EPE泡沫填充圆形纸蜂窝异面缓冲性能的试验研究

目的为了研究EPE泡沫填充对圆形纸蜂窝异面缓冲性能的影响,开展相关试验研究。方法对2种排列方式(规则/交错)以及不同填充形式(未填充、全填充、5种部分填充方式)的EPE泡沫填充圆形纸蜂窝结构,进行异面准静态和动态压缩试验,研究其异面变形模式和吸能特性,比较不同排列方式和泡沫填充对其异面缓冲性能的影响。结果静态压缩时,与未填充蜂窝结构相比,EPE填充使交错排列的平均平台应力和单位体积能量吸收分别增长了10.1%和8.9%,规则排列分别增长了7.1%和7.5%。结论 EPE填充使圆形纸蜂窝所承受的最大静应力增大,且交错排列时增长较明显;相同填充率下,填充方式对圆形纸蜂窝异面静态压缩的缓冲性能影响不大。动态压缩时,排列方式和泡沫填充仅对大载荷下圆形纸蜂窝的动态缓冲性能影响明显。EPE填充使圆形纸蜂窝异面缓冲性能得到改善,且交错排列方式优于规则排列。     

An experimental investigation on the effect of strain rate on the behaviour of bare and foam-filled aluminium honeycombs

The effects of strain rate (in low-strain rate regime) on the compressive mechanical behaviour of bare and foam-filled honeycomb structures are experimentally investigated in this paper. Empirical tests show that unlike the existing theoretical formula for bare hexagonal honeycombs, the mean crushing strength of these structures is highly dependent on the strain rate, as an increase of the strain rate yields an increase in the mean crushing strength of up to 40% in some specimens. This effect would be less considerable when it comes to the case of foam-filled panels. The results also indicate that the strain rate has no effect on the densification strain but could change the plane of deformation and increase the number of folds, and consequently decrease their wavelengths.     

正多边形外接填充圆形蜂窝异面动态缓冲性能

目的 为了研究正多边形外接填充圆形蜂窝的缓冲性能,建立不同正多边形外接填充圆形蜂窝的冲击有限元模型,分析研究多边形填充对圆形蜂窝缓冲性能的影响.方法利用Ansys/LS-DYNA建立正三、四、五、六边形外接填充圆形蜂窝的有限元分析模型,用六水平等级法评价分析各有限元模型在异面方向不同冲击速度下的力学性能、变形模式和能量吸收特性.结果正多边形与圆形蜂窝产生了较强的耦合响应,使组合结构的接触载荷和总能量吸收值均大于两者单独冲击数值之和;正六边形外接填充圆形蜂窝结构的六水平等级评价均为A,优于其他组合类型,且在不同冲击速度下不同正多边形外接填充圆形蜂窝的评价结果大致相同;正六边形外接蜂窝结构在冲击载荷下存在3种变形模式,随冲击速度的变化而变化,蜂窝壁厚对其的影响较小.随着冲击速度和壁厚的增大,动态峰应力、密实化总能量吸收和比吸能均有一定程度的提升.结论在耦合效应和动态冲击载荷的综合作用下,正六边形外接填充圆形蜂窝结构的动态力学性能较其他3种结构更为优异;随着蜂窝壁厚和冲击速度的增加,正多边形外接填充圆形蜂窝结构的承载能力和吸能能力都得到增强.     

Theoretical and experimental study of foam-filled lattice composite panels under quasi-static compression loading

In this paper, a simple and innovative foam-filled lattice composite panel is proposed to upgrade the peak load and energy absorption capacity. Unlike other foam core sandwich panels, this kind of panels is manufactured through vacuum assisted resin infusion process rather than adhesive bonding. An experimental study was conducted to validate the effectiveness of this panel for increasing the peak strength. The effects of lattice web thickness, lattice web spacing and foam density on initial stiffness, deformability and energy absorbing capacity were also investigated. Test results show that compared to the foam-core composite panels, a maximum of an approximately 1600% increase in the peak strength can be achieved due to the use of lattice webs. Meanwhile, the energy absorption can be enhanced by increasing lattice web thickness and foam density. Furthermore, by using lattice webs, the specimens had higher initial stiffness. A theoretical model was also developed to predict the ultimate peak strength of panels.     

