空心莲子草、大豆和向日葵叶组织K~+(~(86)Rb~+)的吸收和通量分析

空心莲子草叶片K~+吸收的K_m比大豆和向日葵的要高,但I_m都相近。空心莲子草根系的溢泌速率及溢泌液中K~+浓度都比大豆和向日葵的高。后两者的溢泌速率相近,但向日葵根系溢泌液中K~+浓度却高于大豆。 这三种植物叶组织K~+含量因液泡的含K~+量不同而有明显差别。而液泡含K~+量和K_cv/K_cv的比值相一致。     

杂交稻及其亲本幼苗根部K~+(~(86)Rb~+)的通量和向上运输

用通量分析研究三系杂交稻与亲本幼苗根部K~+(~(86)Rb~+)的通量与区域化。威优49和威优35的φ_(co)和φ_vc小于父、母本,而t_(c/2)和t_(v/2)则大于父、母本,表明F_1根部细胞质膜和液泡膜的持K~+能力强。若考虑K~+(~(86)Rb~+)的向上运输,则F_1的t_(c/2)小于母本而与父本相近。虽然F_1根部K~+(~(86)Rb~+)的区域化值与父、母本之间不存在明显的关系,但是F_1的J_(oc)和J_(cx)都高于母本,与父本相近。可见F~1在根部细胞质膜和液泡膜的持K~+能力方面有超亲现象,而与主动吸收机理有关的参数则靠近吸收和向上运输K~+效率高的父本,     

高等植物钾离子吸收的调节

本文着重讨论了植物组织含 K~ 量对根部吸收 K~ 的影响,综合分析已有的实验结果,就根的含K~ 量(Q_r)和地上部的含K~ 量(Q_s)对根吸收K~ 的作用提出了新的见解。即Q_s大于植物生长需 K~ 临界值(Q_o)时,Q_r接调节其对K~ 的吸收;若 Q_s小于Q_o,Q_s则在根对K~ 吸收调节中起主导作用。本文还讨论了K~ 吸收调节的数学模型及调节机理。     

空心莲子草K~+吸收的动力学研究

溶液培养120～180天的空心莲子草的最大吸K_+速率为1.8～2.1μmol·g~(-1) FW·h~(-1);K_m值8.0～14.0μM,比一般农作物的都小;开始在体内累积K~+的外液K~+浓度小于0.2μM。空心莲子草在自然土壤和水体环境中能较快地富集钾素。 NH_4~+浓度100μM以上对K~+吸收有显著抑制作用,和对照相比抑制达50％以上,而Na~+则需大于500μM时才对K~+吸收有显著影响。     

不同生境下空心莲子草响应模拟昆虫采食的生长和化学防御策略

外来植物往往可以入侵多种生境并受到多种昆虫的采食,而不同生境条件将可能会影响这些入侵植物对昆虫采食的防御策略。以入侵我国的克隆植物——空心莲子草为研究对象,分别选择生长在水生生境、水陆两栖生境和陆生生境中的无性个体(分株),通过50%去叶处理模拟昆虫采食,分析不同生境下空心莲子草对模拟昆虫采食处理的生长及化学防御响应的差异。模拟昆虫采食处理显著抑制了陆生生境、水陆两栖生境以及水生生境下空心莲子草的根、茎、叶和总生物量,但对3种生境下空心莲子草的生物量分配(根冠比、根生物量分配、茎生物量分配和叶生物量分配)均无显著影响。陆生生境下空心莲子草根、茎和总生物量显著高于水陆两栖生境和水生生境,根冠比显著低于水陆两栖生境和水生生境。模拟昆虫采食处理显著降低了空心莲子草的木质素含量,而对单宁和总酚含量影响不显著。生境对木质素含量无显著影响,但陆生生境下空心莲子草单宁含量显著高于水陆两栖生境和水生生境,且总酚含量显著高于水陆两栖生境,表明陆生生境中空心莲子草具有更强的防御能力。空心莲子草木质素含量与总生物量无显著相关性,但在模拟采食情况下,其总酚含量与总生物量呈显著负相关,而无论模拟昆虫采食处理存在与否,空心莲子草单宁含量与总生物量均呈显著正相关。因此,空心莲子草存在昆虫介导的生长和化学防御之间的权衡,在昆虫采食的情况下可通过减少生长来增加对化学防御物质的投入,但生境对空心莲子草这种生长-防御权衡的影响十分有限。     

