福建玉华洞降水、滴水和新生碳酸盐δ~(18)O传递及环境意义

为探究福建玉华洞石笋δ18O的气候环境指示意义,于2011年7月~2013年12月,在将乐县天阶山逐月采集大气降水以及玉华洞3个滴水点和相对应的3个新生碳酸盐沉积物的样品,并进行氢氧同位素测试,分析δ18O在大气降水—洞内滴水—新生沉积物的传递过程及其变化规律.结果表明:3个滴水点的δD和δ18O均分布在当地大气降水线(δD=8.87δ18O+17.59(R2=0.97))附近,表明滴水的δD和δ18O体现了当地大气降水δD和δ18O的平均水平;沉积物δ18O的变化范围小于相对应的滴水δ18O变化范围,更小于洞外大气降水,但3者都呈现出夏秋季偏轻、冬春季偏重的季节性变化趋势;与逐月大气降水量对比发现,沉积物δ18O受月"降雨量效应"影响较少,沉积物δ18O主要受冬夏季降水水汽源地季节性差异的影响.总体而言,玉华洞沉积物δ18O值存在较明显的季节特征,其波动较好的继承了当地大气降水信息,玉华洞石笋δ18O可以用来重建季节性高分辨率的古气候记录.     

东江下游大气降水氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源

大气降水是水循环系统的主要输入源,其氢、氧稳定同位素组成(δD、δ~(18)O)受区域气象、地理等因素变化影响较大,可以对环境变化做出快速、及时的响应,是研究全球和局地水循环特征的重要技术手段。东江流域地处我国珠江三角洲,季风环流通过影响水汽输送场的分布控制降水的时空分配。为研究区域降水成因及机理,本文采集并测定东江流域下游地区2017年逐日降水样品中δD、δ~(18)O,以月为研究时间尺度,分析其与气温、降水量之间的关系;利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式追踪降水气团的传输路径,进一步探讨区域降水的水汽来源及输送状况。结果表明,研究期间降水样品中δD的变化范围为-105.10‰～+9.98‰,雨量加权平均值为-57.88‰;δ~(18)O的变化范围为-14.80‰～-0.55‰,雨量加权平均值为-8.61‰,局地大气降水线为δD=8.60δ~(18)O+16.15(R~2=0.99)。月尺度下δ~(18)O最高值出现在1月份,为-3.47‰,最低值出现在8月份,为-10.17‰。δ~(18)O与气温、降水量均呈显著负相关关系,表现"反温度效应"和"降水量效应"。太平洋水汽带来的降水δ~(18)O、δD偏高,印度洋水汽带来的降水δ~(18)O、δD偏低,而南海降水气团中δ~(18)O、δD则随季节的不同而改变,表现为夏、秋两季明显较春季贫化,存在明显"降水同位素环流效应"。     

沂沭河下游平原地下水化学及氢氧稳定同位素特征

为研究沂沭河下游平原地下水化学及氢氧稳定同位素特征,采用数理统计、Piper三线图、δD-δ~(18)O关系图法进行分析。结果表明:北部丘岗区地下水以淡水为主,水化学类型沿地下水流向的变化为HCO_3·Cl-Ca·Na型→Cl·HCO_3-Na·Ca型→Cl·HCO_3-Na型,裂隙水和孔隙水均为大气降水补给,后者受蒸发较强;由于沉积环境不同,东部滨海平原区浅层水TDS明显高于深层水,浅层水水化学类型由陆向海的变化为HCO_3型水→HCO_3·Cl型水→Cl·HCO_3型水→Cl型水,深层水的水化学类型由陆向海的变化为HCO_3型水→HCO_3·Cl型水→Cl·HCO_3型水,浅层水与深层水水力联系较弱,浅层水主要接受大气降水补给,而深层水则为侧向径流补给。     

