生活环境便有什么样的生活方式,也就有相应的物质载体,在此基础上提出了基于自然环境的地域性造物设计的基本原理,并将该原理初步应用在海尔集团针对西北农村的地域性设计调查实践中。文章最后对地域性设计在我国的实践意义和社会意义作了简要的评述。     

人、才、材的命运

从系统的内因(结构)和外因(环境)浅谈人、人才和材料的命运.采用静态的概念分析人、人才和材料,并讨论命、运和命运;采用动态的反馈分析,提出质变的新反馈,并示例地简介材料中的耗散结构.从哲学角度总结和强调社会系统和自然系统的相似性.     

装甲防护材料抗侵彻性能研究现状

目的分析装甲防护材料抗侵彻性能的研究现状,为改进复合装甲的结构设计提供参考。方法对装甲防护材料的抗侵彻研究现状进行论述,并对其应用情况进行分析。结果分别阐述了金属材料(装甲钢、铝合金和钛合金)、陶瓷复合靶板以及纤维增强复合材料(玻璃纤维、芳纶纤维和超高分子量聚乙烯纤维)的抗侵彻研究现状,并介绍了其应用情况。结论随着战场环境的日益更新和武器装备的飞速发展,单一的装甲防护材料已难以适应战场环境的不断变化,装甲防护材料将朝着强韧化、轻量化、智能化及多功能化发展。     

核电站电缆料的研究进展

依据核电站电缆的种类,介绍了核电站电缆料的种类、性能、生产工艺和国内外的研究现状。研究发现,制备核电站电缆绝缘料主要用交联聚乙烯(XLPE)和硅橡胶(或硅橡胶复合材料),此两种原料具有优良的耐热性、电绝缘性、耐低温性、耐化学性和良好的耐辐射性;核电站电缆料应具有低烟无卤、耐阻燃性和耐环境性能;其制备方法主要是挤出法,此方法生产工艺简单、成本低。最后展望了核电站电缆料的发展趋势。     

环境意识材料──功能纤维材料及其在分离、纯化、环保的应用

本文扼要论述近年来国际上强化地球资源和环境保护，确保人类社会经济持续发展，要求发展环境意识材料，建立绿色材料科学技术。同时，简单地介绍新型功能纤维材料及其在环保和资源回收方面的应用。     

Atmospheric effects on the photosensitive response of poly(methylphenylsilane) thin films

Agile ready-when-needed patterning of refractive index structures in photosensitive materials requires an understanding of the impact of local application environment on mechanisms contributing to the desired photoinduced index change. The present work examines the impact of atmosphere on the photosensitive response of poly(methylphenylsilane) (PMPS) thin films whose high photoinduced index change under low incident optical fluence make them attractive candidates for such applications. Changes in optical absorption and refractive index are investigated after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light resonant with the lowest energy transition exhibited by the Si–Si backbone structure in the material. A comparison between photoinduced absorption changes for thin films exposed in an air atmosphere versus those observed for samples subjected to a nitrogen environment during photoexposure is made for the first time. The study reveals that the anaerobic conditions of the nitrogen atmosphere significantly reduce the photosensitive response of the material to light. These results are discussed in terms of photooxidation processes within the polysilane structure and in the context of the need for predictable photosensitive refractive index change in varied photoimprinting environments.     

Internal Strain Measurement in 3D Braided Composites Using Co-braided Optical Fiber Sensors

3D braided composite technology has stimulated a great deal of interest in the world at large. But due to the three-dimensional nature of these kinds of composites, coupled with the shortcomings of currently-adopted experimental test methods, it is difficult to measure the internal parameters of this materials, hence causes it difficult to understand the material performance. A new method is introduced herein to measure the internal strain of braided composite materials using co-braided fiber optic sensors. Two kinds of fiber optic sensors are co-braided into 3D braided composites to measure internal strain. One of these is the Fabry-Parrot (F-P) fiber optic sensor; the other is the polarimetric fiber optic sensor. Experiments are conducted to measure internal strain under tension, bending and thermal environments in the 3D carbon fiber braided composite specimens, both locally and globally. Experimental results show that multiple fiber optic sensors can be braided into the 3D braided composites to meas     

Modeling the corrosion behavior of Ni-Cr-Mo-V high strength steel in the simulated deep sea environments using design of experiment and artificial neural network

Corrosion in complex coupling environments is an important issue in corrosion field, because it is difficult to take into account a large number of environment factors and their interactions. Design of Experiment (DOE) can present a methodology to deal with this difficulty, although DOE is not commonly spread in corrosion field. Thus, modeling corrosion of Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel in deep sea environment was performed in order to provide example demonstrating the advantage of DOE. In addition, an artificial neural network mapping using back-propagation method was developed for Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel such that the ANN model can be used to predict polarization curves under different complex sea environments without experimentation. Furthermore, roles of environment factors on corrosion of Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel in deep sea environment were discussed.     

水热及溶剂热制备形貌可控CuInS_2光伏材料的研究进展

纳米CuInS_2材料是一种直接带隙半导体材料,其禁带宽度为1.50eV,吸收系数高达10~5cm~(-1),在太阳电池领域有着广阔的应用前景.水热及溶剂热法是液相制备纳米粉体的常用方法之一,其用于制备形貌可控的CuInS_2光伏材料具有独特的优势.介绍了黄铜矿型CuInS_2晶体的结构和性质以及水热及溶剂热法的原理和特点;综述了近年来国内外水热及溶剂热法制备不同形貌与结构CuInS_2光伏材料的研究现状,研究了其制备特点及制备机理;最后探讨了目前存在的问题及今后研究的方向.     

Understanding interactions between cementitious materials and microorganisms: a key to sustainable and safe concrete structures in various contexts

Building materials can be exposed to microorganisms (mainly bacteria, fungi and algae) in almost every aqueous medium or damp environment, water being the indispensable condition for life development. The activity of microorganisms can be responsible for mineralogical, chemical and microstructural damage to the material (biodeterioration). Deleterious effects can also concern the aesthetics of a building (proliferation of colored biological stains on façades and roofs) or the quality of indoor air (presence of microorganisms in damp buildings). However, microorganisms can also have positive effects (healing of materials) and their action is explored through the development of bio-based protective systems intended for building materials. In all cases, understanding interactions between building materials and microorganisms is an indispensable step toward the development of more sustainable, better quality, safer structures in many environments. This paper presents two examples where the action of microorganisms has—or is likely to have—strong impact on the durability and safety of concrete structures. The first example concerns the biodeterioration of concrete in agricultural and agro-food environments. The second example is that of the abiotic and biotic reactivity of nitrates in repository of intermediate-level long-lived nuclear wastes. The paper presents the approaches used to explore and understand the phenomenology of bio-geo-chemical interactions in these complex environments. These studies notably comprise the development of test methods and experimental pilots to enable these explorations to be carried out. Current shortcomings in the scientific literature and in the standardization environment are also highlighted.     

新一代高比能量锂离子电池富锂氧化物正极材料的研究进展

富锂氧化物xLi_2MnO_3·(1-x)LiMO_2(M为Co、Ni、Mn等)的比容量可达250~300mAh/g,是高比能量锂离子电池正极材料的首选之一。介绍了材料的晶体结构、嵌/脱锂机制和充放电过程中发生的结构相变,分析讨论了材料出现首次不可逆容量大、电压和容量衰减快、倍率性能和低温性能较差等问题的原因,阐述了材料的合成方法及改性技术,如表面包覆、离子掺杂、形貌和晶面调控以及合成层状相-尖晶石相共生结构的异质材料等。最后从基础研究和应用研究两个方面展望了富锂氧化物材料的发展前景。