Influence of Sb addition on Martensitic and Magnetic Transformation in β+γ Two-phase Based Co-Ni-Al Shape Memory Alloy

利用OM，SEM，EDX，XRD，DSC和VSM研究了用Sb替代Al对Co41Ni32Al27合金马氏体相变和磁性的影响．结果表明Co41Ni32Al26Sb1合金仍然生成L10型马氏体，其马氏体相变温度和Curie点与淬火温度成正比关系，淬火温度每升高10K，马氏体相变温度约提高9K，而Curie点约提高7．5K．相同淬火温度下Co41Ni32Al26Sb1合金的马氏体相变温度比Co41Ni32Al27合金约高70K，而Curie点也高出15K．Co41Ni32Al26Sb1在1623K热处理时出现共晶组织，发生部分熔化现象．特别重要的是C041Ni32A12eSbl合金的马氏体相变温度范围大幅度缩小，为20-28K，只有Co41Ni32Al27合金的一半，有利于获得大磁致应变．用平均s＋d总电子浓度和平均磁价电子数分别解释了马氏体相变温度和Curie点的变化．     

18Ni马氏体时效钢循环相变细晶工艺研究

研究了循环相变对18Ni(1800 MPa级)马氏体时效钢奥氏体晶粒细化的影响.结果表明,通过加热温度递减的变温循环相变,18Ni马氏体时效钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸可由201 μm的粗大等轴晶细化为约10 μm的均匀细小晶粒;而通过950、920和900℃的等温循环相变,得到细化的晶粒尺寸为12～14μm;通过循环相变显著细化了马氏体时效钢的晶粒尺寸,而温度递减的变温循环相变是该钢细化晶粒的有效措施.     

溅射Ni32Co23Cr8Al2Si纳米晶涂层900℃氧化性能

利用磁控溅射技术在铸造Ni32Co23Cr8A12Si合金上溅射了相同成分的纳米晶涂层.900℃氧化试验结果表明溅射Ni32Co23Cr8A12Si纳米晶涂层由于晶粒尺寸细小,促进了保护性氧化物形成元素Al向氧化前沿的快速扩散和保护性A12O3层的快速形成,使得溅射Ni32Co23Cr8A12Si纳米晶涂层表现出更优异的抗氧化性能.     

Zr-1Nb棒材内外部微小孔洞差异分析

利用金相观察(MO)、电镜分析(EM)及织构分析的方法,并结合轧制有限元(FEM),分析了Zr-1Nb棒材内部及外部酸液腐蚀产生微小孔洞存在差异的原因。结果表明:棒材的外部(靠近棒材表面)组织较为致密,内部(靠近棒材芯部)组织较为疏松。酸液侵蚀后外部微小孔洞数量较少,尺寸较小,内部微小孔洞数量较多,尺寸较大。棒材内、外部的晶粒面(0002)基本与轧向平行,但外部晶粒面(0002)集中于中心点,而内部晶粒面(0002)极点呈环形绕纵轴分布。Zr-1Nb棒材外部存在旋转压应力,内部存在压应力,从而造成了棒材腐蚀后,内、外部微小孔洞存在差异。     

大规格纯钛细晶棒材的锻造工艺

研究了加热温度对Gr.2纯钛晶粒度的影响,并据此制定了4种锻造工艺,利用3150吨水压机锻造生产出直径为#x03D5;250 mm的Gr.2大规格棒材。棒材经650℃退火1 h空冷后,按照ASTM E112标准要求进行晶粒度和组织均匀性分析,并对其力学性能进行测试。结果表明:随着加热温度的升高,Gr.2纯钛晶粒逐渐长大;当加热温度超过800℃时,晶粒尺寸显著增大,棒材成品锻造优选在700～800℃区间加热为佳;随着变形量的增加,棒材晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,变形量对晶粒细化的贡献作用较显著;当变形量增加到一定值时,其对晶粒尺寸的影响趋势变缓,此时适当降低锻造温度,可进一步细化晶粒,使大规格纯钛棒材的平均晶粒尺寸小于63.5μm,满足ASTM E112中晶粒度5级的要求;随着晶粒尺寸的减小,棒材的强度略有增加,而塑性差别不大。     

氧含量对Ni47Ti44Nb9合金组织和相变行为的影响

研究了氧含量对Ni47Ti44Nb9合金显微组织和相变行为的影响.结果表明,当氧含量超过固溶度后,氧存在于(Ti,Nb)4Ni2O氧化物中.随着氧含量的增加相变温度降低,应力诱发马氏体相变的临界应力提高,相变热滞变宽.氧含量(质量分数)在0.04%-0.07%范围内,Ni47Ti44Nb9合金具有最大的形状记忆应变和延伸率.     

