机器人辅助根治性膀胱切除的经验与体会

机器人辅助根治性膀胱切除(robot-assisted radical cystectomy,RARC)较传统开放手术的出血及并发症更少,住院时间更短,术后短期肿瘤控制及功能恢复效果好,是一种安全、有效的手术方式。随着临床经验的积累以及机器人外科设备的不断改进,未来RARC可能成为膀胱癌手术的标准选择。     

开放、腹腔镜及机器人根治性膀胱切除术的疗效及围术期并发症比较(附325例报告)

目的:比较开放、腹腔镜及机器人三种根治性膀胱切除术的手术疗效及围术期并发症。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月~2015年12月于本中心因膀胱恶性肿瘤行根治性膀胱切除术患者围术期的临床资料:共计325例,男282例,女43例,中位年龄66岁,其中开放根治性膀胱切除术(open radical cystectomy,ORC)226例(男194例,女32例),腹腔镜手术(laparoscopic radical cystectomy,LRC)61例(男54例,女7例),机器人手术(robot-assisted radical cystectomy,RARC)38例(男34例,女4例),收集三组患者年龄、性别组成、体质指数(BMI值)、ASA评分、既往手术史、肿瘤分期和分级、膀胱切除时间、出血量、术中输血率、术后住院天数、二次手术率、围术期并发症的发生率及死亡率等指标,比较各组手术疗效及围术期并发症差异。结果:325例手术均顺利完成,腔镜手术均未中转开放。三组患者的年龄及性别组成、BMI、ASA评分、既往手术史、肿瘤分期及分级之间的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ORC、LRC及RARC的膀胱切除时间分别为(173.4±64.1)min、(224.7±82.5)min、(243.7±96.69)min,差异有统计学意义(P=0.0320.05,F=14.85);术中出血量分别为(556.2±390.1)ml、(377.1±249.3)ml、(333.9±189.9)ml,差异有统计学意义(P0.01,F=10.735);术中输血率分别为23.9%、13.8%、10%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.0460.05,F=12.53);术后住院天数为(13.7±8.71)d、(10.08±4.92)d、(8.40±4.17)d,差异有统计学意义(P=0.0420.05)。3例因术后粘连性肠梗阻(2例ORC,1例LRC)、2例因切口感染裂开(均为ORC)均行二次手术。围术期并发症发生率分别为25.2%、21.3%、18.4%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.5680.05,F=1.132),ORC与微创手术(RARC及ORC)相比,ClavienⅡ级以上并发症发生率分别为8.0%、1.6%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.0460.05)。围术期因感染性休克、失血性休克及心脏基础疾病死亡3例,均为ORC患者。结论:虽然膀胱切除时间较长,但与ORC相比,LRC及RARC的微创优势明显,并发症发生率,尤其是ClavienⅡ级以上并发症比重较低,整体手术疗效优于ORC。     

机器人辅助根治性膀胱切除100例早期肿瘤学结果及与开放性根治性膀胱切除并发症的比较

该文报告了机器人辅助根治性膀胱切除（RARC）100例早期肿瘤学结果,并与开放根治性膀胱切除（ORC）的并发症进行了比较。方法：德国4家协作中心,2009年8月至2012年施行RARC＋盆腔淋巴结切除治疗膀胱癌患者100例,并与2007年10月至2009年7月ORC 42例患者的并发症进行比较。     

腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术中值得关注的几个问题

根治性膀胱切除术( radical cystectomy,RC)是目前公认的治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的金标准.自从1993年Sanchez等[1]报道首例腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除(laparoscopic radical cystectomy,LRC)-回肠通道术以来,随着腹腔镜器械和技术的不断改进,LRC已逐渐被患者和医生接受.     

腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除和尿流改道术

根治性膀胱切除术(radical cystectomy,RC)是治疗肌层浸润的局限性膀胱癌和复发性高分级膀胱癌的标准方法,包括双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫、膀胱根治性切除和尿流改道.     