冠瘿组织中Nopaline合酶的定量研究——Ⅰ.不同植物冠瘿株中Nopaline合酶的定量比较

本文发展了一种根据NADPH消耗定量测定冠瘿组织粗酶提取液中nopaline合酶活性的方法。对于含nopaline型Ti质粒的土壤根癌杆菌菌株透发的马铃薯、向日葵、烟草和胡萝卜冠瘿系来说,出于不存在酶反应的促进剂或抑制剂,粗酶提取液中nopaline合酶的活性能够反映体内存在的此酶的酶量。用这个方法测定了四株土壤根癌杆菌菌株诱发的十六株植物冠瘿系的nopaline合酶活性,由不同菌株诱发的所有胡萝卜,烟草冠瘿素包括单细胞克隆的烟草冠瘿系,以DNA为单位的此酶量明显地低于向日葵和马铃薯冠瘿系。由此推测,不同宿主植物中nopaline合酶量的差异很大程度上取决于宿主植物本身。通过Ti质粒把外源基因导入不同植物可能有不同的命运。     

重金属胁迫条件下空心莲子草的生长和营养特征分析

空心莲子草是一种常见的水生植物,并能在重金属污染的水体或附近土壤中生长.本研究发现,空心莲子草能富集6种常见的重金属元素,其富集能力为:Zn2+>Mn2+>Pb2+>Cu2+>Cd2+>Cr3+.高浓度(1 mmol/L) Cu2+、Mn2+、Zn2+和Cr3+ 等重金属胁迫处理条件下,空心莲子草的根冠比增加,生物干重、总根长和总根表面积都相应降低.此外,高浓度(1 mmol/L) Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+或Zn2+分别胁迫处理条件下,空心莲子草的K+、Ca+和Mg+等元素的含量变化差异显著(P＜0.05).以上研究表明,空心莲子草通过改变体内钾钙镁等重要生长元素营养情况来适应重金属污染的胁迫,有很强的富集重金属元素的能力,进而降低污染、净化水体.空心莲子草对重金属污染的生长响应及体内重要矿物元素营养特性之间的相互关系,可能为重金属污染的水土生物修复提供理论依据.     

空心莲子草营养器官结构与三萜皂苷动态积累的关系

采用组织化学定位、显微制片技术和三萜皂苷定量分析方法对空心莲子草营养器官结构与三萜皂苷类物质积累关系进行了研究。结果表明：空心莲子草宿根、根状茎、茎和叶中均有三萜皂苷物质的积累,叶和根状茎内含量十分丰富。在相同采收期内含量依次为：叶＞根状茎＞根＞茎,叶中主要积累于栅栏组织细胞内。空心莲子草的根和根状茎横切面均属于异常结构,具有成同心环状排列的三生维管束。在宿根和根状茎的次生韧皮部、栓内层、三生韧皮部和结合组织内均有三萜皂苷的分布,三生结构在宿根和根状茎中占有主要地位,是三萜皂苷积累的主要场所。在不同采收期内叶、根状茎和根中三萜皂苷的积累趋势基本一致,均随生长期的增加而递增。空心莲子草茎的横切面由表皮、皮层、维管束和髓腔组成,仅部分皮层细胞和初生韧皮部内有三萜皂苷分布。     

酸雨和采食模拟胁迫下克隆整合对空心莲子草生长的影响

研究表明克隆整合可以显著提升异质环境中克隆植物的生长,然而当克隆植物遭受均质环境压力时,整合对植物生长影响的研究相对较少。本文以典型入侵克隆植物空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）为例,研究均质环境压力酸雨和采食模拟胁迫对空心莲子草生长的影响,以及克隆整合在空心莲子草适应不利环境过程中所起的作用。酸雨设3种浓度梯度：pH值3.5 、pH值4.5和 pH值6.5（对照）;采食设3种水平：不去叶、去叶50%和去叶90%;整合水平：匍匐茎切断和连接。结果表明：无论保持或切断匍匐茎的连接,酸雨处理都不影响空心莲子草生物量。当保持匍匐茎连接时,pH值4.5酸雨处理增加了空心莲子草匍匐茎长度和分株数目,因此,低度酸雨可能对空心莲子草生长有一定的促进作用。同样,无论匍匐茎是否被切断,采食处理都显著降低了空心莲子草克隆片段生物量,而显著增加了叶片数目。当切断匍匐茎连接时,采食处理使空心莲子草分株数目显著增加。本文得出的结论是：空心莲子草能较好地适应酸雨和采食的环境压力,当空心莲子草全部克隆分株遭受均质环境胁迫时,克隆整合并不能显著改善它的生长。     

