卧龙自然保护区植被覆盖度变化及其对地形因子的响应

通过像元二分模型在NDVI数据基础上,估算了卧龙自然保护区2000和2015年的植被覆盖度,分析了这15年间研究区域植被覆盖的变化及空间分异特征,初步揭示了植被覆盖变化与地形因子的响应关系。结果表明：（1）2000~2015年间卧龙自然保护区植被覆盖度整体良好,以中高和高植被覆盖为主,空间格局上呈现东南高、西北低的总体趋势。（2）研究时段内高覆盖度面积明显减少,而其他覆盖等级面积存在不同程度的增加,植被覆盖度均值降低。（3）研究区域各海拔范围内均以植被稳定类型为主,低海拔和高海拔地区植被退化显著,在1 500~3 250 m的高程范围内植被稳定和植被改善相对显著。（4）研究区不同坡度间植被变化类型差异不明显;不同坡向上植被变化显著,其中阳坡的植被退化分布,阴坡的植被改善分布明显,随着坡向由阴坡转阳坡,植被退化增加,改善减少。其结论有助于揭示卧龙自然保护区植被覆盖的时空变化特征,对保护区生态环境评价和改进具有重要的参考价值,同时对保护区的管理和植被恢复有一定借鉴意义。     

生态工程建设背景下贵州高原的植被变化及影响因素分析

基于MODIS-NDVI和气象数据,运用趋势分析、偏相关分析和残差分析等方法,对生态工程建设背景下贵州高原的植被变化及影响因素进行分析,并定量探讨气候因素与人类活动对植被变化的影响。结果表明：(1)2000~2016年期间,贵州高原植被NDVI在空间上呈东高西低的分布特征,高值分布于野生动植物及自然保护区等,低值分布于湿地保护工程区。NDVI总体呈上升趋势,湿地保护工程区、退耕还林工程区等植被覆盖上升速率较快,野生动植物及自然保护区呈略微的下降趋势。(2)植被改善区域(83.74%)分布于研究区边缘及西北部,退化区域(16.26%)分布于研究区中部和东南部,其中退耕还林还草工程区植被改善最为明显,野生动植物保护及自然保护区和速生丰产工程区改善效果较差。(3)从气侯因素分析来看,气温和降水在总体上与NDVI均呈正相关,气温对贵州高原植被生长的影响大于降水。(4) 从人类活动分析来看,人类活动对植被的建设作用强于破坏作用,人类活动正作用（76.68%）主要分布于西北部,负作用（23.32%）集中分布于东南部。植被覆盖增加是气候因素和人类活动共同作用的结果,人类活动对植被的贡献率为75.53%,气候因素为24.47%。     

三江源区植被覆盖度的定量估算与动态变化研究

植被覆盖度是衡量地表植被状况的重要指标,其时空分布和变化对政府进行区域规划和决策起着重要作用。MODIS植被指数是区域植被覆盖度提取的重要数据源。利用2000年1月到2009年10月的MODIS 250 m归一化植被指数16 d合成产品（MODIS NDVI）和其他MODIS辅助数据估算三江源区的植被覆盖度并分析时空格局变化趋势。在混合像元二分模型的基础上改进了NDVI参数的确定方法,然后利用重构后的MODIS数据估算植被覆盖度。与2007年8月的野外采样点数据比较,估算精度是8772%,相关系数r为0889 7,表明该模型估算大面积植被覆盖度是可行的。将获得的植被覆盖度分为5个等级,从年最大化植被覆盖度Mfc的角度进行10 a里植被覆盖度的年际变化趋势分析和时空格局变化分析。趋势分析结果表明,2000~2009年三江源区植被覆盖波动式变化,东北部地区得到改善,西部地区在退化,总体呈现退化趋势;时空格局变化分析结果表明,植被覆盖破碎度降低,趋于集中化分布;不同等级覆盖度分布的复杂化程度降低     