根治性膀胱切除术的进展

我国膀胱癌发病率近年来呈增高的趋势,根治性膀胱切除术为治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的主要方法。外科手术技术不断革新与升级,机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术(RARC)远期疗效与开放手术及腹腔镜手术相当,其安全性、可行性已得到广泛认可。原位新膀胱术式虽为最理想尿流改道方式,但由于手术条件的局限性,不可控尿流改道术仍是目前主要选择。盆腔淋巴结清扫先后顺序及扩大盆腔淋巴清扫术,目前仍无法形成统一的标准。保留性神经的根治性膀胱切除术,能良好保留病人术后性功能及尿控,已被广泛推广应用。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除与开放手术的近期疗效比较

目的:比较腹腔镜与开放根治性膀胱切除术的近期疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院2013年10月~2015年11月施行的87例根治性膀胱切除术的患者临床资料,其中腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术组(LRC组)48例,开放根治性膀胱切除术组(ORC组)39例,对比分析两组的围手术期及预后情况。结果:LRC组术中出血量、术后排气时间、拔除引流管时间、术后疼痛评分、术后住院时间均低于ORC组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),但手术时间两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后感染、出血、输尿管狭窄、淋巴漏、尿瘘及复发发生率的差异也无统计学意义(P0.05),但LRC组术后肠梗阻发生率低于ORC组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除治疗浸润性膀胱癌是安全可行的,且较开腹手术具有一定优势,近期疗效肯定。     

不同术式下膀胱全切-回肠原位新膀胱术围术期指标比较的Meta分析

目的 评价腹腔镜(laparoscopic radical cystectomy,LRC)与开放式(open radical cystectomy,ORC)膀胱全切-回肠原位新膀胱术的围术期指标的差异.方法 搜索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据资源系统、维普数据库(VIP)、Pubmed数据库、爱思唯尔ScienceDirect数据库、Cochrane Library,收集国内外已公开发表的有关腹腔镜与开放式膀胱全切-回肠原位新膀胱术围术期指标比较的临床对照试验,根据纳入与排除标准选取纳入文献,提取相关数据,进行文献质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.2软件进行数据分析.结果 共纳入13篇文献,817例样本.其中ORC组382例,LRC组435例.Meta分析结果显示,ORC组与LRC组在术中出血量、术后住院时间、并发症发生率、术后肠道功能恢复等方面比较的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);LRC组手术时间长于ORC组(P＜0.05).结论 与开放手术相比,腹腔镜手术能减少术中出血量,促进肠道功能恢复,缩短术后住院时间,降低并发症发生率,值得临床推广应用.     

机器人辅助与开放根治性膀胱切除术治疗膀胱癌的Meta分析

目的:比较机器人辅助下根治性膀胱切除术(RARC)与开放根治性膀胱切除术(ORC)的围手术期安全性及疗效。方法:收集PubMed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆及中国国家知识数据库纳入的相关随机对照试验、前瞻性对照试验,纳入最终符合纳入标准的文章。采用Review Manager 5.0对选定文章的结果进行疗效评估;并进行森林图制作、敏感性分析、偏差分析。结果:最终纳入892例患者、9项研究,RARC组与ORC组分别为320例与572例。Meta分析结果表明,两组病理分期≤T_2[OR=1.22,95%CI(0.88,1.68),P=0.23]、病理分期T_2[OR=0.82,95%CI(0.60,1.13),P=0.23]、手术切缘阳性[OR=0.80, 95%CI(0.42,1.52),P=0.49]、淋巴结阳性[OR=1.08,95%CI(0.71,1.66),P=0.72]、淋巴结数量[MD=-0.30,95%CI(-4.08,4.68),P=0.89]、手术时间[MD=42.77,95%CI(-8.53,94.97),P=0.10]、Clavien并发症Ⅰ～Ⅱ[OR=0.77,95%CI(0.37,1.60),P=0.48]、Clavien并发症Ⅱ[OR=0.67,95%CI(0.44, 1.01),P=0.06]差异无统计学意义,估计失血量[MD=-498.88,95%CI(-787.31,-210.44),P=0.0007]、住院时间[MD=-4.45,95%CI(-7.27,-1.63),P=0.002]、开始进食时间[MD=-1.78,95%CI(-2.83,-0.73),P=0.0009]差异有统计学意义。结论:RARC的手术安全性与临床疗效在很大程度上与ORC相同,但RARC患者恢复更快。     