水稻(威优49)幼苗根系K~+(~(86)Rb~+)吸收的调节

杂交稻威优49幼苗根系的K~+(~(86)Rb~+)吸收速率受到根含钾量的直接反馈调节,而与地上部的含钾量无显著相关性。随着根部含钾量的增加,K~+(~(86)Rb~+)净吸收的速率减小。净吸收速率的改变主要是由于内流速率的变化,而受外流速率变化的影响不大。根系上运K~+(~(86)Rb~+)滞后于吸收约1.5h。但上运一旦开始后,运输速率便不受根和地上部含钾量变化的影响。这表明杂交稻威优49幼苗根系K~+(~(86)Rb~+)吸收速率的改变主要受根部液泡含钾量的调节,而向上运输则决定于细胞质的K~+(~(86)Rb~+)状态。     

耐低钾籼稻幼苗根部的K~ (~(86)Rb~ )运输和通量分析

用通量分析的方法比较研究籼稻73—07和税稻80—66根部K~ (~(86)Rb~ )的吸收和运输的差异。耐低钾的籼稻73—07根部吸收和运输K~ (~(86)Rb~ )的速率显著高于不耐低钾的釉稻80—66。前者的J_(oc)和J_(cx)分别为后者的5.9和5.6倍。籼稻73—07根部的Q_c和Q_v均高于籼稻80—66。由于上运速度快,籼稻73—07的t_c/2显著小于籼稻80—66,表明籼稻73—07根部的K~ (~(86)Rb~ )周转快,有利于根部从低钾介质中吸收K~ 。     

钙对盐胁迫下棉苗离子吸收分配的影响

研究了钙对NaCl胁迫下棉花幼苗体内离子分布的影响及其与根系质膜H+-ATP酶、液泡膜H+-ATP酶和H+-PP酶活性的关系。不同器官离子含量和根系横切面X-射线微区分析结果表明,NaCl胁迫下外源钙明显减少棉花幼苗对Na+的吸收及其向茎杆、叶片的运输,增加对K+和Ca2+的吸收及其向茎杆、叶片的运输,增强棉苗体内的盐分区域化分配,提高根冠比和干物质积累,根系电解质渗漏率下降。钙明显提高盐胁迫下幼根细胞质膜H+-ATP酶、液泡膜H+-ATP酶和H+-PP酶的活性,与钙调节棉花对离子的吸收、分配相一致,说明这些酶可以为根细胞中的Na+在液泡中积累以及K+、Ca2+的选择性吸收和运输提供动力。     

箭舌豌豆根瘤液泡中细菌周膜来源的研究

电镜观察结果表明,幼龄箭舌豌豆根瘤侵染细胞的细胞质较少,中央是一些体积较大的液泡。细胞质中侵入线经常可见,由侵入线释放出来的细菌均有细菌周膜。这些细菌只位于细胞质中,不出现在液泡里面。成熟根瘤中的侵染细胞与此不同,它们中有大量的成熟侵染细胞,细胞质丰富,里面充满大量细菌,中央常有一个大液泡。当中央液泡发育到一定程度时,位于其附近的细菌可通过液泡膜内吞、液泡膜与细菌周膜融合及液泡膜破裂3种途径进入液泡,后一种途径常伴有寄主细胞质。液泡中的细菌绝大部分裸露在外,只有个别细菌具有细菌周膜且多位于液泡膜的破损处附近,因此细菌周膜可能是原来就有的。     

Na~ ,K~ 和ABA对盐胁迫大麦根液泡膜ATPase活性的影响

许多植物液泡膜ATPaso活性与植物抗盐性有关(Bremberger等1988,Matsumoto和Chung 1988,Gabarino和Dupont 1988)。当植物生长在高浓度NaCl环境中时,液泡膜上Na~ /K~ 交换对维持细胞质中高K~ /Na~ 起重要作用(Jeschke     

吲哚乙酸对向日葵下胚轴生长区单向K~+(~(86)Rb~+)通量的影响

植物生长素在刺激某些植物组织生长的同时促进K~+吸收和H~+分泌(Hager等1971,Cleland1975,赖寿鹏和倪晋山1983),可能是由于生长素刺激位于植物细胞质膜上的H~+泵ATP酶(Scherer 1984,赖寿鹏和倪晋山1985)。但以往的文献中只测定了生长素促进的植物组织对K~+的净吸收速率,即组织中K~+的累积速率或吸收溶液中K~+的减少速率。自从MacRobbie和Dainty(1958)首先运用放射性     

Accumulation of apoplastic iron in plant roots : a factor in the resistance of soybeans to iron-deficiency induced chlorosis?