FAST电磁波宁静区植被覆盖度及景观格局时空变化

植被覆盖度是描述区域内植被修复和生长的重要因子,定量研究了FAST项目实施前后植被覆盖度变化时空特征,并利用景观格局对该区的植被覆盖度进行分析.基于Landsat TM/OLI影像反演FAST电磁波宁静区2008～2018年5期植被覆盖度数据,利用Fragstats 4.2进行景观格局分析.结果 表明:(1)2008～2018年,林地的增长趋势明显,该区域的植被覆盖度呈现明显的时空差异特征,植被覆盖类型上,2008年集中在中、低植被覆盖度,2018年多为中高、高植被覆盖度.(2)从植被覆盖度的转移情况可以看出,植被覆盖度增加的面积远大于退化的面积,增长趋势显著.核心区2010～2016年的植被覆盖度增长面积为48.01 km2,退化面积仅为16.19 km2,实际表现为该地区的生态环境质量明显改善,森林面积增加.(3)FAST电磁波宁静区林地面积的增加对植被覆盖度具有正向影响,同时在景观格局上表现为植被覆盖度的斑块密度和斑块数量呈下降趋势,景观破碎化程度降低,连通性增强,景观格局趋于稳定,聚集度上升,说明有效的林地保护措施对该地区的景观格局影响很大,稳定的景观格局对台址的保护起到重要作用,同时为该地区不同范围的植被保护力度提供遥感监测支撑.     

长三角地区植被退化的空间格局及影响因素分析

植被退化是陆地生态系统功能下降的重要表征。利用2000~2010年SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI遥感数据、土地利用数据,采用趋势分析、叠加分析和格网计算方法,对长三角植被退化的空间格局及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明:10a间长三角地区最大化NDVI均值空间分布南北高、中间低,区域14%的植被覆盖面积显著退化。植被退化呈现一定的空间分异,而人类活动是导致植被退化的主要原因。在长江以南、太湖的北部与东部,环杭州湾地区及南京、南通和台州等城市快速无序的城镇化,造成了建设用地面积增加和耕地的破碎化,使植被退化区域集中连片分布。经济利益驱动农民将水田转化为向水产养殖,引起植被退化。部分区域植被面积未减少而呈退化态势的原因有待研究。     

2000～2015年丹江口库区植被覆盖时空变化趋势及其成因分析

基于MODIS NDVI、Landsat遥感影像及气象观测数据,应用趋势分析、偏相关分析和土地利用转移矩阵等方法,阐明了2000~2015年丹江口库区植被覆盖时空变化趋势,并探讨了气候变化和人类活动对库区植被覆盖的影响。结果表明：（1）近16 a来丹江口库区植被覆盖度呈增加的趋势,增速为4.73%/10 a（p < 0.001）;（2）40.94%的区域植被覆盖度增加显著,主要分布在库周丘陵和平原地带;10.04%的区域植被覆盖度减少显著,主要位于西北部伏牛山区及库区建成区周边;49.02%的区域变化不显著;（3）丹江口库区植被覆盖度受气候变化影响不显著,但受人类活动影响较大,其中灌草地和农业用地转变为林地是库区植被覆盖度升高的主要原因,农业用地转变为水体和建设用地是部分区域植被覆盖度降低的重要因素,这些土地利用/覆被变化主要受造林、退耕还林、水库蓄水以及建设活动的驱动;（4）生态建设工程和项目的实施对库区植被覆盖度的稳步增加起到了积极作用。 关键词： 植被覆盖度;变化趋势;土地利用;丹江口库区     

基于MODIS像元尺度的三峡库区植被覆盖度变化的地形分布特征

区域植被覆盖变化监测是研究资源环境承载力的基础，其对区域可持续发展至关重要。基于MODIS NDVI数据，采用像元二分模型计算了2001~2018年三峡库区植被覆盖度，结合植被覆盖度变化类型提取模型及分布指数，揭示了库区植被覆盖度变化在不同地形因子上的分布特征。研究表明：（1）三峡库区植被以高和中高覆盖度为主，其分别占库区总面积的65.72%和28.61%。18年来，库区年均植被覆盖度增长率为0.14%；（2）库区植被稳定类型占总面积的79.50%，植被改善占16.71%，植被退化占3.79%。26个区（县）中，长寿区、江北区等7区的植被改善面积小于植被退化面积，存在生态退化风险；（3）高程小于500 m、坡度小于6°的区域植被退化优势显著；高程500~1 100 m的区域植被改善为主导类型；坡度6°~15°的区域无明显优势分布；高程大于1 100 m、坡度大于15°的区域植被稳定和植被改善类型为优势分布；（4）库区不同坡向上，平坡上的植被退化类型显著，当坡向由阴坡向阳坡转变（西坡→南坡，北坡→东坡）时，植被覆盖度变化优势分布类型由植被退化型转变为植被改善型。研究结果揭示了三峡库区植被覆盖的空间分布和变化特征，对库区生态环境评价和植被恢复及保护具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于时序NDVI的湖北省植被覆盖动态变化监测分析

