渗铜量对颗粒强化铁基材料显微组织的影响

采用烧结-熔渗和后续热处理工艺制备了Co-Cr-Mo-Si颗粒强化的铁基粉末冶金材料,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析技术,研究了不同渗铜量对材料显微组织的影响.研究表明:Co-Cr-Mo-Si硬颗粒单独存在于基体中,起颗粒强化的作用;未渗铜时,孔洞多,硬颗粒与基体界面清晰可见,结合强度差,随着渗铜量的增多,合金元素扩散程度提高,硬颗粒与基体界面结合强度好;材料的孔隙度减小,碳化物弥散分布程度提高;采用熔渗工艺并合理控制渗铜量,可获得组织均匀化、各相界面结合较好的铁基粉末冶金材料.     

颗粒增强金属基复合材料界面结合强度的表征:理论模型、有限元模拟和实验测试

金属基复合材料的综合性能优异,应用领域广泛,在这类材料中,增强相与基体之间的界面结合情况是影响材料性能的关键因素之一,而界面结合强度是衡量界面结合情况最重要的定量化指标。到目前为止,研究者们已经提出了许多测量复合材料界面强度的方法,包括早期就已经提出并一直沿用的微观力学测试方法,如单纤维拉出法、单纤维断裂法和微粘结测试法等,以及以材料宏观性能来评价界面应力状态的宏观实验方法,如横向弯曲实验、横向拉伸实验以及导槽剪切实验等。根据测量过程是否需要对界面进行破坏又可以分为声发射技术、声显微技术、拉曼光谱等技术的非破坏性方法以及一些需要破坏界面从而达到测量目的的破坏性方法。虽然诸多学者对复合材料界面结合强度的测量与表征做了大量的研究工作并取得了重大进展,但这些测试方法基本上都是基于纤维增强金属复合材料的成果,对于颇有前景的颗粒增强金属复合材料而言,这些测试手段却因颗粒增强相在形状和尺度上的特殊性而难以奏效,从而造成定量表征颗粒增强金属基复合材料界面结合强度相关研究的发展较为缓慢。为了解决颗粒增强相与金属基体界面强度难以测量的问题,许多研究者在建立理论模型的基础上通过有限元模拟的方法来表征界面的结合强度。这种方法可以用来预测颗粒增强金属基复合材料的界面结合强度,具有一定的指导意义,但是计算机模拟的方法在建模及计算过程中很大程度上对颗粒增强相的形状、分布状态以及界面的形变方式进行了简化处理,导致其结果与实际情况往往存在一定的误差。在这种情况下,研究者们开始寻求通过实验测试的方法来定量表征颗粒与金属基体之间的界面结合强度,也就是通过测量界面处的剪切强度或拉伸强度来表征界面的结合强度。本文针对颗粒增强金属基复合材料,归纳了国内外研究者们基于不同原理对界面结合强度进行研究和预测的理论模型,论述了对界面结合强度进行定量表征的有限元模拟测试法以及实验测试法,以期在一定程度上为界面设计与结合强度控制提供参考。     

SiC颗粒增强铝合金基复合材料断裂与强化机理

对SiC颗粒增强铝合金基复合材料的室温拉伸断裂与强化机理进行了研究。结果表明:该类材料的断裂包括基体韧断、界面脱开和增强体颗粒断裂三种方式,均属于MNG模式;该类复合材料的强化效果取决于基体强度与界面强度的匹配关系,当基体的屈服强度达到某一临界值时,通过添加增强体颗粒来强化材料是非常困难的。      

玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料与镀层界面的Ni颗粒强化工艺

针对玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料与镀层结合界面强度低的问题,基于复合材料/镀层间的机械互锁原理及传统塑料基体化学镀工艺,提出通过增强颗粒的桥接作用,增加含有增强颗粒的过渡层来强化镀层界面的复合材料金属化方法。对金属化后的玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料试件采用拉伸试验法测量镀层的结合强度,并通过截面和断面的显微观测,分析了增强颗粒对于镀层界面的强化机制;同时获得了玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料表面粗糙度和增强颗粒质量分数对含有过渡层的镀层结合强度的影响规律。结果表明:采用上述金属化方法可以显著提高镀层的界面强度,与传统的金属化工艺制备试件相比,玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在不同表面粗糙度下,镀层结合强度平均提高161%;同时,镀层的结合强度随着增强颗粒质量分数的增加,呈现先增大后减小的趋势,当增强颗粒的质量分数为50%时,镀层的结合强度达到最大。      

用离子束刻蚀的方法评价铬镀层与基体界面的结合强度

为了探讨激光淬火基体对镀铬层界面结合强度的影响及定性评价金属镀层与界面结合强度的方法，利用离子溅射设备和高分辨率扫描电镜，对激光离散淬火的30CrNi：MoV镀铬层界面进行离子束刻蚀和界面损伤形貌分析，并与靶场试验结果进行对比。结果表明：离子束刻蚀形成的界面损伤形貌与界面结合强度密切相关，界面损伤程度小的对应高界面结合强度，界面损伤程度大的对应低界面结合强度；利用离子束刻蚀技术定性地评价镀铬层的界面结合强度是可行的；激光淬火基体能够提高镀铬层的界面结合强度。     

电火花沉积Ni-Cr合金涂层的组织及性能

利用电火花沉积技术,采用自制电极在P20钢基材表面沉积Ni-Cr合金涂层,研究了沉积层的组织特征、显微硬度分布及耐磨、耐蚀性能。结果表明:通过优化沉积工艺参数可以获得厚度高达430μm的沉积层。电火花沉积层与基体的结合界面属于非均匀混合互熔结晶型界面,沉积层与基体呈现良好的冶金结合;涂层中下部组织为细小的枝晶组织,而上部组织为纳米晶结构。沉积层的硬度呈梯度分布,涂层外层硬度值最高。涂层的耐磨、耐蚀性能比基体有较大提高,涂层上部超细的纳米晶结构是其耐磨性能及耐蚀性能提高的主要因素。     

SiCP添加量对AZ91D镁合金表面纳米环保复合沉积层的影响

为进一步扩大镁合金的应用范围，环境友好地提高其耐蚀、耐磨性，以AZ91D镁合金为基体，采用无铬、无氟，直接化学沉积方法在其表面制备了Ni-P-纳米SiC_P复合沉积层。通过SEM,EDS,XRD,硬度计，电化学工作站等方法，研究纳米SiC_P添加量对沉积层形貌、成分、物相及性能的影响规律。结果表明：随着SiC_P添加量的增加，沉积层表面颗粒的沉积量先增加后减少，胞状组织尺寸逐渐减小后增大，硬度先增大后减小，耐蚀性先提高后降低。当SiC_P添加量为1.2 g/L时，颗粒的沉积量最大，弥散强化及细晶强化效果最好，沉积层均匀、致密，厚度约为36μm,与基体间结合良好。沉积层硬度达682HV,较镁合金基体明显提高；腐蚀电位为-0.397 V,较镁合金基体提高了75%。沉积层的腐蚀电流密度为6.18×10^-7 A·cm^-2,较镁合金基体降低了约4个数量级。     

