固溶温度对00Cr25NB5AlTi合金冷轧板组织及力学性能和耐蚀性的影响

研究了00Cr25Ni35AlTi合金冷轧板900～1150℃固溶处理后的组织以及室温和350oC时的力学性能。并用电化学动电位再活化法测定了该合金的晶间腐蚀敏感性。结果表明,随着固溶温度的升高,该合金的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,强度降低,塑性提高,晶间腐蚀敏感性也增加。在1000℃固溶时,合金可获得均匀细小的奥氏体晶粒,晶粒度≥9级,且具有良好的力学和耐晶间腐蚀性能。     

固溶温度对00Cr25ND5AlTi合金冷轧板组织及力学性能和耐蚀性的影响

研究了00Cr25Ni35AlTi合金冷轧板900～1150℃固溶处理后的组织以及室温和350 ℃时的力学性能.并用电化学动电位再活化法测定了该合金的晶间腐蚀敏感性.结果表明,随着固溶温度的升高,该合金的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,强度降低,塑性提高,晶间腐蚀敏感性也增加.在1 000℃固溶时,合金可获得均匀细小的奥氏体晶粒,晶粒度≥9级,且具有良好的力学和耐晶间腐蚀性能.     

晶粒尺寸对高锰奥氏体TWIP钢氢脆行为的影响

主要研究了晶粒尺寸对Fe- 17Mn- 1Al- 0.6C TWIP钢的氢脆行为的影响。原始材料经过不同的热处理制度,得到晶粒尺寸为17和45μm的材料。通过慢拉伸试验研究氢质量分数在0～0.001%材料的氢脆敏感性。试验结果表明,充氢后的试验材料比未充氢试验材料易发生氢脆,充氢后的试验材料断裂强度和断裂应变均降低。随着晶粒尺寸的增大,试验材料的氢脆敏感性增强。在氢质量分数为0.001%,晶粒尺寸增加到45μm时,应变损失率为17%,随着晶粒尺寸的增大,氢脆敏感性增加的原因是晶粒尺寸较大的材料孪晶较早出现,孪晶密度较大,同时单位晶界氢质量分数增加。     

碳含量对C-276合金组织及晶间腐蚀敏感性的影响

选取不同碳含量的C-276合金板材样品,先对样品进行固溶处理,随后在900 ℃下进行不同时间的敏化处理。采用ASTM G28中A法,对固溶及敏化后的C-276样品进行晶间腐蚀敏感性试验,得出C-276材料的晶间腐蚀年腐蚀率随敏化时间的增加而增加,即延长敏化时间会增加C-276合金的晶间腐蚀敏感性。固溶状态下,高碳型C-276合金晶间腐蚀敏感性高于低碳型C-276合金;而在900 ℃敏化30 min以后,低碳型C-276合金呈现出更高的晶间腐蚀敏感性。采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜（SEM）研究碳含量对C-276合金显微组织的影响,固溶态下,低碳型合金晶界和晶粒内部均未发现有明显析出相,而高碳型C-276合金在部分晶界和晶粒内部分布着颗粒状富含Mo的析出相μ相。敏化过程中,无论低碳还是高碳型C-276合金,其析出相均为富含Mo的M6C型碳化物。高碳型C-276合金中,由于μ相对Mo元素起到钉扎作用,导致富含Mo的碳化物析出速度减缓,因此在敏化后,高碳型C-276合金具有更低的晶间腐蚀敏感性。      

新型Mn Cr齿轮钢的动态再结晶及晶粒细化

采用Gleeble 1500热模拟试验机研究了一种新型Mn-Cr齿轮钢在不同条件下的动态再结晶行为及晶粒尺寸的变化规律,确定了该Mn-Cr齿轮钢的再结晶激活能为378.6 kJ/mol,应力指数为7.08(相对于峰值应力)或6.2(相对于稳态流变应力).Z因子唯一地决定着稳态动态再结晶的晶粒尺寸,二者之间为幂指数关系.Z因子通过影响稳态流变应力,进而影响形变储存能来改变再结晶的晶粒尺寸.     