基于1998～2011年7、8月份SPOT VEGETATION NDVI数据,求取两月份NDVI平均值,构建14 a间的NDVI时序文件,通过对NDVI时序文件进行信息提取、分析,反映湖北省植被生长情况,从而监测、研究湖北省植被生长高峰期植被覆盖动态变化及趋势。具体为：利用植被覆盖分区法,将研究区分为弱植被覆盖区、稀疏植被覆盖区、低植被覆盖区、中植被覆盖区、高植被覆盖区和密集植被覆盖区等区域,监测各区域14 a间植被覆盖动态变化,结果表明,研究区整体上植被覆盖变化不大;利用Mann Kendall趋势分析法,对研究区植被覆盖变化趋势进行研究,结果表明绝大部分呈现无明显变化趋势,1655%的区域表现增加趋势,033%的区域表现减少趋势。通过以上分析结论可知,植被覆盖分区法和Mann Kendall趋势分析法的分析结果基本一致,表明两种方法能从植被覆盖状况和变化趋势角度动态反映植被的变化情况     

2000～2019嘉陵江流域植被覆盖时空变化特征及气候响应分析

嘉陵江是长江水系流域面积最大的一条支流,近年来嘉陵江流域出现严重水土流失,在生态保护工程的实施和气候变化的共同作用下植被覆盖发生了明显变化,研究植被覆盖时空变化特征、未来趋势和影响因素,可为嘉陵江流域生态环境治理提供参考依据.基于MODIS-NDVI时序数据和地面气象数据,借助3S技术和线性趋势分析、Hurst指数、变异系数等方法多角度分析了嘉陵江流域植被覆盖的时空演变特征及未来趋势,并结合Mann-Kendall(M-K)检验与偏相关系数研究气候因子对植被覆盖的影响.结果 表明:(1)近20年来嘉陵江流域植被覆盖总体呈上升趋势,增加速率为2.9％/10a,且空间分布上具有显著差异,表现为上中游偏高,下游偏低;(2)嘉陵江流域植被覆盖呈增加趋势和减少趋势的面积分别占88.68％和11.32％,具体表现为陇南陕南地区及中下游东部地区显著增加,流域西北部与南部各市县城区减少;(3)流域北部地区植被覆盖变化的波动性强于南部地区,中东部地区波动最小.(4)嘉陵江流域植被覆盖变化反向持续性较强,植被变化呈持续退化趋势的主要在碌曲县南部与流域南部各市县城区,呈持续改善趋势的主要在广元市剑阁县与苍溪县,其余区域呈由退化到改善的趋势;(5)气温对嘉陵江流域植被覆盖变化的影响最大,且植被NDVI对气温和降水的响应均存在一定的滞后现象,人类活动对植被覆盖变化的影响具有两面性.     

雅鲁藏布江流域近13年植被覆盖动态监测及与降水因子的相关性分析

基于MODIS NDVI 和SPOT VGT遥感数据探讨了雅鲁藏布江流域1998、2004、2010 年植被覆盖度的空间格局和变化规律,并从空间上利用重心模型、从时间上利用相关系数模型分析了降雨因子对雅鲁藏布江流域植被生长的影响。结果表明：（1）雅鲁藏布江流域植被覆盖度整体呈上升趋势,表现为低等和中低等覆盖度面积减少,而高等和中高等级有所增大;（2）从变化强度来看,雅鲁藏布江流域的植被覆盖相对较稳定,3个时期的植被盖度变化都以稳定和轻微变化为主,此类变化强度的地区主要集中在上游和下游受人类活动影响较小的区域且其面积比例在3个时期都达到了70%以上;（3）雅鲁藏布江流域植被NDVI年际变化、月际变化与降水分别在空间重心迁移和滞后效应上均表现为较大的正相关性     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式，经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题，作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析，指出当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”，更表明了我国当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义；再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析；最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Omics and biotechnology of arsenic stress and detoxification in plants: Current updates and prospective

Arsenic (As), a naturally occurring metallic element, is a dreadful health hazard to millions of people across the globe. Arsenic is present in low amount in the environment and originates from anthropogenic impact and geogenic sources. The presence of As in groundwater used for irrigation is a worldwide problem as it affects crop productivity, accumulates to different tissues and contaminates food chain. The consumption of As contaminated water or food products leads to several diseases and even death. Recently, studies have been carried out to explore the biochemical and molecular mechanisms which contribute to As toxicity, accumulation, detoxification and tolerance acquisition in plants. This information has led to the development of the biotechnological tools for developing plants with modulated As tolerance and detoxification to safeguard cellular and genetic integrity as well as to minimize food chain contamination. This review aims to provide current updates about the biochemical and molecular networks involved in As uptake by plants and the recent developments in the area of functional genomics in terms of developing As tolerant and low As accumulating plants.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.