添加元素对稀土粘结磁体退磁曲线方形度的影响

采用快淬法制备镨基(Nd,Pr)10.5(Fe,Co)83.5-xMxB6(M=Zr,Nb,Ti)系列粘结磁体,研究添加Zr、Nb和Ti等元素对快淬合金显微结构和磁性能的影响.(Nd,Pr)10.5(Fe,Co)83.5B6合金中适量添加Zr、Nb和Ti元素能有效细化合金晶粒,获得细小、均匀的晶粒,平均晶粒尺寸为50～70 nm.添加Zr、Nb和Ti元素的粘结磁体,由于晶粒细化和非磁性相对磁畴畴壁钉扎的共同作用,Hk/Hcj值大幅度增加,退磁曲线方形度得到明显改善,磁性能也显著提高.在Zr、Nb和Ti3种元素中,Zr对细化晶粒和提高磁性能的效果最好.含1％Zr(原子分数)的(Nd,Pr)10.5(Fe,Co)82.5Zr1B6合金薄带晶粒细小、均匀,平均尺寸约为60 nm,其粘结磁体退磁曲线方形度最好,Hk/Hcj值达到了39.9％,剩磁Br为0.675 T,内禀矫顽力Hci为616 kA/m,最大磁能积(BH)m为77 kJ/m3.     

Co、Pd掺杂对NiTiNb记忆合金相变影响的第一原理研究

基于第一原理计算方法,通过比较Co、Pd合金化前、后NiTiNb合金能态、电子、态密度等微观结构变化,表征和评判了Co、Pd掺杂对NiTiNb合金相变的影响,结果表明：Co元素在NiTi和NiTi(Nb)相取代Ni位的结合能和形成焓小于其取代Ti位,表明Co元素将以取代Ni位形式固溶,Mulliken布居和电子密度计算显示,Co固溶后将与最近邻Ti原子形成强键作用,导致Co周围Ti原子活性降低,Ni/Ti原子比升高,所以Co合金化后NiTiNb合金Ms反而降低。对于Pd元素,虽然其取代Ti位的形成焓略小于取代Ni位,但NiTi(Pd→Ni)和NiTi(Nb)(Pd→Ni)的结合能均小于Pd取代Ti位,同时Pd→Ni位后固溶相的Fermi能级处电子数减少,Pd成键峰峰值更高、峰型更集中,所以Pd以置换Ni位更稳定,Ni/Ti原子比降低,NiTiNb合金Ms升高     

Cu/Ni和Cu/Nb纳米多层膜的应变率敏感性

为研究调制周期和界面结构对纳米多层膜应变率敏感性的影响,采用电子束蒸发镀膜技术在Si基片上制备了不同周期(Λ=4 nm,12 nm,20 nm)的Cu/Ni纳米多层膜,采用磁控溅射技术在Si基片上制备了不同周期(Λ=5 nm,10 nm,20 nm)的Cu/Nb纳米多层膜。在真空条件下,对Cu/Ni纳米多层膜进行了温度分别为200和400℃、时间4 h的退火处理,对Cu/Nb纳米多层膜进行了温度分别为200、400和600℃,时间为4 h的退火处理。采用XRD和TEM表征了Cu/Ni和Cu/Nb纳米多层膜的结构,采用纳米压痕仪获取了不同加载应变率(0.005、0.01、0.05和0.2 s~(-1))下纳米多层膜的硬度。结果表明,应变率敏感性受到界面结构和晶粒尺寸的影响,非共格界面密度提高以及晶粒尺寸变大均可导致应变率敏感性下降。当周期变大时,Cu/Ni纳米多层膜的非共格界面密度提高,晶粒尺寸变大,应变率敏感性指数m减小;当周期变大时,Cu/Nb纳米多层膜的非共格界面密度下降,晶粒尺寸变大,m基本不变。随退火温度上升,Cu/Ni和Cu/Nb纳米多层膜应变率敏感性大体上呈现下降趋势,这是由退火过程中非共格界面密度上升和晶粒长大共同引起的。     

含Nb钢在FTSR工艺中铁素体相变行为研究

采用G1eeble-2000热／力模拟试验机模拟了含Nb钢在FTSR（Flexible Thin Slab Rolling）薄板坯连铸连轧过程中的铁素体相变行为，通过研究Nb含量、终轧温度等参数对铁素体相变实际转变温度以及铁素体晶粒尺寸的影响，得出了低碳含Nb钢在FTSR工艺中的铁素体相变规律，可为薄板坯连铸连轧工艺轧制含Nb钢时控制冷却工艺的制定提供指导。     

Effects of Isothermal Aging on Microstructure Evolution,Hardness and Wear Properties of Wrought Co-Cr-Mo Alloy