Nimonic 80A合金螺栓的组织织构及高温应力松弛行为

利用SEM与EBSD技术研究Nimonic 80A高温合金螺栓的组织织构特点,并对不同温度下的高温应力松弛行为及组织织构演变进行分析。结果表明,合金中γ相组织未形成显著织构,晶粒取向择尤情况与晶粒尺寸无对应性。合金中第二相主要为γ′相与Cr的碳化物,γ′相在基体中弥散分布,而Cr的碳化物分别在晶界析出和沿螺栓轴向“链状”分布,其分布特征与γ晶粒组织及取向无显著关联性。应力松弛前后,晶粒组织、碳化物分布及织构均无明显变化,但γ′相发生了一定的粗化。载荷一定时,温度对应力松弛行为存在显著影响,即较高温度下样品的应力松弛率较高。较高温度下位错滑移更易开动,与样品中更多晶粒表现出较高晶粒取向散布(GOS)值相对应,但各晶粒GOS值的高低未表现出晶粒取向与晶粒尺寸依赖性。     

Q235钢的热变形特性

通过热模拟压缩试验,研究了Q235钢热变形时的动态再结晶行为,确定了其热变形激活能,建立了峰值应力、峰值应变、晶粒尺寸与Zener-Hollomon参数之间的关系模型.结果表明:Q235钢的动态再结晶主要发生在形变温度≥900℃、应变速率≤5 s-1(即lnZ≤37.77)的条件下.     

TMCP工艺轧制桥梁用不锈钢复合板的组织与性能

为了获得桥梁用不锈钢复合板良好的综合性能,采用控轧控冷(thermal mechanical control process,简称TMCP)工艺轧制了桥梁用不锈钢复合板316L+Q370qD,利用金相、扫描、拉伸、冲击、弯曲、剪切和晶间腐蚀等手段研究了该复合板的组织与性能。结果表明,316L+Q370qD桥梁用不锈钢复合板的界面实现了完全冶金结合,未发现孔洞、裂纹等缺陷以及大颗粒的析出物及氧化物夹杂等;复合板的屈服强度为421~446MPa,伸长率为24.0%~28.0%,-20℃纵向冲击吸收能量平均值为200J,180°内、外弯曲合格,平均剪切强度为412 MPa,复合板的各项力学性能均满足GB/T 8165—2008《不锈钢复合钢板和钢带》标准要求。按照GB/T 4334—2008方法 E进行晶间腐蚀试验,复层不锈钢316L未出现晶间腐蚀现象,具有良好的耐晶间腐蚀性能。     

EPR法评价304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性

本文通过将经过不同敏化制度处理的304不锈钢分别用硫酸-硫酸铜腐蚀试验方法及电化学动电位再活化法进行晶间腐蚀试验,并将两种试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,以电化学动电位再活化法(EPR)测得的反向扫描与正向扫描电流密度最大值之比Rm(%)评价304不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性与硫酸-硫酸铜腐蚀试验方法测得的结果一致。说明电化学EPR法可以定性、定量评价304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性。     

电站锅炉用TP347H不锈钢无缝钢管的开发

近年来我国电力发展迅速,电站锅炉用管需求急增。简述了太钢从炼钢到制管的装备和生产情况,以及对TP347H无缝钢管的表面质量、几何尺寸、化学成分、金相组织、晶粒度、非金属夹杂物、室温力学性能、晶间腐蚀试验、工艺性能等常规评定试验结果。     

硅对含强氧化性离子沸腾硝酸中奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性的影响

 超低碳Cr Ni奥氏体不锈钢在含强氧化性离子的硝酸溶液中会发生过钝化腐蚀和晶间腐蚀,而高硅不锈钢在强氧化性浓硝酸中具有优良的耐蚀性。笔者以高纯级000Cr25Ni20和00Cr14Ni14Si4钢作为对比材料,发现在纯稀硝酸中000Cr25Ni20钢具有更优良的耐蚀性,在不同含量的40%沸腾硝酸溶液中,00Cr14Ni14Si4钢可有效抑制过钝化腐蚀,而且不发生晶间腐蚀。     