衢江流域地表水与地下水的转化关系

地表水和地下水之间的转换关系是流域水循环和水环境问题研究的关键.以水化学和氢氧同位素作为示踪剂可以在一定程度上反映流域内地表水和地下水之间的关系.以衢江流域为研究区,分析了流域内地表水、地下水的水化学和氢氧稳定同位素的空间分布规律和演化趋势,定性和定量地揭示了流域内地表水与地下水的转化关系,结果表明:①溶解性总固体(TDS)、pH指标显示研究区地表水与地下水水化学指标空间变化特征相似,两者转化频繁;流域上游主要是地下水补给地表水,中下游则主要是地表水补给地下水;②阴阳离子组分显示:研究区水化学类型主要是HCO3-Ca、HCO3·Cl-Ca类型水,流域内水的最终来源为大气降水;水中离子主要受岩石风化和降水因素影响;③δD-18δO关系显示氢氧同位素含量沿河水流向不断富集;依据氢氧同位素与大气降水线之间的关系,显示出研究区地下水和地表水均受大气降水补给;④地表水与地下水的定量关系显示:研究区上游主要是地下水补给地表水,地下水对地表水的平均贡献率为19.67％,日均补给量为2.73×106 m3/d;中下游主要是地表水补给地下水,地表水对地下水的平均贡献率为22.77％,日均补给量为3.49×106 m3/d.     

怒江跃进桥温泉水化学特征及成因分析

跃进桥温泉为上升泉群,其热水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型。根据δD、δ18O稳定同位素分析温泉水源为大气降水;δ18O稳定同位素确定其补给高程为2 050 m;3H放射性同位素确定温泉水的年龄为(10～20)a。跃进桥温泉的热源来自区域高热流背景,称嘎断裂、F1断裂起到导热导水作用,其成因模式为大气降水补给的断裂渗入循环型中、低温地热系统。     

广东省河源断裂带碳酸泉水化学特征及形成机制

为了解广东省河源断裂带碳酸泉的形成机理,全面认识碳酸泉形成过程,为碳酸泉的开发与管理提供科学依据,在河源断裂带地区采集了5组碳酸泉样品及18组非碳酸泉样品,开展了水化学特征分析及δD、δ~(18)O、~(14)C、δ~(13)C和~3He/~4He多种同位素分析。结果表明,碳酸泉主要水化学类型为Na-Ca-HCO_3型。δD、δ~(18)O同位素分别介于-43.32‰~-41.72‰和-7.06‰~-6.55‰,位于大气降水线附近,表明其补给来源于大气降水,补给高程在1 000~1 300 m。通过~(14)C法测年及修正后的δ~(13)C年龄校正模型计算得到碳酸泉的年龄在21~26 ka。碳酸泉点δ~(13)C的变化范围在-1‰~2‰之间,R/Ra(样品~3He/~4He与大气~3He/~4He之比)比值介于0~2.5,表明河源断裂带碳酸泉中的CO_2为幔源与变质混合成因,并以变质作用为主。     

北疆大气降水水汽源识别及其对地下水补给的指示意义

 大气降水是水循环的输入项,其同位素特征是示踪水汽来源及运动路径的有效工具。利用北疆4个大气降水观测站的同位素数据,结合HYSPLIT模式,重点分析了北疆大气降水同位素特征。区域大气降水线方程δD=7.3δ¹⁸O+3.5,反映了新疆独特的干旱气候环境。受不同降水水汽来源影响,天山及阿勒泰2个地区降水同位素特征表现不同。天山地区受西风带水汽季节性漂移的影响,氘盈余夏季低冬季高,成“V”型;阿勒泰地区常年受北冰洋水汽影响,氘盈余年内变幅不明显。尽管δ¹⁸O均表现为夏季富集、冬季贫化,但多年均值差异明显,该差异也使得利用同位素确定地下水补给来源成为可能。准东盆地东天山附近地下水主要受到来自东天山的大气降水补给,而北侧自流区地下水同位素相对贫化,与阿勒泰站大气降水同位素及氘盈余特征相似,结合地形、水文地质条件等特征,认为该区主要受克拉美丽山大气降水补给。     