In this work, effects of isothermal aging on phase transformation, microstructure evolution, hardness and wear resistance of the wrought Co-Cr-Mo alloy with low carbon content were investigated. Initially, temperature range of FCC to HCP phase transformation of the alloy was determined by a dilatometer test. Then, aging at the temperature of 850 °C for different holding times with subsequent water quenching was carried out. Metallography examination, x-ray diffraction analysis, microhardness test and wear test were performed for Co-Cr-Mo alloy specimens after the isothermal aging. It was found that the FCC to HCP phase transformation occurred in the temperature range between 700 and 970 °C. During the aging treatment, phase fraction of the HCP martensite increased with longer aging time. The FCC to HCP phase transformation was completed after 12 h, because very fine lamellae in different orientations thoroughly dispersed within FCC grains were observed. These lamella structures could be well correlated with formation of the HCP martensite. Small amounts of carbides were found at grain boundaries and grain intersections in the samples aged for 6 and 12 h. In addition, by longer aging time, the average grain size of the aged alloy became a little bit larger, while the hardness noticeably increased. For the examined Co-Cr-Mo alloy, higher amount of the emerged HCP martensitic phase led to the increased hardness value, but reduced friction coefficient and wear rate.     

薄板TC4钛合金TIG电弧和激光焊接接头晶粒尺寸与微观组织

对薄板TC4钛合金进行TIG电弧和激光焊接技术研究,重点分析了TIG焊接电流、焊接速度和激光输出功率对TC4钛合金焊接接头晶粒尺寸、微观组织和显微硬度的影响规律. 试验结果表明,在实现薄板TC4钛合金完全熔透的条件下,激光焊接具有更小热输入,接头焊缝区和热影响区宽度也显著降低. TIG焊接接头晶粒尺寸随热输入增加,呈现增加趋势. 随距焊缝中心位置增加,焊接接头晶粒尺寸均逐渐降低. TC4钛合金激光焊接接头焊缝区呈现魏氏组织特征,针状α'马氏体细小. 近缝热影响区组织为网篮状α'马氏体,而近母材热影响区为未转变α相和针状α'马氏体的双相组织. 随距焊缝中心位置增加,马氏体生成量逐渐减少,焊缝显微硬度值呈现降低趋势;同时相比于TIG焊接,TC4激光焊接接头具有更高的显微硬度.     

退火工艺路径对980 MPa级高强钢组织及性能的影响

为了提升980 MPa级高强钢局部成形性能,采用万能试验机、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)及综合成形试验机等研究了不同退火工艺路径的980 MPa高强钢微观组织和力学性能,并评价了其扩孔及局部成形性能。结果表明,除了有铁素体和马氏体两相外,新型Q&T工艺的组织结构还存在回火马氏体中间相,铁素体和马氏体平均晶粒尺寸分别为3.14μm和2.62μm,马氏体面积分数为61.0%,而传统工艺下为典型的铁素体及马氏体双相组织,铁素体和马氏体平均晶粒尺寸分别为4.77μm和2.77μm,马氏体面积分数为35.8%。两种工艺伸长率相差不大,但屈服强度和扩孔率具有明显差异,新型Q&T工艺下获得了更高的屈强比及扩孔性能,得益于其更小铁素体晶粒尺寸及铁素体和马氏体硬度差。传统工艺下真实断裂应变(TFS)与真实均匀应变ε_u比值为7.0,而新型Q&T工艺下比值为15.2,因此新型Q&T工艺下具有更优异的局部成形特性。     

Size dependence of martensite transformation temperature in nanostructured Ni-Mn-Sn ferromagnetic shape memory alloy thin films

In the present study, we report the influence of grain size on structural and phase transformation behaviour of nanostructured Ni-Mn-Sn ferromagnetic shape memory alloy thin films synthesized by dc magnetron sputtering. With increase in substrate temperature, the structural phase changes from austenite with L2₁ cubic crystal structure to martensite with monoclinic structure. In addition, field-induced martensite-austenite transformation is observed in magnetization studies using superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. The martensitic transformation behaviour of these films depends critically on the microstructure and dimensional constraint. Both, the martensite start temperature (M_s) and austenite finish temperature (A_f) of these nanostructured films decreases with decreasing grain size. The excess free volume associated with grain boundaries has been observed to increase with decrease in grain size which in turn leads to an increase in the number of grain boundaries. It has been proposed that the grain boundaries impose constraints on the growth of the martensite and confine the transformed volume fraction in nanocrystalline structure. A martensite phase nucleated within a grain will be stopped at the grain boundaries acting as obstacles for martensite growth. The investigations revealed that below a critical grain size of 10.8 nm, the austenite phase is observed to be more stable than the martensite phase which leads to the complete suppression of martensitic transformation in these films.     

