多次分级中心给粉旋流煤粉高效低氮氧化物燃烧技术

为了实现煤粉高效燃烧和低NOx排放,将中心给粉旋流燃烧器与燃烬风技术相结合,形成多次分级中心给粉旋流燃烧技术。阐述多次分级中心给粉旋流煤粉燃烧技术原理和特点,并指出该技术不仅可以大幅降低NOx排放,同时还具有燃烧效率高、防止结渣和高温腐蚀的优点,并通过实验室试验和工业试验验证该技术的原理。在实验室和实际锅炉上,采用飘带示踪法对不同燃烬风率和外二次风叶片角度下的空气动力场进行测量。试验表明,该燃烧器可以在燃烬风率为25%时可以形成稳定的中心回流区,回流区随着外二次风叶片角度减小而增大。采用三维激光多普勒动态粒子分析仪对采用多次分级技术条件下中心给粉旋流燃烧器出口气固流动特性进行测量。试验表明,颗粒相对数密度峰值出现位置靠近燃烧器中心位置。在一台600 MW机组锅炉上进行热态试验。试验表明,煤粉在距离喷口约为0.1 m位置着火,具有较强的稳燃能力。同时,介绍该技术的应用情况。     

旋流燃烧器给粉方式对锅炉NO排放特性影响的数值模拟

使用可实现realizable κ-ε双方程模型,对600 Mw超临界锅炉LNASB燃烧器燃烧过程进行数值模拟.研究燃烧器给粉方式、二次风量及过量空气系数对炉膛内部NO分布的影响,对燃烧器拟改进结构与原结构NO生成特性进行比较.数值模拟结果表明,内二次风对NO影响较大,内二次风关闭时炉膛出口NO下降22%.主燃烧器区域过量空气系数对NO影响明显,过量空气系数较小时NO生成量较少;中心给粉可以有效地降低锅炉NO的生成,100%负荷投入5层燃烧器时NO下降16%,数值计算结果为燃烧器改进提供了NO生成的理论依据.并与试验结果进行对比,获得比较一致的结果.通过设备改进和燃烧调整,有效地控制了锅炉NO的排放,为LNASB燃烧器设计和运行提供了一定的降氐NO的理论基础.     

中心给粉旋流燃烧器气固两相流动的数值模拟

电厂采用的煤粉燃烧技术应达到稳燃、低污染、防结渣及防高温腐蚀的要求。中国电厂燃用煤的煤质偏差,煤种多变。在燃用这些煤的时候,锅炉的稳燃能力较低。针对这些问题,提出中心给粉旋流煤粉燃烧技术。由于燃烧器的气固流动特性对燃烧器的性能有很大的影响,利用可实现的k-ε和Lagrangian随机轨道模型对中心给粉旋流燃烧器的气固两相流动进行数值模拟,并将计算结果和三维相位多普勒测速技术(Phase-Doppler anemometry,PDA)试验结果进行详细比较,计算值和试验值速度分布的趋势基本相同。计算和试验结果表明,在轴向方向产生了回流区,切向速度分布出现典型的Rankine涡结构,中心线附近区域的径向速度小。当颗粒的轴向速度衰减为0之后,颗粒的运动方向发生偏转,开始向后上方运动。颗粒迂回型运动轨迹延长了煤粉在回流区中的停留时间。     

330MW神华煤锅炉燃烧优化调整试验研究

神华煤锅炉在运行过程中虽然掺烧了25%的高灰熔点煤,但仍普遍存在着排烟温度偏高、炉膛结焦等问题,锅炉经济性也有进一步提高的潜力。现针对某电站330 MW锅炉进行了优化燃烧调整试验,分析了运行氧量、负荷、煤粉细度、磨运行方式、一次风量(温)、周界风开度、燃尽风开度、配风方式、燃烧器摆角等参数对锅炉效率、结焦和NOx排放等的影响。在兼顾锅炉防结焦、高效和低NOx排放的基础上,推荐了锅炉运行方式,达到了优化锅炉运行的目标。     

1000MW超超临界燃煤锅炉燃烧与NO_x排放特性试验研究

为实现高效燃烧和低NOx排放,在一台1000MW对冲燃烧烟煤锅炉上进行燃烧优化调整试验,测量炉膛烟气温度分布,研究煤种、省煤器出口氧量、燃尽风量、燃烧器及燃尽风风门开度、燃烧器投运方式和负荷等因素对燃烧和NOx排放的影响规律。试验表明,省煤器出口氧量和燃尽风量对锅炉效率和NOx排放有较大影响,二者分别保持在3.0%和750t/h时运行效果较好,且利于消除屏式过热器结焦;调整同层燃烧器外二次风挡板开度可减轻沿炉膛宽度的氧量不均;燃用设计煤种、全关燃尽风喷口外二次风挡板、保持燃烧器中心风母管风门开度为50%并在满负荷时尽量停止一层上排燃烧器利于降低飞灰中碳的质量分数。调整后测得锅炉效率超过94.4%,NOx排放浓度低于300mg/m3,明显优于国内目前运行的锅炉。     

