万家寨引黄工程太原供水区地下水资源保护

在分析万家寨引黄工程太原供水区地下水开发利用现状的基础上,指出地下水超采引起的环境水文地质问题有:泉水断流;区域地下水水位下降并形成大面积降落漏斗,含水层疏干或产水量减少;由于地下水水位下降,导致地下水水质污染加重及地面沉降。提出应对供水区地下水资源加强保护,防止污染;压缩超采,划定禁采区和限采区;建立监测与管理信息系统,利用经济杠杆,全面节流,优化调配,逐步实现引黄水和本地水资源的联合运用。     

加强地下水管理的思路与对策

地下水是水资源不可分割的组成部分,是生态和环境的主要控制因素。作为我国北方地区的主要供水水源,地下水开发规模不断增加,超采以及因超采引发的生态与环境问题日趋突出,南方部分地区特别是沿海和重要城市区,地下水开发带来的问题也越发严重。今后一个时期,要全面推进地下水资源管理,对水资源进行统一调查评价,统一规划和统一调配,加强超采区的治理,遏制地下水超采,加强地下水水质保护,防止地下水污染,逐步实现地下水采补平衡,改善生态与环境,实现地下水资源的可持续利用。     

加强地下水管理与保护工作的思考

分析了地下水资源对我国经济社会发展的重要作用和当前地下水开发利用中存在的主要问题,概要介绍了国外地下水管理与保护的主要做法。针对当前地下水超采、水质恶化和地下水开发利用引发的生态和环境问题,结合国外地下水管理经验,提出以地下水管理单元为基础,按水量管理、水质保护和地下水生态治理与恢复三个方面开展地下水管理与保护工作的建议。     

河北省地下水资源超采对策研究

河北省地下水资源的超采,给全省经济社会可持续发展带来很大影响。在农业灌溉中大力推行节约用水技术是缓解全省地下水资源超采的根本措施之一。针对节水灌溉规模小、工程建设标准低、农业节水技术缺乏集成配套、管理体制及运行机制等方面的问题,提出了建立与水资源承载能力相适应的节水型种植结构体系、推广农业节水综合技术体系、完善促进农业节水发展的约束激励机制和完善农业节水灌溉技术服务体系等对策。     

地下水位监测系统及其应用探讨

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,在现代供水中发挥着不可替代的作用。地下水位监测系统通过对地下水位的动态监测,为区域水资源的科学管理、合理开发利用及水资源的保护提供了基础。文中阐述了地下水水位监控系统的工作原理、功能特点、应用效果,并对其发展提出了建议。     

基于鄯善县绿洲生存的水资源优化配置研究

本文以鄯善县为研究区域,以2010年水平年的数据为依据,对研究区进行了水资源利用情况分析和水均衡计算,评价不同程度退耕方案下规划水平年2020年地下水可开采量,计算出不同区域不同方案下的地下水超采量。结果表明:尽管大幅度地采取退耕还水措施(高方案),鄯善县的水资源也不能满足其社会经济发展的用水需要,南盆地地下水仍有超采。为尽快治理南盆地地下水超采现状,最重要的是要实行鄯善县产业发展模式转型,或跨流域调水,以实现鄯善县地下水水资源的可持续利用。     

地下水功能区划分浅谈

简要介绍了我国地下水面临的主要问题:资源枯竭、生态功能退化、环境地质灾害加剧。根据地下水系统具有的资源供给、生态环境保护、地质安全保障这三大功能,分析了地下水功能与当前地下水面临的诸多问题的关系,提出将地下水分布区划分成四类一级功能区,即开发利用区、生态环境保护区、地质灾害防治区和保留区,分析了地下水功能区和地下水超采区的关系,建议将地下水功能区和地表水功能区联合起来,构成水资源统一管理的技术平台。指出地下水保护的程序是:进行地下水功能区划,建立地下水功能区评价指标体系,研究地下水保护的标准体系,制定和实施地下水系统保护方案,加强地下水监测和管理。     

GIS-Based Assessment for the Development of a Groundwater Quality Index Towards Sustainable Aquifer Management

This study aims at developing Groundwater Quality Indices (GQIs) that constitute a reliable tool in defining aquifer vulnerability. For this purpose, water quality sampling campaigns were conducted on 60 groundwater wells during most vulnerable periods of early and late summer to ensure the representativeness of the targeted GQI under worst case conditions. The samples were tested for various water quality indicators, which were then used to develop the GQIs through GIS-based mapping with spatial geostatistical analysis. The results contribute in filling a gap in GQI definition and form a basis for planning effective water quality management towards sustainable exploitation of groundwater resources particularly during summer periods when recharge is limited.     