深冷处理对合金铸铁组织及耐磨性能的影响

采用OM、SEM、XRD、摩擦试验等分析手段研究了合金铸铁在淬火+回火后增加深冷处理工艺对组织及耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:深冷处理前后合金铸铁的石墨形态均主要以A型为主,级别为5级,深冷处理后马氏体晶界上析出超微细碳化物,残留奥氏体的体积分数由19.6%减小为14.8%,使得合金铸铁的硬度增加了3 HRC;深冷处理后合金铸铁在25~100 ℃的平均热膨胀系数由13.34×10^-6 K^-1减小至10.97×10^-6 K^-1,材料随温升其性能稳定性较好;同工况油润滑条件下,深冷处理后的合金铸铁磨损体积和摩擦因数小于未深冷的合金铸铁。     

Microstructural evolution in NiTi alloy subjected to surface mechanical attrition treatment and mechanism

Both nanocrystalline and amorphous phases are observed from the near surface of nickel titanium shape memory alloy (NiTi SMA) with the B2 austenite phase after surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). The microstructure and phase changes are systematically studied by cross-sectional and plane-view transmission electron microscopy. The strain induces grain refinement and it is accompanied by increased strain in the surface layer triggering the onset of highly dense dislocations and dislocation tangles (DTs), formation of the martensite plate via stress-induced martensite (SIM) transformation (B2 to B19′), and dislocation lines (DLs) as well as dense dislocation walls (DDWs) inside the martensite plate leading to the subdivision of the martensite plate. In addition, reverse martensite transformation (B19′ to B2) and amorphization take place concurrently in the surface region, and successive subdivision and amorphization finally result in the formation of well separated nanocrystalline and amorphous phases in the near surface. The average grain size of the nanocrystallites is about 20 nm. Owing to the almost complete reverse martensite transformation as well as thermal stability, the strain-induced nanocrystalline structure has the B2 austenite phase in the surface layer and no transformation occurs.     

CDS铸造过共晶铝硅合金组织及性能研究

采用受控扩散凝固(CDS)技术制备Al-20％Si合金,研究了混合方式和高硅合金的混合温度对目标合金组织和性能的影响,探讨了合金组织与热膨胀性能之间的关系.结果表明,采用受控扩散凝固技术,纯铝液(660℃)与高硅合金液(850℃)混合所制备的目标合金初生硅相分布均匀,形貌规整,尺寸最小,合金的线膨胀系数也最小(15.7×10-6 ℃-1,30～300℃).分析表明,Al-20％Si合金热膨胀性能主要取决于合金组织中初生相的分布和形貌的规整性,与尺寸大小关系不大.     

Microstructures and properties of Al–45%Si alloy prepared by liquid–solid separation process and spray deposition

The microstructures and properties of Al–45%Si alloy prepared by liquid–solid separation (LSS) process and spray deposition (SD) were studied. The results show that the size, shape and distribution of the primary Si phase have different influence on the properties of alloys. Comparing with the Si particles with irregular shape, fine size and continuous distribution in SD alloy, the primary Si phase in LSS alloy is sphere-like, coarse and surrounded by the continuous Al matrix. The microstructure features of LSS alloy are beneficial to the higher thermal conductivity and lower thermal expansion coefficient at room temperature. The fine Si particle in SD alloy is advantageous to improving the mechanical properties. The increasing rates of thermal expansion coefficient with temperature are influenced by the distribution of the Si particles, where a lower rate is obtained in SD alloy with continuous Si particles. The agreement of thermal expansion coefficient with the model in LSS alloy differs from that in the SD alloy because of the different microstructure characteristics.     

Analysis of the thermal expansion characteristics of Ni53.6Mn27.1Ga19.3 alloy

Dilatation characteristics of Ni_53.6Mn_27.1Ga_19.3 alloy were measured in the temperature range of 20–360 °C. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) decreased with increasing temperature in the temperature range of the existence of martensite. Three variants of martensite transformed gradually into austenite. Analysis of the dilatation characteristics showed that compression deformation of the alloy at room temperature produces two kinds of strain.     

Sn含量对Ti-Nb-Sn合金组织及相结构的影响

制备不同成分的TiNbSn合金,分别进行了DTA、XRD和TEM分析。结果表明,随着Sn含量的增加,TiNbSn合金晶粒尺寸减小;当Sn含量≤4.2mol%时,合金未发生马氏体相变。当Sn含量为4.71mol%和5.02mol%时,合金在加热过程中热弹性马氏体消失,在冷却时形成。这两种合金具有对室温相以及高温相的形状记忆效应。