中心风对旋流煤粉燃烧器性能的影响

通过冷态PDA试验,对不同中心风率下径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器出口的速度及浓度场进行了测量,得出了中心风对燃烧器出口气固流动特性的影响;工业性热态试验研究了中心风对燃烧器出口温度及烟气气氛的影响,得出了中心风对燃烧和NO     

台山电厂1000MW超超临界蒸汽锅炉燃烧优化调整研究

对机组锅炉的运行特性调整进行研究,主要调整项目有:省煤器出口氧量标定调整、变氧量调整、二次风配风方式调整、变一次风速调整、变一次风温调整、变煤粉细度调整、炉膛—风箱差压变化调整、变燃烬风开度调整、燃烧器摆角调整、SOFA水平摆角调整、制粉系统组合方式调整、不同负荷下锅炉NO_x排放特性调整,以优化运行参数,保证锅炉安全、经济、环保运行。     

立体分级燃烧对NO_x排放特性的影响

采用水平浓淡燃烧器及燃尽风联用的立体分级燃烧技术,对某台220 t/h燃烟煤、矩形炉膛锅炉机组进行降低NOx排放的改造,并对其进行试验研究.重点考察水平浓淡燃烧器、二次风配风方式和不同燃尽风份额对NOx排放量、炉膛温度水平、CO、CO2的影响规律.研究表明,采用新型水平浓淡燃烧器后,在强化燃烧的同时,可降低13%左右的NOx排放量;二次风配风方式对NOx排放影响明显,采用倒宝塔配风方式可降低NOx排放浓度至408 mg/m3;在燃尽风份额分别为0、0.21、0.31和0.43时,除出口氧量增加外,CO、CO2、飞灰碳体积分数变化不大,主燃烧区域温度水平总体呈降低趋势,燃尽区温度水平呈现先增加后降低趋势,NOx排放浓度持续降低.在未投三次风情况下,NOx排放浓度可降低到363 mg/m3.改造后,NOx排放浓度可稳定在450 mg/m3以下,为浓淡燃烧与燃尽风联用技术在大容量锅炉机组上的推广提供重要技术依据.     

四角切圆锅炉炉内煤粉燃烧过程数值模拟

利用计算流体动力学软件PHOENICS 3.5对一台200 MW四角切圆水平浓淡燃烧煤粉炉进行数值模拟研究,采用多流体两相流动模型及煤粉燃烧综合模型,计算得出在垂直方向不同二次风风量分布的工况下,炉内各截面处的烟气温度、燃料浓度、燃烧产物组分浓度以及炉内辐射热流的分布。结果表明,在燃烧器出口处出现了高煤粉浓度和烟气高温区,并出现气固两相分离的现象,使得煤粉着火及时,燃烧器区域维持较高温度,并防止水冷壁结渣,炉内温度、炉膛出口氧量和飞灰可燃物的计算结果和试验结果相比,吻合较好。二次风分级配风工况下,下部燃烧器区烟气温度升高,但氧气推迟混入,相应位置飞灰可燃物有所增加。计算模型能够合理地模拟水平浓淡煤粉气流在大型锅炉炉膛内的燃烧过程,适用于运行工况的优化和炉内污染物的控制。     

75t／h电站锅炉燃烧器改造

金川公司动力厂热电车间在一台７５ｔ／ｈ煤粉炉上用钝体浓淡分离型燃烧装置对其四角布置的燃烧器一次风口进行改造，获得了较好效果，达到了改造后锅炉低负荷（４０％）和大量程变负荷运行时不投油助燃，锅炉燃烧效率有较大的提高。     

Observation of coal fragmentation in early stages of combustion

Measurements of coal fragmentation in the early stages of combustion were undertaken in the size range of crushed coals for Chinese Dongjin and Indonesian Roto coals. A flat flame burner fed with a premixed mixture of methane, air and partly hydrogen was used for the burning of a single coal particles. A high speed video camera system was used for the observation of coal fragmentation during approximately 80 msec. Fragmentation is consistently observed in the controlled combustion environment over a gas flame temperature range of 1220K–1320K. The data indicate that a single coal particle often disintegrates into two, three, and sometimes more fragments. The dominant mechanisim of fragmentation is that producing two fragments in primary fragmentation. The Dongjin coal breaks up more extensively than the Roto coal with the frequency of fragmentation exhibiting a strong particle size dependence and a weaker gas flame temperature dependence. The mean time of primary fragmentation for the Dongjin coal falls to between 10 msec and 20 msec and does not remarkably vary with particle size and gas flame temperature. The mean time of primary fragmentation for the Roto coal is strongly dependent on the particle size, whilst shows less gas flame temperature dependence.     