南水北调东、中线一期工程对受水区生态环境影响分析

为了定量回答南水北调工程对受水区生态环境的影响,对2000年以来东、中线一期工程受水区生态环境状况和所辖72座设市城市用水状况进行了统计分析,得出受水区生态环境和地下水循环更新能力正在退化;进而采用水量平衡分析方法,从一期工程对缓解受水区干旱程度、减少地下水超采、置换城市挤占农业用水量、调水可增加农业和环境用水量等方面定量分析了一期工程对受水区生态环境的改善作用。结果表明,一期工程对受水区城市供水和农业生态环境改善具有较显著的作用,但不能从根本上解决地下水超采问题;充分发挥一期工程效益需节水、调水、治污三项措施同步实施。     

Groundwater Resources and Management Challenges in Sri Lanka–an Overview

This paper gives an overview of the geophysico-chemical groundwater conditions in Sri Lanka and the associated contemporary management challenges. Groundwater is extensively used in Sri Lanka today, for agriculture, domestic use and industry/tourism. Groundwater access, availability and vulnerability are governed by six major types of aquifer systems of which the most prevalent is the regolith aquifers in the central hard rock areas of the island. Uncontrolled groundwater use and contamination or natural poor quality are leading to access limitations and health concerns. The tsunami severely affected groundwater in the coastal areas and functioned as a wake-up call to further emphasize the importance of groundwater for life-supporting functions. Despite an emerging awareness, groundwater management is in its infancy, with the attitude of groundwater development still not converted into an approach of active management. The role of groundwater in achieving sustainable development and in the development of appropriate water management institutions needs to be highlighted and specifically addressed in policy discussions.     

科学利用地下水努力改善生态与环境

地下水资源既是重要的经济资源,也是一种消耗性的自然资源,超量开采极易引发地质灾害。在经济社会高速发展时期,如何协调好地下水开采与保护的矛盾,江苏省在这方面作了积极的探索,可供类似地区地下水资源管理借鉴参考。     

Regional Water Use Structure Optimization Under Multiple Uncertainties Based on Water Resources Vulnerability Analysis

In this paper, a modeling framework by combining system dynamic (SD) model and optimal allocation model was developed to study water resources vulnerability and optimal water use structure, and the framework was applied in the middle reaches of Heihe River basin, northwest of China. The SD model could describe the dynamical change of water resources vulnerability by integrating water resources with socio-economic effect. The sensitivity analysis of SD model was then conducted to design appropriate scenarios for finding out the optimal development pattern, and based on which, an integrated water-saving scenario with lower water resources vulnerability was identified for optimization modeling. Then, an inexact fuzzy-parameter two-stage programming (IFTSP) model was developed and applied to optimize water use structure among industries under uncertainties. This study addresses the water resources vulnerability analysis in considering both water resources system and socio-economic system. Water resources vulnerability analysis was combined with optimization model to make adaptive water resources management plans. And the optimal allocation schemes under lower water resources vulnerability are more advantageous for regional sustainable development.     

山西省地下水超采区的复核与评价

利用动态法分析山西省盆地平原区和岩溶山区等重点地区地下水动态变化趋势,结果表明:随着水资源条件、地下水取用水情况等因素的变化,以及地下水超采区治理工作的不断加强,地下水超采状况已发生了较大变化。提出下一步超采区划定中应注意的问题:①基于前期划定成果对重点地区进行补充调查;②盆地平原区仍是复核、评价的重点;③确定峨嵋台地的超采范围;④重点分析洪水泉、郭庄泉对应局部地区,如汾阳杏花村水源地超采情况。     

Transboundary Groundwater Resources of the West Bank

The political boundaries between the Palestinian and Israelismake the water issues critical and sensitive. Groundwater is theprimary source for the Palestinian in the West Bank. Although, there are many studies on the shared surface resources (Jordan River Basin), there are few studies on the groundwater shared resources between the Palestinians and Israelis.There are three primary groundwater basins underlying the West Bank (Eastern, Northeastern and Western Basins) as shown in Figure 1. Both the Northeastern and Western basins are shared between Israelis and Palestinians. The Palestinians have a limited access to the Northeastern Basin and strictly limited access to the Western Basin. In addition to the quantity of available water resources, thequality of water is emerging as a critical issue. Threats to ground water quality include disposal of untreated wastewater, increasing salinity due to agricultural activities and intrusion of native groundwater of poor quality. Widespread use of herbicides and pesticides also represent a threat to drinking water supplies.The Declaration of Principles, signed in Washington D.C in 1993,was a major step toward resolution of the political conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians. However, the water issue is part of the final status negotiations, which still unresolved.As resolution to political conflict is pursued, it is clear that water resources management issues remain at the forefront becauseof the transboundary nature of the hydrologic regime. Cooperative management on the technical level appears to be the only alternative to further conflict and degradation of the region's scare water resources. This article will study the impact of the transboundary resources on both sides and explore some of the most significant groundwater management issues facing both the Palestinians and Israelis.     

