HBV感染者自然杀伤细胞活性分析

目的 探讨不同临床病期的慢性HBV感染者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞活性变化.方法 收集慢性乙型肝炎、慢性重型乙型肝炎、乙型肝炎肝硬化、肝癌四组患者及健康人群的外周血,应用流式细胞术检测CD8+T细胞、CD4+T细胞及NK细胞的表达量和分泌细胞因子的能力,并检测NK细胞的杀伤活性.结果 各组患...     

慢性HBV感染者外周血淋巴细胞亚群及血清IgG和补体检测的临床意义

目的探讨慢性HBV感染者疾病不同阶段外周血淋巴细胞亚群及免疫球蛋白IgG和补体C3、C4的变化特点。方法将80例慢性HBV感染者及20例健康体检查作为研究对象,根据病情将80例慢性HBV感染者分为慢乙肝组,肝硬化组,慢加急性肝衰竭组,健康体检者为对照组。采用流式细胞术检测所有研究对象的外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及CD3-CD19~+细胞(B细胞),采用免疫散射法测定血清IgG和补体C3、C4含量;并进行组间比较分析。结果对照组、慢乙肝组、肝硬化组、慢加急性肝衰竭组患者外周血CD3~+T细胞、CD4~+T细胞、CD8~+T细胞百分比顺序递减,B细胞百分比顺序上升,慢乙肝组、肝硬化组及慢加急性肝衰竭组患者CD3~+T细胞百分比均显著低于较对照组,B细胞百分比均高于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组、慢乙肝组、肝硬化组及慢加急性肝衰竭组血清IgG顺序升高,补体(C3、C4)含量顺序下降,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论慢性HBV感染者体内存在淋巴细胞亚群失衡和细胞免疫功能紊乱,体液免疫也发生明显改变,外周血淋巴细胞亚群及血清IgG和补体检测对于了解患者免疫状态,判断病情发展阶段以及预测预后有一定临床应用价值。     

乙型肝炎患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化

目的研究乙型肝炎患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群变化及其临床意义.方法对140例乙型肝炎患者和64例健康者,采用特异性荧光抗体标记、流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞亚群的改变.结果与正常对照组比较,慢性肝炎、肝炎肝硬变、慢性重型肝炎患者外周血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+及CD4+/CD8+比值均有显著性下降(P＜0.05),以肝炎肝硬变下降最显著,急性乙型肝炎T细胞亚群数量和比值变化不明显(P＞0.05).HBV DNA(+)与HBV DNA(-)患者外周血T细胞亚群数量和比值变化比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论乙型肝炎病毒感染后机体T淋巴细胞功能低下主要见于慢性病毒感染状态,其下降程度与病毒复制水平无明显关系.     

副流感病毒3型感染肺炎患儿细胞免疫功能分析

目的分析副流感病毒3型感染肺炎患儿外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、B淋巴细胞及NK细胞的变化。方法对入院儿童行痰病原学检测7种常见病毒抗原,明确病原学诊断,并用流式细胞仪检测副流感病毒3型感染患儿外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、B淋巴细胞及NK细胞值。结果副流感病毒3型肺炎患外外周血CD16＋CD56＋T细胞百分率较对照组减少,CD3＋T细胞百分率、CD4＋T细胞百分率、CD8＋T细胞百分率、CD19＋CD21＋B细胞百分率和对照组相仿,CD4＋／CD8＋比值较对照组升高。结论副流感病毒3型感染肺炎患儿细胞免疫功能紊乱。     

慢性丙型肝炎外周血淋巴细胞亚群与HCV RNA载量及HCV抗体的相关性分析

目的探讨慢性丙型肝炎(CHC)患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群的变化以及与丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)病毒载量和抗HCV水平的相关性。方法应用流式细胞术检测60例慢性丙型肝炎患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞的相对数量,与20例正常健康人做比较;应用实时荧光定量RT-PCR对其外周血HCV病毒载量进行检测,分为3组进行分析;化学发光法检测血清抗HCV水平,分2组进行比较分析。另外,分析HCV RNA载量及抗HCV水平与外周血淋巴细胞亚群变化的相关性。结果慢性丙型肝炎患者组外周血CD4+T淋巴细胞比例、NK细胞比例和CD4+/CD8+比值低于正常人组,CD8+T淋巴细胞比例高于正常人组;随着HCV RNA载量的增高CD4+、CD4+/CD8+比值及NK细胞比例逐渐降低,CD8+T淋巴细胞比例逐渐增高。随着抗HCV水平的增高CD4+、CD4+/CD8+比值及NK细胞比例逐渐降低,CD8+T淋巴细胞比例逐渐增高。结论 CHC患者细胞免疫功能存在着较严重的失调,随着HCV病毒复制和机体抗体水平的增高,患者的特异性和非特异性细胞免疫功能均越受到抑制,机体清除病毒的能力越弱,导致病毒不能有效的被清除,使病情反复迁延,造成HCV病毒持续感染,从而促进了HCV感染的慢性化及疾病的进展,少部分患者甚至发生了恶变导致肝细胞癌。     