Sensitization Behaviour of Manganese‐Alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steels

Manganese is an essential alloying element in advanced austenitic stainless steels with specific properties such as high resistance to harsh corrosive environments, high strength or low material costs. These materials are often used for welded constructions which have to be highly corrosion resistant. Hence it has to be ensured that the heat input during welding does not initiate the precipitation of chromium carbide resulting in a susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. This leads to the question whether the sensitization behaviour of manganese‐alloyed austenitic stainless steels is comparable to that of the well‐known conventional chromium nickel austenites. In the present work the effect of heat‐input on the susceptibility of the CrNi‐steel 1.4301 and the CrNiMn‐steel 1.4376 to intergranular corrosion (IGC) was considered. Investigations were carried out by corrosion testing in the so‐called Strauss‐Test to elucidate the effect of the annealing temperatures on the microstructure. Furthermore, the influence of heat treatment on the mechanical properties was evaluated by tensile testing. As a result, it could be demonstrated that manganese‐alloyed austenitic stainless steels like grade 1.4376 exhibit a sensitization behaviour very similar to the conventional austenitic steel grades. The same kinds of tests on intergranular corrosion resistance can be applied for both types of materials.     

稀土元素在铁素体不锈钢中的作用和应用前景

铁素体不锈钢(11%～30%Cr)的抗点蚀、抗应力腐蚀和抗高温氧化性能均优于奥氏体不锈钢。但普通铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性较高,塑性和韧性较低,焊接裂纹倾向较大。经分析得出,铁素体不锈钢加稀土元素可改善钢的凝固组织,影响碳、氮化物析出形态,细化晶粒,改变钢中硫化物形态和夹杂物成分,从而改善钢的横向韧性、焊接性能和疲劳性能。因此,稀土元素在铁素体不锈钢中的应用研究工作有广阔的前景。     

沸腾稀硝酸中Cr6+对高纯不锈钢耐蚀性的影响

 研究了在稀硝酸中添加不同含量的Cr6+对高纯奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,Cr6+在沸腾硝酸中对不锈钢有明显的加速腐蚀作用,当Cr6+超过一定含量时,还伴随着晶间腐蚀。Cr6+浓度与腐蚀速率近似呈线性关系。     

The effects of deformation induced martensite on the sensitization of austenitic stainless steels

This paper compares the effects of deformation which induces martensite in austenitic stainless steel with deformation which does not on the sensitization and corrosion susceptibility of these alloys. We show that deformation which induces martensite causes rapid sensitization at temperatures below 600 °C, leads to extensive transgranular corrosion, and can produce rapid healing. The martensite is also an area of extensive carbide precipitation. Deformation alone noticeably increases the kinetics of sensitization only at temperatures where undeformed samples are readily sensitized. Without the presence of martensite, intergranular corrosion is always the predominant corrosion path, rapid healing is not observed, and most carbides precipitate along the grain boundaries.     

430铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性评测方法及影响因素

采用双环-电化学(DL-EPR)法评价了热轧和退火430铁素体不锈钢(/%:0.038C、16.83Cr)的晶间腐蚀敏感性。确定了一种适合的试验参数,试验溶液为0.05 mol/L H₂SO₄+0.001 mol/L KSCN+0.01 mol/LNa₂SO₄,扫描速率为正扫5.0 mV/s,反扫1.67 mV/s,当Ra值(反扫电流Ir/正扫电流Ia)越高,晶间腐蚀敏感性越严重。试验结果表明,热轧后的430铁素体不锈钢存在明显的晶间腐蚀敏感性,空冷试样的舶值比水冷的高;经过750～850℃10 min退火处理能够有效减轻和消除热轧430铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性。     

Microstructure and microsegregation effects in the intergranular corrosion of austenitic stainless steel