Graded conventional-auxetic Kirigami sandwich structures: Flatwise compression and edgewise loading

The work describes the manufacturing and testing of graded conventional/auxetic honeycomb cores. The graded honeycombs are manufactured using Kevlar woven fabric/914 epoxy prepreg using Kirigami techniques, which consist in a combination of Origami and ply-cut processes. The cores are used to manufacture sandwich panels for flatwise compression and edgewise loading. The compressive modulus and compressive strength of stabilized (sandwich) honeycombs are found to be higher than those of bare honeycombs, and with density-averaged properties enhanced compared to other sandwich panels offered in the market place. The modulus and strength of graded sandwich panel under quasi-static edgewise loading vary with different failure mode mechanisms, and offer also improvements towards available panels from open literature. Edgewise impact loading shows a strong directionality of the mechanical response. When the indenter impacts the auxetic portion of the graded core, the strong localization of the damage due to the negative Poisson’s ratio effect contains significantly the maximum dynamic displacement of the sandwich panel.     

三角形蜂窝在面内冲击荷载下的力学性能

摘要：通过数值计算研究规则排布和交错排布的三角形铝蜂窝在面内冲击荷载下的变形模式、承载能力以及能量吸收特性。结果表明两种蜂窝的变形均随着冲击速度的增加或胞壁厚度的减小而向冲击端集中,规则排布的蜂窝沿着局部变形带逐行压溃直至密实,而交错排布蜂窝的变形模式可分为4种。铝蜂窝吸收的能量绝大部分转化为变形所需的内能,动能所占比重较小。随着冲击速度的提高,两种排布方式的蜂窝均表现出更强的承载能力和能量吸收能力,但内能在总能量中的比重减小,动能比重增加。规则排布的蜂窝比交错排布的蜂窝具有更高的承载力和能量吸收能力,该差别主要是由于二者内能的不同所引起,且该差值在交错排布蜂窝“核区”形成后逐渐减小。     

铝塑复合包装材料废弃物分选技术

目的 针对铝塑复合包装材料废弃物分离不够彻底,导致产品纯度不高、分离效率低、分离工艺不够完善等问题,采用绿色环保的铝塑活性介质进行铝塑分选技术研究,优化分离工艺参数.方法 选择天然固体酸柠檬酸溶液作为铝塑复合废料分选的分离溶剂,研究柠檬酸浓度、反应温度、液固比、搅拌速度和裁切尺寸等因素对铝塑复合材料分离效果的影响.并根据正交试验和极差分析优化出分离时间短、铝损失率较低的分离工艺.结果 在柠檬酸浓度为2 mol/L,温度为100℃,液固比为400 L/kg,搅拌速度为650 r/min,裁切尺寸为0.5 cm×0.5 cm的条件下,铝塑分离率达到100％,分离时间为65 min,铝的质量损失率为0.66％.结论 柠檬酸作为一种新型天然分离剂,对铝的腐蚀率低,此技术为铝塑复合材料废弃物回收再利用工业化生产提供了参考.     

Axial crushing of hollow and foam filled tubes: An overview

Herein, a detailed review of the past studies carried out on crushing and energy absorption behaviour of hollow and foam filled tubes under axial compression is presented. Importance of such investigation is discussed for understanding the research need and to develop suitable alternatives. The focus of review is the deformation mechanism and energy absorption of hollow circular and square tubes, foam filled circular and square tubes notably. Comprehensive review on the various deformation modes for these tubes under axial impact load and effect of foam filling is presented. The review includes the various parameters affecting the peak load and energy absorption. Although various other forms of energy absorbing materials and structures exist such as composites, multi-wall tubes and honeycombs, these are not within the scope of present review. This paper intends to provide assistance in design and development of empty and foam filled tubes as effective energy absorbers. Further, this paper provides the necessary information for designers to understand the deformation of such tubes.     