大肠癌患者外周血T细胞亚群和NK细胞活性的检测

目的检测大肠癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞活性的表达,探讨大肠癌患者免疫状况与肿瘤分期的关系。方法采用流式细胞分析法检测60例大肠癌患者和30例正常对照者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞活性。结果与正常组比较,大肠癌患者CD4^＋细胞、CD4^＋／CD5^＋比值、NK细胞活性降低,CD8^＋细胞升高,这种变化随临床分期的增高更加显著,且化疗后较化疗前明显,术后发生转移者较未转移者明显;术后上述变化有所改善。结论大肠癌患者细胞免疫功能紊乱,并随病情进展及肿瘤转移而加重。切除肿瘤有助于改善患者细胞免疫功能。     

不同临床类型HBV感染者外周血T细胞亚群的差异

目的:观察不同临床类型HBV感染者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的差异.方法:收集2006-9/2009-03贵阳医学院附属医院门诊及住院部慢性HBV携带者30例、慢性乙型肝炎患者47例、重型乙型肝炎患者26例以及非乙型肝炎且无影响T细胞亚群疾患者34例(高血压15例, 冠心病9例, 非甾体药物相关性消化性溃疡10例)的外周血, 用流式细胞技术检测T细胞亚群.结果:慢性HBV携带者组、慢性乙型肝炎患者组及重型乙型肝炎患者组外周血中CD3+、CD4+、CD8+ T细胞计数及CD3+、CD4+ T细胞百分数及CD4+/CD8+(计数与百分数比)均较正常对照组明显降低( P<0.05或0.01), CD8+ T细胞百分数明显升高( P<0.05或0.01), 以上改变有统计学意义, 且不同组间对比也有不同程度的统计学差异( P<0.05或0.01).结论:不同临床类型的慢性HBV感染者均存在不同程度的细胞免疫功能低下及免疫调节紊乱, 紊乱的程度与病情的进展有关.     

肝癌组织、癌旁组织中HBsAg、HCV抗原表达与T细胞亚群及NK活性的相关性研究

研究肝癌组织、癌旁组织中HBsAg、HCV抗原表达与T细胞亚群及NK活性的相关性。采用免疫组织化学方法(SP法)对肝癌组织及癌旁组织中的HBsAg、HCV抗原表达进行了标记和分析,同时对外周血T细胞亚群及 NK活性进行检测。肝癌患者中,CD4 细胞减少,CD8 细胞升高,CD4 ／CD8 比值及NK细胞的活性均比正常对照组明显降低,且HBsAg阳性、HCV抗原阳性者比阴性者下降更显著。肝癌组织、癌旁组织中HBsAg、HCV抗原表达与外周血T细胞亚群及NK活性Spearman相关性分析,与NK细胞、CD4 细胞、CD8 细胞、CD4 ／CD8 相关系数分别为-0．67,-0．28,0．35,-0．50(P<0．001)。肝癌患者出现免疫紊乱与乙肝、丙肝病毒感染有关,且混合感染者免疫功能紊乱较显著,提示抗病毒治疗可能改善肝癌患者的免疫功能。     

流式细胞仪检测急性病毒性心肌炎T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞的意义

目的观察急性病毒性心肌炎T淋巴细胞亚群及自然杀伤（NK）细胞的意义，探讨其发病机制。方法采用流式细胞术对急性病毒性心肌炎病人（观察组）进行CD3、CD4、CD8和NK细胞淋巴细胞亚群检测，并设正常人群作对照组。结果观察组CD8和NK明显高于对照组（P〈0．01），CD4和Th／Tc比值明显低于对照组（P〈0．01），观察组CD3的变化不明显（P〉0．05）。结论急性病毒性心肌炎病人淋巴细胞亚群中CD4、CD8和NK细胞亚群异常增殖；而且Th／Tc比例失衡，揭示细胞免疫功能紊乱与急性病毒性心肌炎有关。     

聚乙二醇干扰素对慢性丙型肝炎患者淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的：研究聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b治疗慢性丙型肝炎（CHC）的疗效与机体免疫状态的关系。方法：采用流式细胞仪检测聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b治疗前后CHC患者T淋巴细胞亚群CD3＋、CD4＋、CD8＋T淋巴细胞及NK（自然杀伤细胞）、CTL（细胞毒性T淋巴细胞）的变化。结果：应答组患者血清CD3＋、CD4＋T淋巴细胞、NK细胞、CD4＋/CD8＋比值的上升程度及CD8＋、CTL细胞的下降程度明显高于无应答组,而持续应答组又相应优于复发组。结论：聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b治疗后患者的细胞免疫状态明显增强,检测患者T淋巴细胞亚群、NK、CTL细胞的变化,可以预测患者干扰素治疗的疗效。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.