陇东南地区温泉气体地球化学特征

为了探究甘肃东南部温泉的成因,通过气体地球化学的方法研究对比了该区温泉、冷泉和地表水中溶解气的组分及其同位素特征。结果表明:陇东南地区出露的温(冷)泉和地表水具有相似的气体组分特征,均以氮气为主(介于70. 47%～78. 33%);温泉水的δD～δ~(18)O数据点沿着兰州大气降水线分布,没有明显漂移;δ~(13)C_(CO_2)特征和CO_2含量表明CO_2属于有机生物成因。可见陇东南地区温泉水与深部围岩的同位素交换作用不强,温泉水的来源属于大气降水补给。其形成可能是地表水在深循环过程中受热后,由于频发的地震产生有利于地下水和温泉气上升、运移的通道,使的泉水沿裂隙溢出而来。     

极端天气事件下广州市大气降水δ18O的变化特征研究

根据广州市2004年5月—2005年6月和2007年4月—2008年6月大气降水中δ18O含量及气象数据,分析了广州市大气降水δ18O对极端天气事件的反映.结果表明:研究期间广州市的大气降水δ18O都落在世界降水δ18O的变化范围之内,夏季低冬季高;2004年由于夏季风爆发偏晚且活动位置偏南等因素致使广州降水δ18O与气温正相关;2005年夏季风爆发晚,高纬冷空气偏强,前汛期华南成强降水中心,广州5、6月降水中δ18O偏低;2008年1月华南地区严重的冰灾期间大气降水δ18O波动剧烈,"负温度"效应和降水量效应更加明显;热带气旋使广州市降水δ18O普遍偏低.     

全安盆地水文地质特征及热水成因分析

在简要分析全安盆地水文地质特征、地下水赋存条件及划分地下水类型基础上,对盆地西部周地-暖水塘地区地下热水形成原因、赋存环境进行研究,认为多期次构造运动形成的断裂、裂隙沟通深部地下热水是盆地热水来源的主要原因;采取地下热水样品并开展氢氧稳定同位素、选出气体、水化学成份测试,认为地下热水由大气降水补给,长期水动态观测结果也显示大气降水与地下热水关系较密切.     

Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of coexistent minerals of the Tasigake alkali granite pluton, northern Xinjiang: constraints upon the cause of18OD depletion and the18O/16O exchange kinetics

Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions have been determined of three coexistent mineral triplets of alkali feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite of 11 samples collected from the Tasigake alkali granite pluton, Ulungur River region, northern Xinjiang. Isotopic exchange with meteoric water during subsolidus cooling caused strong¹⁸O-D depletion and the remarkable nonequilibrium¹⁸O/¹⁶O relation between coexistent minerals.¹⁸O/¹⁶O exchange kinetic effects of the three minerals are simultaneously and consistently modelled. Exsolution and microtextural reorganization of alkali feldspar, and infiltration of water have been mutually facilitated by each other. Shallow intrusion, and circulation of meteoric water throughout the pluton cool it effectively. As a result, the “heat engine” is rapidly extinguished, and the nonequilibrium¹⁸O/¹⁶O relation is frosen.     

南极雪的氢氧同位素组成

测定了南极中山站至DomeA沿线表层雪、中山附近海冰上覆盖、新降雪和中山站附近湖水的D和^18O,对内陆雪δD和δ18O随纬度和海拔高度的变化、海冰上覆盖δDδ18O随深度的变化,各种雪中δD和δ18O之间的要性进行了研究。     