Impact behavior and energy absorption of paper honeycomb sandwich panels

Dynamic cushioning tests were conducted by free drop and shock absorption principle. The effect of paper honeycomb structure factors on the impact behavior was analyzed. Results of many experiments show that the dynamic impact curve of paper honeycomb sandwich panel is concave and upward; the thickness and length of honeycomb cell-wall have a great effect on its cushioning properties; increasing the relative density of paper honeycomb can improve the energy absorption ability of the sandwich panels; the thickness of paper honeycomb core has an up and down fluctuant effect on the cushioning properties; with the increase of the thickness of paper honeycomb core, the effect dies down; flexible corrugated paperboard as liners can improve the compression resistance and cushioning properties of paper honeycombs. The research results can be used to optimize the structure design of paper honeycomb sandwich panel and material selection for packaging design.     

Some theoretical considerations on the dynamic response of sandwich structures under impulsive loading

A theoretical solution is obtained to predict the dynamic response of peripherally clamped square metallic sandwich panels with either honeycomb core or aluminium foam core under blast loading. In the theoretical analysis, the deformation of sandwich structures is separated into three phases, corresponding to the transfer of impulse to the front face velocity, core crushing and overall structural bending/stretching, respectively. The cellular core is assumed to have a progressive crushing deformation mode in the out-of-plane direction, with a dynamically enhanced plateau stress (for honeycombs). The in-plane strength of the cellular core is assumed unaffected by the out-of-plane compression. By adopting an energy dissipation rate balance approach developed by earlier researchers for monolithic square plates, but incorporating a newly developed yield condition for the sandwich panels in terms of bending moment and membrane force, “upper” and “lower” bounds are obtained for the maximum permanent deflections and response time. Finally, comparative studies are carried out to investigate: (1) influence of the change in the in-plane strength of the core after the out-of-plane compression; (2) performances of a square monolith panel and a square sandwich panel with the same mass per unit area; and (3) analytical models of sandwich beams and circular and square sandwich plates.     

Three-Point Bending Behavior of Foam-Filled Conventional and Auxetic 3D-Printed Honeycombs

Cellular hexagonal (conventional) and re-entrant (auxetic) honeycombs are applicable in automotive, construction, and protective engineering. Auxetic structures own excellent energy absorption and flexural behavior due to their special deformation under loading. This work explores the performance of additively manufactured polylactic acid (PLA)- and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based hexagonal and re-entrant honeycombs under flexural loading via experimental three-point bending (TPB) tests and finite-element analysis (FEA). 3D-printed conventional and auxetic cellular structures are filled with polyurethane (PU) foam and their energy absorption capacity and flexural modulus are compared with hollow structures. The results reveal that TPU-based structures’ energy absorption capacity and flexural modulus improve significantly, whereas the PLA-based structures’ performance deteriorates when filled with PU foam. Moreover, re-entrant honeycombs are better reinforced with foam in comparison to the hexagonal honeycombs, as the re-entrant's unit cell is more spacious than the hexagonal unit cell. Finally, parametric studies are performed via FEA to investigate the influence of geometric parameters of structures and flexural loading setup on the performance of the honeycombs, showing that structures with thicker struts and higher cell angle can act stiffer under TPB. The outcomes of this research indicate the promising performance of foam-filled TPU-based auxetic structures.     

明胶鸟弹撞击复合材料蜂窝夹芯板试验

开展明胶鸟弹撞击复合材料蜂窝夹芯板试验,研究夹芯结构在软体高速冲击下的损伤形式,分析相关因素对结构动态响应结果的影响。通过CT扫描对复合材料蜂窝夹芯板内部进行检测可知,面板出现分层、基体开裂、纤维断裂、凹陷、向胞内屈曲等损伤形式,蜂窝芯出现芯材压溃、与面板脱粘的损伤形式;分析复合材料蜂窝夹芯板后面板的动态变形过程及撞击中心处位移-时间数据可知,复合材料蜂窝夹芯板在撞击过程中出现由全局弯曲变形主导和局部变形主导的两种变形模式;通过对比不同工况下的复合材料蜂窝夹芯板损伤程度可知,复合材料蜂窝夹芯板损伤程度随鸟弹撞击速度的增加而增大;蜂窝芯高度为10 mm的复合材料蜂窝夹芯板较蜂窝芯高度为5 mm的复合材料蜂窝夹芯板的损伤程度大;初始动能较大的球形鸟弹较圆柱形鸟弹对复合材料蜂窝夹芯板造成的冲击损伤程度更大。      