金属玻璃基复合材料的微结构效应

基于自由体积理论和Ramberg-Osgood模型,并利用ABAQUS软件,建立颗粒随机分布代表性体积单元模型,模拟了Ti_(64.5)Zr_(14.5)V_(18.5)Cu_(2.5)颗粒增韧Ti基金属玻璃基复合材料在单轴拉伸状态下的微结构效应,讨论了颗粒的体积分数、团聚数目、长径比、定位取向和界面对金属玻璃韧性的影响。结果表明:提高颗粒体积分数能显著提高复合材料的塑性,但部分牺牲了复合材料的强度;增大颗粒长径比能够增强复合材料的塑性和屈服强度;使颗粒的取向与荷载方向成90°或0°,不仅增强了复合材料的塑性,而且与其他排布相比也增强了复合材料的强度;减少团聚数目至2个以下,能明显减少金属玻璃基复合材料的塑性和强度的损失,使团聚中颗粒与荷载成90°,却能改善复合材料的塑性和强度;在颗粒增韧金属玻璃基复合材料中加入零厚度界面,能观察到在主剪切带上颗粒和基体在界面处脱粘,得到与实验现象更加吻合的结果。通过上述的研究能够很好地理解复合材料的微结构效应,并有利于材料的设计。     

金属陶瓷覆层-钢基体界面结合状态的研究

为提高钢基材料的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性,以金属Mo粉、Fe粉和B-Fe合金粉末为原料,采用原位反应真空液相烧结技术,在钢基体表面制备三元硼化物金属陶瓷覆层.测定了覆层-钢基体界面结合强度及界面结合区的显微硬度变化,研究了界面微观结构和界面区元素分布,并对覆层-钢基体界面层形成的机理进行了分析.结果表明,覆层与钢基体之间的断裂破坏发生于界面附近的钢基体和覆层内,而不是覆层与钢基体之间结合界面的剥离;在覆层-钢基体结合界面处,存在由高硬度覆层到低硬度钢基体的狭窄过渡区,合金元素的分布形成具有一定厚度的过渡层.     

双屏蔽(B4C-W)/6061Al层状复合板设计与性能

基于B₄C和W良好的屏蔽中子和γ射线性能,采用6061铝合金作为基体,设计了一种新型双屏蔽(B₄C-W)/6061Al层状复合材料,通过放电等离子烧结后加热轧制成板材,对制备的复合材料微观组织和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,屏蔽组元B₄C和W颗粒均匀地分布在6061Al基体中,层界面、B₄C/Al、W/Al异质界面之间结合良好,无空隙和裂纹。在颗粒与基体界面处形成扩散层,扩散层的厚度约为6 μm (W/Al)和4 μm (W/Al)。轧制态的(B₄C-W)/6061Al层状复合板的屈服强度(109 MPa)和极限抗拉强度(245 MPa)明显优于烧结态的复合材料,但断裂韧性降低。强度提高的原因主要是轧制后颗粒的二次分布、均匀性及界面结合强度提高,基体合金的晶粒尺寸减小,位错密度增加。层状复合板的断裂方式为基体合金的韧性断裂和颗粒的脆性断裂。      

Influence of alumina bubble particles on microstructure and mechanical strength in porous Cu–Sn–Ti metals

In order to obtain high porosity and satisfactory strength simultaneously for the porous metallic layer of the grinding tools, alumina bubble particles were added into Cu–Sn–Ti alloy powders to fabricate porous metals using a vacuum sintering method. The influence of the alumina bubble particles on the microstructure and the mechanical strength of the porous Cu–Sn–Ti metal blocks were investigated. Results show that adding alumina bubble particles into Cu–Sn–Ti alloy powder generate closed pore structures for the metal blocks. Good bonding interface between alumina bubble particles and Cu–Sn–Ti alloy is formed mainly dependent on the chemical resultants of TiAl and TiO. A relationship between the bending strength of the porous Cu–Sn–Ti metal blocks and the size and volume fraction of the alumina bubble particles is established.     

Sr effect on the microstructure and tensile properties of A357 aluminum alloy and Al2O3/SiC-A357 cast composites

The effect of strontium as a modifier on the microstructures and tensile properties of two castable particulate metal matrix composites has been studied. The particulate metal matrix composites had similar matrix alloy (A357) but different reinforcing fine particles (silicon carbide and alumina). Results showed that the addition of 0.03% strontium makes a modest improvement to the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation percentage values, and the scatter of these properties, but makes a significant improvement to minimum strength and elongation results. Microstructural examinations by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis of metal matrix composites showed segregation of strontium on both the silicon carbide and alumina particles. Further results showed that the addition of higher strontium levels contributes to the over-modification of the eutectic silicon and promotes the formation of an Al–Si–Sr intermetallic compound on the particle/matrix interface.     