Intergranular corrosion in austenitic stainless steel was studied using transmission electron microscopy of corroded thin foils and electron probe microanalysis of bulk specimens. In the sensitized material, since carbides remained unattacked in corroded grain boundaries after exposure to a boiling copper sulfate-sulfuric acid solution, the location and severity of corrosion could be directly observed in relation to individual carbide particles for various precipitate morphologies. After the sensitized material was exposed to a potassium dichromate nitric acid solution, carbides were consistently absent from corroded grain boundaries as the particles themselves apparently became susceptible to attack in this environment. Chemical composition inhomogeneities were measured for nickel and chromium in the commercially annealed material and found to become more pronounced upon sensitization heat treatments. Such inhomogeneities can result in chemical composition differences across grain boundaries, which in turn can lead to electrochemical action that may adversely affect intergranular corrosion behavior. N. C. BARBI, formerly Graduate Student, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. 12181     

抗晶间腐蚀奥氏体不锈钢的晶界工程

Sensitization by chromium depletion due to chromium carbide precipitation at grain boundaries in austenitic stainless steels can not be prevented perfectly only by previous conventional techniques, such as reduction of carbon content, stabilization-treatment, local solution-heat-treatment, etc. Recent studies on grain boundary structure have revealed that the sensitization depends strongly on grain boundary character and atomic structure, and that low energy grain boundaries such a~ coincidence-site-lattice (CSL) boundaries have strong resistance to intergranular corrosion. The concept of grain boundary design and control has been developed as grain boundary engineering (GBE). GBEed materials are characterized by high frequencies of CSL boundaries which are resistant to intergranular deterioration of materials, such as intergranular corrosion. A thermomechanical treatment was tried to improve the resistance to the sensitization by GBE. A type 304 austenitic stainless steel was cold-rolled and solution-heat-treated, and then sensitization-heat-treated. The grain boundary character distribution was examined by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). The intergranular corrosion resistance was evaluated by electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) and ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid tests. The sensitivity to intergranular corrosion was reduced by the thermomechanical treatment and indicated a minimum at a small roll-reduction The frequency of CSL boundaries indicated a maximum at the small reduction. The ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test showed much smaller corrosion rate in the thermomechanical-treated specimen than in the base material. A high density of annealing twins were observed in the thermomechanical-treated specimen. The results suggdst that the therrmomechanical treatment can introduce low energy segments in the grain boundary network by annealing twins and can arrest the percolation of intergranular corrosion from the surface. The effects of carbon content and other minor elements on optimization in grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) and thermomechanical parameters were also examined during GBE.     

Grain boundary segregation in austenitic stainless steels and its effect on intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking

This paper reports a study of grain boundary segregation, intergranular corrosion, and intergranular stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steels. The results show that phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur all segregate to grain boundaries in these materials and that they can affect one another's segregation through site compctition. In particular, the results demonstrate that phosphorus segregation can be lowered by the presence of nitrogen and sulfur in the steel. Also, if manganese is present in the steel, sulfur segregation will be greatly decreased as a result of formation of manganese sulfides. Phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen will not initiate intergranular corrosion in the modified Strauss test, although if corrosion is initiated by chromium depletion, these elements might enhance the corrosion process. Phosphorus segregation does enhance corrosion in the Huey test, even in steels that have not undergone grain boundary chromium depletion, although there does not appear to be a precise correlation between the depth of corrosion penetration and phosphorus segregation. Intergranular stress corrosion cracking in 288 °C water at a pH of 2.5 and electrochemical potential of OV_SHE can occur in these steels even in the absence of chromium depletion if sulfur is present on the grain boundaries. Phosphorus segregation appears to have very little effect.     

Effect of Grain Size on Mechanical Properties of Nickel-Free High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel

The fine grained structures of nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels had been obtained by means of cold rolling and subsequent annealing.The relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties and gain size of nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels was examined.High strength and good ductility of the steel were found.In the grain size range,the Hall-Petch dependency for yield stress,tensile strength,and hardness was valid for grain size ranges for the nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel.In the present study,the ductility of cold rolled nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel decreased with annealing time when the grain size was refined.The fracture surfaces of the tensile specimens in the grain size range were covered with dimples as usually seen in a ductile fracture mode.