Deformation and impact energy absorption of cellular sandwich panels

The response and energy absorption capacity of cellular sandwich panels that comprises of silk-cotton wood skins and aluminum honeycomb core are studied under quasi-static and low velocity impact loading. Two types of sandwich panels were constructed. The Type-I sandwich panel contains the silk-cotton wood plates (face plates) with their grains oriented to the direction of loading axis and in the case of Type-II sandwich panel, the wood grains were oriented transverse to the loading axis. In both of the above cases, aluminum honeycomb core had its cell axis parallel to the loading direction. The macro-deformation behavior of these panels is studied under quasi-static loading and their energy absorption capacity quantified. A series of low velocity impact tests were conducted and the dynamic data are discussed. The results are then compared with those of quasi-static experiments. It is observed that the energy absorption capacity of cellular sandwich panels increases under dynamic loading when compared with the quasi-static loading conditions. The Type-I sandwich panels tested in this study are found to be the better impact energy absorbers for low velocity impact applications.     

Dynamic crushing strength of hexagonal honeycombs

Based on the repeatable collapsing mechanism of cells’ structure under dynamic crushing, an analytical formula of the dynamic crushing strength of regular hexagonal honeycombs is derived in terms of impact velocity and cell walls’ thickness ratio. It is consistent with the equation obtained from the shock wave theory that regards cellular material as continuum, in which the key parameter is approximately measured from the “stress–strain” curve of the cellular material. The effect of unequal thickness of cell walls on the honeycomb's dynamic crushing strength is discussed, and the result shows that the dynamic crushing strength of the hexagonal honeycomb with some double-thickness walls is about 1.3 times of that of the hexagonal honeycomb without double-thickness wall. All of the analytical predictions are compared with the numerical simulation results, showing good agreements.     

发泡聚丙烯的静态压缩性能

目的 以发泡聚丙烯为研究对象,研究厚度和密度对发泡聚丙烯静态压缩性能的影响规律。方法 通过静态压缩试验,得出不同密度和厚度下的力-位移曲线,进一步处理得到应力-应变曲线、能量吸收效率曲线以及比吸能、总能量吸收图和抗压强度。通过这些曲线分析密度和厚度对发泡聚丙烯材料静态压缩性能的影响。结果 密度、厚度不同的发泡聚丙烯材料,其应力-应变曲线的形态基本相同。当厚度一定时,密度越大,总能量吸收、比吸能及抗压强度也越高。当密度一定时,材料越厚,其总能量吸收越高、比吸能越低,厚度对密实化应变和抗压强度的影响可忽略。结论 在对缓冲包装进行优化设计时,为了防止出现过度包装导致资源浪费或欠包装导致被包装物出现损毁等情况,应充分比较泡沫材料的厚度和密度对缓冲和吸能性能的影响,并根据试验对比结果选择最优方案。     

Mechanical behaviors of carbon fiber composite sandwich columns with three dimensional honeycomb cores under in-plane compression

Mechanical properties and failure modes of carbon fiber composite egg and pyramidal honeycombs cores under in plane compression were studied in the present paper. An interlocking method was developed for both kinds of three-dimensional honeycombs. Euler or core shear macro-buckling, face wrinkling, face inter-cell buckling, core member crushing and face sheet crushing were considered and theoretical relationships for predicting the failure load associated with each mode were presented. Failure mechanism maps were constructed to predict the failure of these composite sandwich panels subjected to in-plane compression. The response of the sandwich panels under axial compression was measured up to failure. The measured peak loads obtained in the experiments showed a good agreement with the analytical predictions. The finite element method was used to investigate the Euler buckling of sandwich beams made with two different honeycomb cores and the comparisons between two kinds of honeycomb cores were conducted.     