溅射镀铝碳纤维质量的研究

针对制取C／Al复合材料、C／Al间润湿与结合牢固度问题，以及CVD法涂Al在高温损伤碳纤维等难题，采用磁控溅射镀加溅射离子镀膜方法，在碳纤维表面镀Al膜。系统地研究了碳纤维镀Al的界面变化、组分分布、受热强度变化等内容，讨论C／Al复合材料的复合工艺问题。研究结果表明，磁控溅射法碳纤维镀Al膜表面光洁、均匀、规整、C／Al润湿、结合牢固，无化学反应损伤碳纤维现象。镀铝碳纤维受热后拉伸强度稍有降低，但无化学反应及生成Al4C3的现象。研究结果能给C／Al复合材料的制备创造工艺条件。     

Production of high strength Al-Al2O3 composite by accumulative roll bonding

Recently accumulative roll bonding has been used as a novel method to produce particle reinforced metal matrix composites. In this study, aluminum matrix composite reinforced by submicron particulate alumina was successfully produced and the effects of number of ARB cycles and the amount of alumina content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of composites were investigated. According to the results of tensile tests, it is shown that the yield and tensile strengths of the composite are increased with the number of ARB cycles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that particles have a random and uniform distribution in the matrix by the ARB cycles and a strong mechanical bonding takes place at the interface of particle-matrix. It is also found that the tensile strength of the composite, as a function of alumina content, has a maximum value at 2 vol.%, which is 5.1 times higher than that of the annealed aluminum.     

Investigation of interface properties of Ti/Ni/Ag thin films on Si substrate

The interface structure and the adhesion of direct current (DC) sputtered Ti/Ni/Ag thin film metallization on n⁺Si substrate has been investigated. It is shown that beside the chemical preparation of the Si surface prior to sputtering also thermal annealing of sputtered metal structure has strong influence on the adhesion of sputtered layers to the silicon. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis were performed on both, the delaminated layers and on the silicon surface to determine the exact delaminating interface, which was found to be between Si and Ti layer. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) profile revealed no traces of contamination at Ti-Si interface. Measured high tensile residual stress, particularly in sputtered Ni layer (1.4-2 GPa) is found to reduce the metal stack adhesion.     

Construction and characterization of a sputter deposition system for coating granular materials

In many modern ceramic or metal matrix composites the interface between the matrix and the reinforcements (particles or fibres) plays an important role. Either no or only weak mechanical bonding is observed or severe reactions between the matrix and the filler during the manufacturing process take place. A method to promote adhesion or to avoid severe reactions is to use coated reinforcements. A uniform film can act as an adhesion promoter, a compliant layer, a reaction inhibitor or a promoter of thermal transport across the interface.The aim of this work was to construct a particle coating system based on magnetron sputter deposition which allows to keep the particles or the granular material in motion during the deposition process to guarantee a homogenous coating on every single particle. As particles to be coated diamond granulates and carbon fibres were investigated. For transparent diamond particles the uniformity of a metallic coating could be evaluated by transmission optical methods and was found to be quite high. Carbon fibres, on the other hand, could only partially be coated due to agglomeration and shadowing effects. The system presented here can be considered as suitable for coating spherical or close to spherical granular matter.     