腹腔镜及开放根治性膀胱全切-回肠原位新膀胱术的比较及应用体会

根治性膀胱全切-尿流改道以及双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫术(open radical cystectomy,ORC)是治疗器官局限性肌层浸润性膀胱癌的金标准,对于高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌也可选择此方法[1]。常用的尿流改道方式可分为不可控性及可控性尿流改道,这两种方法分别以回肠膀胱术以及原位新膀胱术为代表。文献报道显示,与目前国内较为常用的回肠膀胱术相比,原位新膀胱术在术后生活质量评分、     

机器人辅助全膀胱切除术的研究进展

机器人辅助全膀胱切除术是近年新发展起来的微创手术方式。为总结机器人辅助全膀胱切除术的疗效,本文回顾近年来机器人辅助全膀胱切除术的文献,总结和比较了机器人辅助全膀胱切除术与开放手术在围手术期结果、早期手术并发症、肿瘤转归和盆腔淋巴结清扫术的情况,初步评估该微创手术与开放全膀胱切除术相比具有的优势和不足。文献统计发现与开放全膀胱切除术相比,机器人手术具有术中出血量少、平均住院时间短、肠道功能恢复时间快、围手术期并发症发生率低等优点,而且,机器人手术在短期肿瘤控制和盆腔淋巴结清扫术中也具有一定的优势。但是,仍需要长期随访和多中心随机对照研究对机器人辅助全膀胱手术作进一步的评价。     

Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy: Description of an Evolved Approach to Radical Cystectomy

Background

Although open radical cystectomy (ORC) remains the gold standard of care for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) continues to gain wider acceptance. In this article, we focus on the steps of RARC, describing our approach, which has been developed over the past 10 yr. Totally intracorporeal RARC aims to offer the benefits of a complete minimally invasive approach while replicating the oncologic outcomes of open surgery.

Objective

We report our outcomes of a totally intracorporeal RARC procedure, describing step by step our technique and highlighting the variations on this standard template of nerve-sparing and female organ–preserving approaches in men and women.

Design, setting, and participants

Between December 2003 and October 2012, a total of 113 patients (94 male and 19 female) underwent totally intracorporeal RARC.

Surgical procedure

We performed RARC, extended pelvic lymph node dissection, and a totally intracorporeal urinary diversion (UD) in all patients. In the accompanying video, we focus on the standard template for RARC, also describing nerve-sparing and female organ–preserving approaches.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Complications and oncologic outcomes are reported, including overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) using Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results and limitations

RARC with intracorporeal UD was performed in 113 patients. Mean age was 64 yr (range: 37–84). Forty-three patients underwent intracorporeal ileal conduit, and 70 had intracorporeal neobladder. On surgical pathology, 48% of patients had ≤pT1 disease, 27% had pT2 disease, 13% had pT3 disease, and 12% had pT4 disease. The mean number of lymph nodes removed was 21 (range: 0–57). Twenty percent of patients had lymph node–positive disease. Positive surgical margins occurred in six cases (5.3%). Median follow-up was 25 mo (range: 3–107). We recorded a total of 70 early complications (0–30 d) in 54 patients (47.8%), with 37 patients (32.7%) having Clavien grade ≥3. Thirty-six late complications (>30 d) were recorded in 30 patients (26.5%), with 20 patients (17.7%) having Clavien grade ≥3. One patient (0.9%) died within 90 days of operation from pulmonary embolism. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, CSS was 81% at 3 yr and 67% at 5 yr.