地下水管理立法问题研究

超采地下水带来的严重危害引起了党中央的高度重视和社会的强烈关注。采取包括法律手段在内的综合措施推进地下水超采治理,是贯彻落实中央领导指示精神,缓解地下水超采最有效、有力的措施之一。针对地下水管理立法现状,提出加快制定地下水管理的专门法规,完善规划水资源论证制度和地下水超采区管理制度,建立取水井管理、新增取水区域限批、地下水监测和公众参与等重点管理制度,强化行政责任、法律责任和刑事责任等。     

北方浅层地下水超采区地下水预测模型

针对北方地区地下水动态特征,选定河北省大清河地下水系统的大沙河-磁河冲洪积扇孔隙地下水系统小区作为研究区。研究区地下水动态主要受降水影响,年内变化较大,根据这一特点,利用神经网络等工具建立了研究区浅层地下水分月地下水预测模型。模型采用1991年-2000年数据进行参数率定,采用2001年-2005年数据对模型进行了验证。通过该模型的建立,解决了北方地下水预测中预测精度差、模型不稳定的难题,为水资源管理提供了科学依据,为其他类似地区地下水动态预测奠定了坚实的基础。     

严格地下水资源管理的总体架构探讨

地下水资源管理是水资源管理的重要组成部分。阐述了地下水资源管理的涵义和内容,探讨了地下水资源管理总体架构,提出了当前和今后一段时间地下水资源管理的重点工作设想,以便加强和全面推进地下水资源管理工作,促进地下水资源管理规范化、科学化、系统化、信息化和民主化,实现地下水资源可持续利用。     

世界地下水资源利用与管理现状

地下水资源在世界范围内都被作为重要水源，其开发管理受到广泛重视。长期以来，由于不适宜的开发方式，全球许多地区面临着由此而产生的环境和生态问题。从分析世界上局部地区地下水过量开采的严峻形势入手，回顾总结世界各国对地下水管理的特点及措施，其经验值得借鉴。     

A Modeling System for the Evaluation of Water Resources Management Strategies in Thessaly,Greece

A modeling system was developed to evaluate the sustainability of water resources management strategies in the two major basins of Thessaly Region in Greece, namely the Pinios River and the Lake Karla basins. The intense and extensive agriculture of water demanding crops, such as cotton, and the absence of reasonable water resources management have lead to a remarkable water demand increase, which is usually fulfilled by the over-exploitation of groundwater resources. This unsustainable practice has deteriorated the already disturbed water balance and accelerated water resources degradation. The modeling system consists of a hydrological model, a reservoir operation model and methods for the estimation of water demands. The study area was sub-divided into sub-basins and water balance analyses were performed for each sub-basin and each control node of the system for a number of water resources management strategies. Four strategies of hydro-technical project development were coupled with two strategies of groundwater withdrawal and three water demand strategies. In total, more than 24 water management strategies were evaluated. The results showed that, under the existing water resources management, the water deficit of the Pinios River and Lake Karla basins is very large. However, the development of proposed hydro-technical projects in the Pinios River basin coupled with water demand management measures, like improvement of existing water distribution systems, change of irrigation methods, and changes of crop cultivation could alleviate the problem and lead to sustainable and ecological use of water resources in the study area.     

对国外河流健康问题的初步认识

人类在开发利用流域水资源的过程中,由于保护不够或滥加利用,一些河流出现污染、断流等现象,影响了河流的自然和社会功能,失去了河流的自身价值,危及河流的健康生命.河流健康生命问题本质上是由于经济快速发展的需要,过度开发和轻视保护水资源所造成的,因此一些发达国家较早地关注河流健康的问题.澳大利亚的新南威尔士州成立了"健康河流委员会".针对国外在河流健康方面所涉及的基本概念、衡量标准、评价方法、保护措施等进行了综合归纳,并搜集了一些维护河流健康的个例.