We hypothesized that the resistance of Hawkeye (HA) soybean (Glycine max L.) to iron-deficiency induced chlorosis (IDC) is correlated to an ability to accumulate a large pool of extracellular-root iron which can be mobilized to shoots as the plants become iron deficient. Iron in the root apoplast was assayed after efflux from the roots of intact plants in nutrient solution treated with sodium dithionite added under anaerobic conditions. Young seedlings of HA soybean accumulated a significantly larger amount of extracellular iron in their roots than did either IDC-susceptible PI-54619 (PI) soybean or IDC-resistant IS-8001 (IS) sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Concurrently, HA soybean had much higher concentrations of iron in their shoots than either PI soybean or IS sunflower. The concentration of iron in the root apoplast and in shoots of HA soybean decreased sharply within days after the first measurements of extracellular root iron were made, in both +Fe and −Fe treatments. The accumulation of short-term iron reserves in the root apoplast and translocation of iron in large quantities to the shoot may be important characteristics of IDC resistance in soybeans.     

Autoregulation of soybean–Bradyrhizobium nodule symbiosis is controlled by shoot or/and root factors

Two strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum were evaluated with five commercial cultivars of soybean (Clark, Crauford, Davis, Centaur, and Nessen) and one hypernodulating mutant NOD1-3. The hypernodulating NOD1-3 produced 30–50 times the number of nodules of commercial cultivars either inoculated with B. japonicum strain USDA 123 or RCR 3409. Grafting of NOD1-3 shoots to Clark and Davis roots induced hypernodulation on roots of Clark and Davis but did not enhance nodulation when grafted onto the roots of Crauford, Centaur, and Nessen. In contrast, the shoots of Clark, Davis, Centaur and Nessen significantly inhibited nodule formation on the root of NOD1-3. However, Crauford shoots did not alter nodule formation on the roots of NOD1-3 as compared with self-grafts of NOD1-3. It appears that the shoot of NOD1-3 has the ability to alter autoregulatory control of nodulation of Clark and Davis cultivars, but not of Crauford, Centaur and Nessen. The results suggest that the regulation of nodulation in soybean cultivars Clark and Davis is controlled by the shoot factors, while the Crauford was root controlled. Reciprocal grafts between NOD1-3 and Centaur or Nessen indicate that both shoot and root factors are involved in regulation of nodulation. The results suggested that the regulation of nodulation did not depend on bradyrhizobial strains. The shoot control of hypernodulation may be causally related to differential root isoflavonoid levels, which are also controlled by shoot. Application of daidzein significantly enhanced the nodulation and nitrogenase activity of soybean cv. Clark. Root control of restricted nodulation of soybean cv. Centaur did not respond to the addition of daidzein in nutrient solution indicating that this character is not related to isoflavonoids. Therefore, autoregulation in Clark and Centaur plants may be separate events in legume–rhizobia symbiosis and regulated by different kinds of signals.     

Na+/H+ antiport activity in tonoplast vesicles isolated from sunflower roots induced by NaCl stress

Na⁺ transport across the tonoplast and its accumulation in the vacuoles is of crucial importance for plant adaptation to salinity. Mild and severe salt stress increased both ATP- and PP_i-dependent H⁺ transport in tonoplast vesicles from sunflower seedling roots, suggesting the possibility that a Na⁺/H⁺ antiport system could be operating in such vesicles under salt conditions (E. Ballesteros et al. 1996. Physiol. Plant. 97: 259–268). During a mild salt stress, Na⁺ was mainly accumulated in the roots. Under a more severe salt treatment, Na⁺ was equally distributed in shoots and roots. In contrast to what was observed with Na⁺, all the salt treatments reduced the shoot K⁺ content. Dissipation by Na⁺ of the H⁺ gradient generated by the tonoplast H⁺-ATPase, monitored as fluorescence quenching of acridine orange, was used to measure Na⁺/H⁺ exchange across tonoplast-enriched vesicles isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) roots treated for 3 days with different NaCl regimes. Salt treatments induced a Na⁺/H⁺ exchange activity, which displayed saturation kinetics for Na⁺ added to the assay medium. This activity was partially inhibited by 125 μM amiloride, a competitive inhibitor of Na⁺/H⁺ antiports. No Na⁺/H⁺ exchange was detected in vesicles from control roots. The activity was specific for Na⁺. since K⁺ added to the assay medium slightly dissipated H⁺ gradients and displayed non-saturating kinetics for all salt treatments. Apparent K_m for Na⁺/H⁺ exchange in tonoplast vesicles from 150 mM NaCl-treated roots was lower than that of 75 mM NaCl-treated roots, V_max remaining unchanged. The results suggest that the existence of a specific Na⁺/H⁺ exchange activity in tonoplast-enriched vesicle fractions, induced by salt stress, could represent an adaptative response in sunflower plants, moderately tolerant to salinity.