华北型煤田奥灰水水化学和同位素特征研究——以兖州煤田为例

为了更好地理解研究区的水循环,并为突水水源判别打下基础,很有必要研究奥陶系地下水水化学和同位素特征。奥陶系灰岩水(简称奥灰水)主要的水化学类型为Ca-MgSO4,主要阳离子为SO2-4和Ca2+。Ca2+和SO2-4与TDS都有很好的线性相关性,R2值分别为0.978和0.996,而且随TDS的增加,Ca2+和SO2-4浓度增长速度也是最快的。奥灰水中方解石和白云石处于过饱和状态,但是石膏和方解石未饱和。Cl-和TDS的分布与地下水流场有较好的一致性。研究区代表性的雨水线为:δD=7.80δ18O+6.28,分析结果认为奥灰水不是当地降水的补给。     

Stable isotopic compositions of precipitation events from Kathmandu,southern slope of the Himalayas

Investigation of temporal variations in the stable δ^18O and δD isotopes from Kathmandu＇s precipitation events shows that the relatively enriched δ^18O and δD values in the winter （the dry season, dominated by the westerlies） were positively correlated with temperature, indicating a temperature effect controlling the changes of δ^18O and δD. However, the δ^18O and δD values were depleted in the summer （the wet season, dominated by the Indian monsoon）, which were negatively correlated with precipitation amount, indicating an amount effect. In addition, the comparison of stable isotopes in precipitation from Kathmandu and Mawlong （near the Bay of Bengal） shows that the overall trends of δ^18O and δD values at Kathmandu generally approximate those at Mawlong. However, there remain many differences between the details of the isotopic changes at Kathmandu versus those at Mawlong. Compared with those at Mawlong, the further rainout effect and the more intense lift effect of the oceanic moisture by the high mountains resulted in the more depleted δ^18O and δD values in summer precipitation at Kathmandu. A deuterium excess and the local meteoric water lines reveal that evaporation at Kathmandu exceeds that at Mawlong. The data also show that the Indian monsoon activities at Mawlong are more intense than those at Kathmandu.     

Simulations of seasonal variations of stable water isotopes in land surface process model CLM

In this study, we simulated and analyzed the monthly variations of stable water isotopes in different reservoirs at Manaus, Brazil, using the Community Land Model （CLM） that incorporates stable isotopic effects as a diagnostic tool for understanding stable water isotopic processes, filling the observational data gaps and predicting hydrometeorological processes. The simulation results show that the δ^18O values in precipitation, vapor and surface runoff have distinct seasonality with the marked negative correlations with corresponding water amount. Compared with the survey results by the International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA） in co-operation with the World Meteorological Organization （WMO）, the simulations by CLM reveal the similar temporal distributions of the δ^18O in precipitation. Moreover, the simulated amount effect between monthly δ^18O and monthly precipitation amount, and MWL （meteoric water line） are all close to the measured values. However, the simulated seasonal difference in the δ^18O in precipitation is distinctly smaller than observed one, and the simulated temporal distribution of the δ^18O in precipitation displays the ideal bimodal seasonality rather than the observed single one. These mismatches are possibly related to the simulation capacity and the veracity in forcing data.     

Isotopic evidence for the moisture origin and composition of surface runoff in the headwaters of the Heihe River basin

We investigated the moisture origin and contribution of different water sources to surface runoff entering the headwaters of the Heihe River basin on the basis of NECP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) re-analysis data and variations in the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios (?? D and ?? ¹⁸O) of precipitation, spring, river, and melt water. The similar seasonality in precipitation ?? ¹⁸O at different sites reveals the same moisture origin for water entering the headwaters of the Heihe River basin. The similarity in the seasonality of ?? ¹⁸O and d-excess for precipitation at Yeniugou and Urumchi, which showed more positive ?? ¹⁸O and lower d-excess values in summer and more negative ?? ¹⁸O and higher d-excess values in winter, indicates a dominant effect of westerly air masses in summer and the integrated influence of westerly and polar air masses in winter. Higher d-excess values throughout the year for Yeniugou suggest that in arid inland areas of northwestern China, water is intensively recycled. Temporal changes in ?? ¹⁸O, ??D, and d-excess reveal distinct contributions of different bodies of water to surface runoff. For example, there were similar trends for ?? D, ?? ¹⁸O, and d-excess of precipitation and river water from June to September, similar ?? ¹⁸O trends for river and spring water from December to February, and similar trends for precipitation and runoff volumes. However, there were significant differences in ?? ¹⁸O between melt water and river water in September. Our results show that the recharge of surface runoff by precipitation occurred mainly from June to mid-September, whereas the supply of surface runoff in winter was from base flow (as spring water), mostly with a lower runoff amount.     