Conclusions

Our structured approach to RARC has enabled us to develop this complex service while maintaining patient outcomes and complication rates comparable with ORC series. Our results demonstrate acceptable oncologic outcomes and encouraging long-term CSS rates.     

Totally intracorporeal robot‐assisted radical cystectomy: optimizing total outcomes

We performed a systematic literature review to assess the current status of a totally intracorporeal robot‐assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) approach. The current ‘gold standard’ for radical cystectomy remains open radical cystectomy. RARC has lagged behind robot‐assisted prostatectomy in terms of adoption and perceived patient benefit, but there are indications that this is now changing. There have been several recently published large series of RARC, both with extracorporeal and with intracorporeal urinary diversions. The present review focuses on the totally intracorporeal approach. Radical cystectomy is complex surgery with several important outcome measures, including oncological and functional outcomes, complication rates, patient recovery and cost implications. We aim to answer the question of whether there are advantages to a totally intracorporeal robotic approach or whether we are simply making an already complex procedure more challenging with an associated increase in complication rates. We review the current status of both oncological and functional outcomes of totally intracorporeal RARC compared with standard RARC with extraperitoneal urinary diversion and with open radical cystectomy, and assess the associated short‐ and long‐term complication rates. We also review aspects in training and research that have affected the uptake of RARC. Additionally we evaluate how current technology is contributing to the future development of this surgical technique.     

Contemporary techniques and outcomes of robotic assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion

The open approach to radical cystectomy continues to be accompanied by significant morbidity despite enhanced recovery protocols (ERP). Robotic assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with intracorporeal urinary diversion (ICUD) has become an increasingly popular technique for removal of aggressive bladder cancer and subsequent urinary diversion. Randomized clinical trials comparing the robotic and open techniques address the uncertainty surrounding oncological efficacy of the RARC and show that RARC is at least comparable to open radical cystectomy (ORC) in terms of oncologic adequacy and survival. Although RARC with ICUD is a technically challenging procedure, surgeons have noted ergonomic advantages while patients experience less blood loss and quicker time to recovery and to adjuvant chemotherapy (AC), if necessary. Even with these benefits, there is a paucity of data describing outcomes of ICUD. For those surgeons who have switched to ICUD, priority remains standardization of a protocol for the reconstructive component and for a safe transition from extracorporeal urinary diversion (ECUD) to ICUD. Additionally, there is a need for evidence of reduced financial toxicity for the patient, as well as more comprehensive cost-effectiveness analyses. The literature from this review represents 10 years of accumulating data on techniques and outcomes of RARC with ICUD.     

Cost Analysis of Open Radical Cystectomy Versus Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy

Bladder cancer is the fourth and ninth most common malignancy in males and females, respectively, in the U.S. and one of the most costly cancers to manage. With the current economic condition, physicians will need to become more aware of cost-effective therapies for the treatment of various malignancies. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) is the latest minimally invasive surgical option for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Current reports have shown less blood loss, a shorter hospital stay, and a lower morbidity with RARC, as compared with the traditional open radical cystectomy (ORC), although long-term oncologic results of RARC are still maturing. There are few studies that have assessed the cost outcomes of RARC as compared with ORC. Currently, ORC appears to offer a direct cost advantage due to the high purchase and maintenance cost of the robotic platform, although when the indirect costs of complications and extended hospital stay with ORC are considered, RARC may be less expensive than the traditional open procedure. In order to accurately evaluate the cost effectiveness of RARC versus ORC, prospective randomized trials between the two surgical techniques with long-term oncologic efficacy are needed.     