Composites of Poly(Acrylate) Copolymer filled with diatomaceous earth: morphology and mechanical behaviour

Failure mechanisms of poly(acrylate) (PA) copolymer system filled with a diatom filler have been studied. The natural diatom filler is characterised by the original skeletal structure which allows high "inner" porosity and thus matrix penetration inside the filler particles and agglomerates of various shapes in PA composite. High diatom filler crystallinity influences the matrix re-structurization by changing the intensity ratio of matrix amorphous halos indicating the increased composite film inhomogeneity. Interactions at the interface between diatom filler and PA copolymer matrix, specially for coarse cylindrical-shaped particles are low, showing low adhesion in the composite. We see composite weakening with the increased filler volume fraction, i.e. lowering the composite strength at break as a consequence of lower degree of interactions. On the other hand, the composite modulus and the yield strength increased as a result of matrix hardening due to the pronounced matrix penetration inside the porous diatom filler. The mechanisms of failure depend on the location with the lowest product of composite module and break energy. Because dewetting occurred, it is the product EG in the interfacial region between PA matrix and diatom filler particles that was relevant. The effects of filler characteristics, may be followed through an interaction coefficients calculated from a model equations. The numerical values of coefficients in the model are only comparative, but the relative values can be connected with changes at the interface. Electronic Publication     

Solid state bonding of Al2O3 with Cu, Ni and Fe: characteristics and properties

A solid state bonding technique under hot pressing was used for joining alumina with thin metal sheets of Ni, Cu and Fe. The microstructure and microchemistry of the ceramic–metal interface and of the fracture interface were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), in order to identify the adhesion mechanisms and the nature of strength limiting flaws. Interaction between the selected metals and alumina can be physical or physico-chemical in nature: very low amounts of interfacial compounds were formed, depending on the processing conditions and on the presence of oxygen in the system. Fracture and toughness tests indicated that high ceramic–metal interface strengths (up to 177 MPa) were achieved under the adopted processing conditions and that strength and toughness were directly related. Moreover, an increase in hardening in the metal interlayer at a distance of 2–3 m from the interface was observed in the samples with high strength values. The mechanical behaviour was related to several factors that strongly depend on the bonding conditions: plastic deformation of the metal, metal creep, metal intrusion and diffusion into alumina, and chemical reactions at the interface. © 1998 Chapman & Hall     

Nano‐porous Alumina Coatings for Improved Bone Implant Interfaces

A new method is proposed for coating implants that produces a metal implant covered in a layer of nano‐porous alumina ceramic. These layers are produced by first depositing a layer of aluminium on the implant surface and then anodising it in phosphoric acid to produce the nano‐porous structure. This process results in the conversion of the aluminium to alumina containing 6‐8wt% phosphate ions. The surface alumina layer is bonded to the substrate via an interfacial layer of fully dense anodised titanium oxide. Mechanical measurements have shown that the shear and tensile strength of this coating are in excess of 20MPa and 10MPa, respectively. The biological performance of nano‐porous alumina material has been assessed and shown to be highly favourable, supporting normal osteoblastic activity and maintaining the osteoblastic phenotype. The filling of the nano‐porous coating with bioactive material to achieve enhanced biological performance has been investigated using colloidal silica as an analogue for a Bioglass sol. The coating has been loaded with silica by dipping in colloidal silica with a pH of 5.6. Pore filling equivalent to 1.3 wt% SiO₂ in the coating as a whole has been achieved in this way.     

碳纤维阳极表面处理对CF/MDF水泥复合材料性能影响研究

实验结果表明,碳纤维的阳极氧化表面处理是有效改善碳纤维/MDF水泥界面粘结性的方法,不经处理的碳纤维增强MDF水泥复合材料的性能比基体低,阳极氧化表面处理改善了碳纤维/MDF水泥界面的粘结性,使复合材料的性能提高.实验中根据复合材料性能随碳纤维阳极处理条件变化,得到了用于增强MDF水泥的沥青基碳纤维的最佳阳极处理电位.加入2.0wt%最佳电位下处理后的沥青碳纤维,可使CF/MDF水泥复合材料力性σ_f与α_k分别达到116.4MPa和1.63kJ/m2,它比基体对应性能分别提高30%和20%.