Formation mechanisms of megadunes and lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert, Inner Mongolia

Field observations demonstrate that calc-sinters occurred in the lakes of Badain Jaran Desert. 87Sr/86Sr ratios,14C,δ 13C and mineral com-positions of calc-sinters,and 3He/4He,4He/20Ne,δ 18O,δ D,pH and TDS of water from springs and lakes are analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the lake water is supplied through deep fault zone. The “ker-nel” of stabilized dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert perhaps consists of calc-sinters and calcareous ce-mentation layers. Deep-seated groundwater effuses from this “kernel” and recharges to lakes in desert. Precipitation and snowmelt water from the Qing-hai-Tibet Plateau is fed into the Badain Jaran Desert,Gurinai,Wentougaole and Ejinqi areas through the Xigaze-Langshan Fault zone. The isotopic composi-tions of groundwater in the Alax Plateau are abnor-mal due to the strong evaporation of the Gyaring and Ngoring lake water in the headstream of the Yellow River. Groundwater dissolves dissoluble fractions of rocks during its transportation through the fault zone and flows out of the mouth of spring in the Badan Jaran Desert. The dissoluble fractions are finally de-veloped into calc-sinters and calcareous cementation layers around the spring. Calci-sinters are gradually largened and eventually emerge on the surface of lake water. Eolian sands accumulate on the surfaces of calc-sinters and calcareous cementation layers,and eventually develop into dunes. Invasion of magma causes an increase in the temperature of groundwater within the faults. Groundwater evapora-tion provides water vapor for the formation of humid stabilized dunes during its upwelling. Rhizoconcre-tions found in Yihejigede indicate that the dune was formed and remained immovable 4700 years ago. The height of the megadunes is proportional to thermal quantity carried by the groundwater.     

Modern stalagmite oxygen isotopic composition and its implications of climatic change from a high-elevation cave in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau over the past 50 years

An oxygen isotope record of a stalagmite from Huanglong Cave in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau dated with 230Th and 210Pb methods provides variations of the Asian monsoon with an average resolu-tion of 1 year over the past 50 years. This study shows that the δ18O of dripwater in the cave represents the annual mean δ18O of local meteoric precipitation and the stalagmites were deposited in isotopic equilibrium. A comparison of the stalagmite δ18O record with instrumentally meteorological data indi-cates that shifts of the δ18O are largely controlled by the amount effect of meteoric precipitation con-veyed through the southwest monsoon(the Indian monsoon) and less affected by temperature. Therefore,the variations of δ18O record reflect the changes in monsoon precipitation on inter-annual time scales under the influence of the southwest monsoon. Like many other stalagmite δ18O records in the Asian monsoon regions,the δ18O record of the stalagmite from Huanglong Cave also reveals a gradually enriched trend during the past 50 years,i.e. relatively enriched in 18O. This trend may indicate the decline of the Asian monsoon intensity which is consistent with the decrease of monsoon indices. The weakening of the modern Asian monsoon well matched with the temperature changes in strato-sphere,which may illustrate that the weakening of the monsoon mainly results from the lowering of solar radiation.     

Isotopic evidence for dramatic climatic changes in East Africa during the Pleistocene

Rainfall decreased dramatically in the Lake Turkana region 1.8-2.0 Myr ago and in the Olduvai Gorge region 0.5-0.6 Myr ago. This is documented by a major increase in the delta18O values of pedogenic and groundwater carbonates at these times. The data suggest that meteoric water of the earlier, more humid climate was 2-4 per mil lower in 18O content than modern waters of these regions.