The influence of cell micro-topology on the in-plane dynamic crushing of honeycombs

The influence of the cell micro-topology on the in-plane dynamic crushing of honeycombs is studied by means of explicit dynamic finite element simulation using ANSYS/LS-DYNA. Firstly, under the assumption that the edge length and thickness are the same, the dynamic properties of the honeycombs filled by cells with different shapes (equilateral triangular or quadratic cells) and micro-arrangements (regular or staggered arrangement) are numerically analyzed. The full-scale in-plane dynamic crushing of the specimen, as well as the micro-structure transformation during the deformation, is discussed. Based on these, the influence of the cell micro-arrangement on the energy absorption ability of the honeycombs is clarified. The results show that owing to the differences in the micro-topology, triangular or quadratic honeycombs display different local deformation properties during the crushing. The variation of the cell arrangement patterns changes the local dynamic evolution characteristic of stress waves. ‘>’ and ‘<’ mode local deformation bands form at the sides of the stagger-arranged honeycombs, which results in lateral compression shrinkage during the crushing. The plateau stresses also increase with the impact velocity by a square law. The empirical equations for honeycombs filled with different cells (equilateral triangular or quadratic cells) and micro-arrangements (regular or staggered arrangement) at high impact velocities are formulated in terms of impact velocity, and the cell geometrical (edge length and thickness) and topology (edge connectivity) parameters.     

V型折叠式夹层板横向压皱吸能特性研究

金属夹层板具有优越的力学性能,良好的吸能特性可用于船舶耐撞、抗爆防护结构设计。以V型折叠式夹芯结构为研究对象,通过试验分析夹芯层结构变形模式、压皱力历程曲线等,得到了夹芯层结构横向压皱力学性能,采用有限元软件Abaqus对其在横向受压时的力学行为进行数值仿真分析,分析结构压皱动态渐进屈曲过程、变形模式、吸能效率、平均压皱强度等。对比分析表明,V型夹芯层结构在横向压皱载荷下发生屈曲、褶皱变形模式,变形模式决定了压皱力学行为及其性能,其中单元变形模式I的吸能效率较高。采用合理的模型化技术得到的有限元计算结果与试验结果两者吻合较好,验证了有限元数值仿真的计算精度。     

散布式扬声器音板材料振动特性的研究

利用激光干涉器检测矩形夹心板(芯层为厚度不等的PU泡沫和孔径不等的蜂窝纸芯,皮层为环氧树脂层压板或铜版纸)在受迫振动时的幅值,通过比较不同结构夹心板的幅频曲线以及加速度-频率曲线,从微观结构的角度出发,讨论了音板材料的结构变化对其振动特性的影响.实验结果表明,随着PU泡沫芯或蜂窝纸芯的孔径减小,夹心板的第一阶共振频率不变,共振振幅呈下降趋势,非共振振幅无变化,材料的阻尼特性是制约夹心板中高频段的内在因素;当皮层和芯层的模量相近时皮层不能对芯层形成刚性约束,共振频率和振幅会发生很大的变化.     

泡沫填充的S型褶皱复合材料夹芯板低速冲击响应特性

为了研究泡沫填充褶皱夹芯结构低速冲击响应特性与损伤机制,采用热压法制备了玻璃纤维增强S型褶皱夹芯板,并使用聚氨酯泡沫进行了填充,通过落锤试验机对夹芯板节点与基座两个位置进行了冲击试验。研究表明,冲击位置对泡沫填充褶皱夹芯板的失效模式存在影响。当冲击位置为节点时,夹芯板芯子以凸侧面曲面壁压溃断裂失效为主,泡沫的填充起到了提供力矩的作用。当冲击位置为基座时,夹芯板芯子以凹侧面曲面壁撕裂和凸侧面曲面壁压溃失效为主,夹芯板损伤沿板厚度方向扩展充分,导致冲击载荷均匀化。在相同冲击能量下,节点与基座冲击相比,夹芯板的最大载荷力提高,并且比较稳定。此外,节点载荷峰值产生的冲击位移较低于基座冲击。