Measurements of Non-reacting and Reacting Flow Fields of a Liquid Swirl Flame Burner

The understanding of the liquid fuel spray and flow field characteristics inside a combustor is crucial for designing a fuel efficient and low emission device.Characterisation of the flow field of a model gas turbine liquid swirl burner is performed by using a2-D particle imaging velocimetry(PIV)system.The flow field pattern of an axial flow burner with a fixed swirl intensity is compared under confined and unconfined conditions,i.e.,with and without the combustor wall.The effect of temperature on the main swirling air flow is investigated under open and non-reacting conditions.The result shows that axial and radial velocities increase as a result of decreased flow density and increased flow volume.The flow field of the main swirling flow with liquid fuel spray injection is compared to non-spray swirling flow.Introduction of liquid fuel spray changes the swirl air flow field at the burner outlet,where the radial velocity components increase for both open and confined environment.Under reacting condition,the enclosure generates a corner recirculation zone that intensifies the strength of radial velocity.The reverse flow and corner recirculation zone assists in stabilizing the flame by preheating the reactants.The flow field data can be used as validation target for swirl combustion modelling.     

Effects of a swirling and recirculating flow on the combustion characteristics in non-premixed flat flames

The effects of swirl intensity on non-reacting and reacting flow characteristics in a flat flame burner (FFB) with four types of swirlers were investigated. Experiments using the PIV method were conducted for several flow conditions with four swirl numbers of 0, 0.26, 0.6 and 1.24 in non-reacting flow. The results show that the strong swirling flow causes a recirculation, which has the toroidal structures, and spreads above the burner exit plane. Reacting flow characteristics such as temperature and the NO concentrations were also investigated in comparison with non-reacting flow characteristics. The mean flame temperature was measured as the function of radial distance, and the results show that the strong swirl intensity causes the mean temperature distributions to be uniform. However the mean temperature distributions at the swirl number of 0 show the typical distribution of long flames. NO concentration measurements show that the central toroidal recirculation zone caused by the strong swirl intensity results in much greater reduction in NO emissions, compared to the non-swirl condition. For classification into the flame structure interiorly, the turbulence Reynolds number and the Damkohler number have been examined at each condition. The interrelation between reacting and non-reacting flows shows that flame structures with swirl intensity belong to a wrinkled laminar-flame regime.     

炉底漏风对炉内燃烧及NOx生成排放特性的影响

干式排渣系统的冷却风会影响炉内燃烧的组织,现有研究多采用现场试验的方法,研究对象多为排烟温度或锅炉效率。以一台湿渣机改干渣机的660 MW超临界机组为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法,研究了干渣机漏风对炉内燃烧和NO_x生成排放特性的影响,对比分析了不同炉底漏风来源时,炉膛火焰中心、飞灰含碳量、NO_x排放浓度等关键参数的变化。研究结果表明,炉底漏风量为燃尽风减量的工况对于炉内燃烧影响不明显;炉底漏风量全部或部分为燃烧器二次风减量时,随着漏风量占二次风比例的增大,主燃区氧量水平、出口飞灰含碳量、NO_x排放浓度均随之增高。从冷却风量对炉内燃烧及NO_x排放特性的角度分析了干渣机不同冷却风来源对机组运行的影响,为干式排渣机设计、改造及运行提供理论指导。     

Examination of flame length for burning pulverized coal in laminar flow reactor

Because there has been a recent increase in the use of low calorific coal compared to standard coal, it is crucial to control the char flame length governing the burning life-time of coal in a coal-fired utility boiler. The main objective of this study is to develop a simplified model that can theoretically predict the flame length for burning coal in a laboratory-scale entrained laminar flow reactor (LFR) system. The char burning behavior was experimentally observed when sub-bituminous pulverized coal was fed into the LFR under burning conditions similar to those in a real boiler: a heating rate of 1000 K/s, an oxygen molar fraction of 7.7 %, and reacting flue gas temperatures ranging from 1500 to 2000 K. By using the theoretical model developed in this study, the effect of particle size on the coal flame length was exclusively addressed. In this model, the effect of particle mass was eliminated to compare with the experimental result performed under a constant mass feeding of coal. Overall, the computed results for the coal flame length were in good agreement with the experimental data, particularly when the external oxygen diffusion effect was considered in the model.     

Research on resistance characteristics of secondary air damper and nozzle in pulverized coal boiler

This article provides an industrial application method for monitoring and regulating the secondary air through the burner nozzle of a tangentially fired boiler. A geometric model from the inlet of the damper to the burner nozzle was established, which divides the grid for numerical calculation of the flow field to get the drag coefficients of the nozzle and damper under different opening ratios of the damper. In the range of 20–70% opening, the damper has perfect regulation performance, which has the main resistance comparing with that of nozzle. The disc-type damper has a slightly larger resistance than that of the splayed one. A precise corresponding function relationship between the opening ratio and the gas flow rate was established, and base on which, an exact control method on the secondary air damper was proposed. The result can apply to the intelligent transformation of thermal power plants to save energy and reduce consumption.