Robotic and laparoscopic radical cystectomy in the management of bladder cancer

To review the current status of robot-assisted and laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RARC and LRC) in the management of bladder cancer, published English literature was searched using the National Library of Medicine database. The experience with RARC is rapidly growing, and this minimally invasive option and has relatively better results than LRC. Both techniques allow an appropriate lymph node dissection in the hands of experienced and skilled surgeons at high-volume centers. The early and intermediate oncological outcomes of RARC and LRC compare favorably with open radical cystectomy (ORC). Extracorporeal urinary diversions are performed via a mini-incision in most cases and have better outcome than pure intracorporeal urinary diversions. RARC has taken over LRC at most of the centers where robot is available. The future of RARC with extracorporeal urinary diversion looks optimistic and has potential to supplant ORC, but with greater cost.     

Utility of robot‐assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer

Radical cystectomy remains the gold standard for treatment of muscle‐invasive bladder cancer. Robot‐assisted radical cystectomy has technical advantages over laparoscopic radical cystectomy and has emerged as an alternative to open radical cystectomy. Despite the advancements in robotic surgery, experience with total intracorporeal reconstruction of urinary diversion remains limited. Most surgeons have carried out the hybrid approach of robot‐assisted radical cystectomy and extracorporeal reconstruction of urinary diversion, as intracorporeal reconstruction of urinary diversion remains technically challenging. However, intracorporeal reconstruction of urinary diversion might potentially proffer additional benefits, such as decreased fluid loss, reduction in estimated blood loss and a quicker return of bowel function. The adoption of intracorporeal ileal neobladder reconstruction has hitherto been limited to high‐volume academic institutions. In the present review, we compare the totally intracorporeal robot‐assisted radical cystectomy approach with open radical cystectomy and robot‐assisted radical cystectomy + extracorporeal reconstruction of urinary diversion in muscle‐invasive bladder cancer patients.     

Current Status and Outcomes of Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy and Urinary Diversion

Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RARC) has emerged as a viable treatment option for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer and select patients with high-risk nonmuscle invasive disease. Operative, perioperative, and intermediate-term oncologic outcomes for RARC from multiple single-institution reports and from multi-institutional studies appear promising. Long-term oncologic outcomes for RARC should be forthcoming in the years ahead. As technology improves, total intracorporeal urinary diversion may become easier to perform and less time-consuming. This article aims to review the most recent developments within the past 1 to 2 years surrounding RARC, important technical nuances for performing this operation, and the future direction of RARC.     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy: long-term outcomes

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is being increasingly performed at several centers across the world. This review analyzes the published perioperative and oncologic outcomes of this procedure. RECENT FINDINGS: Minimally invasive radical cystectomy for bladder cancer is performed laparoscopically or robotically. Urinary diversion is currently usually performed extracorporeally through a small open incision in order to decrease operating time and minimize bowel complications. Although rigorous comparisons with open cystectomy are lacking, minimally invasive radical cystectomy appears to have superior perioperative outcomes. Although long-term outcomes after minimally invasive radical cystectomy are limited, intermediate term oncologic outcomes appear comparable to open radical cystectomy, the reference standard. SUMMARY: Minimally invasive radical cystectomy is technically feasible. Perioperative outcomes are as good as open radical cystectomy if not better. Intermediate term oncologic outcomes compare well with open radical cystectomy. Initial long-term oncologic outcomes are encouraging. Prospective randomized comparison between minimally invasive radical cystectomy and open radical cystectomy is needed to define the role of these modalities in the current context.     

Oncological and functional outcomes after robot-assisted radical cystectomy: critical review of current status

Although open radical cystectomy (ORC) remains the gold-standard management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the number of centers performing robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has recently increased, prompting greater oncological outcome concerns. Although limited in patient number and follow-up, short-term RARC data from centers of excellence appear to show the approach to be safe and effective, with improved perioperative and functional outcomes, while maintaining comparable oncologic efficiency. Nevertheless, despite the surge of centers adopting RARC, the long-term effectiveness of minimally-invasive techniques has yet to be proven. This review of published RARC series affirms the need for prospective, long-term, controlled studies to adequately evaluate the role of robotics in bladder cancer surgery.