考虑拉压模量不同的沥青路面力学计算方法与分析

现行沥青路面设计理论为传统的线弹性理论,设计时采用抗压回弹模量作为材料刚度参数,并未充分考虑道路材料拉压模量具有显著差异的特点。为此,文章将双模量理论(即拉压模量不同弹性理论)引入到路面力学分析中,基于迭代思想建立考虑材料拉压模量不同的沥青路面结构数值计算方法,且利用ABAQUS二次开发平台UMAT编制计算子程序,对典型沥青路面结构进行力学分析。结果表明：路面关键点位的力学响应,基于双模量理论与传统线弹性理论的计算结果之间的偏差高达30%～50%,应引起高度重视;沥青路面表面存在着较大的拉应力和拉应变,应为沥青路面破坏源之一,建议将沥青面层的设计点位从层底移至路表轮隙区;应用双模量理论对路面结构进行力学分析可有效地解决道路材料弹性模量的不唯一性问题。     

沥青混合料动态压-拉双模量及其在路面响应分析中的应用

沥青混合料层模量是沥青路面响应分析的必备参数,其数值的准确性关乎路面设计结果的可靠性。受骨料嵌挤作用的影响,沥青混合料在承受压应力与拉应力时模量表现不同。文章旨在从双模量的角度分析沥青混合料的动态压-拉模量特征,并将压-拉双模量用于路面响应预测,探讨双模量体系下的路面响应特点。首先,基于双模量框架下的有限元模型,建立间接拉伸试验中沥青混合料压 拉双模量、泊松比的计算方法;其次,以一种密级配混合料(AC-13)为例,分析沥青混合料在不同温度与加载频率下动态压-拉双模量、压-拉泊松比与单模量、单泊松之间的差异性;最后,将所确定的压 拉模量及泊松比用于路面沥青层力学响应预测,并与现有的单模量体系下的预测结果进行对比,分析单、双模量两类体系下路面力学响应的特点及其联系。研究表明,AC-13混合料压模量主曲线在全频域内均明显高于拉模量主曲线;单模量体系计算的模量主曲线更接近于压模量主曲线,且所计算的泊松比在中高温时失效;混合料压 拉模量比值分布在1.6～4.0,随温度升高而升高。与双模量体系下路面响应计算结果相比,现有单模量体系模型低估了柔性路面沥青层应变响应及柔性/半刚性路面沥青层的最大剪应力响应,而弯沉响应计算结果具有较好的一致性。研究成果可为考虑材料压、拉模量差异性的路面设计提供参考。     

抽水导致的地层对数型沉降造成的地埋梁变形和内力的解析解及有限差分解

抽取地下水导致的地层沉降会对市政管道、地下管廊和地铁隧道等地埋梁造成损伤。随着时间的增长和抽水量的累加,损伤逐渐增大直至影响结构安全。基于对数型地层沉降曲线算式和弹性地基梁理论,推导得到对数型地层沉降作用下地埋梁的变形及内力解析解,并应用有限差分法推导得数值解。算例显示解析解与有限差分数值解结果相近,并得到PLAXIS 3D有限元软件计算验证。应用解析解对地埋梁变形和内力的影响参数进行分析,得出反映地层沉降漏斗陡缓程度的曲线斜率对地埋梁影响最大,降低沉降漏斗坡度可以减小对地埋梁的损害。     

先张法预应力U型梁施工关键技术研究

依托深圳市城市轨道交通6号线工程实际,针对大截面U型梁的结构特点,研究设计了U型梁的先张施工工艺,开发了整体压柱式制梁台座,克服了不同跨度梁型长度调整的问题,实现了张拉系统在台座外张拉作业;开发了智能张拉系统,有效控制了单根预应力筋的张拉力值;建立了U型梁数值计算模型,分析其在不同荷载组合下的强度和变形特性,结果表明:...     

拉压模量不同的剪胀土体中的球孔扩张问题

土体具有不同的拉压模量和剪胀特性。为使球形孔扩张问题的解答更符合实际情况,根据不同模量弹性理论和非关联Mohr-Coulomb流动法则研究了球形孔扩张时弹性区和塑性区的应力和位移,得到了弹性区和塑性区的径向应力和环向应力的解析解以及最大塑性区半径与扩张压力的计算表达式。探讨了不同拉压模量之比、拉压泊松比和剪胀角对球形孔扩张的扩张压力及塑性区半径的影响。结果表明:拉压模量比、拉压泊松比和剪胀角对球孔扩张时塑性区的开展和扩张后土体的应力有重要影响,计算中忽略这些参数将带来较大的误差。     

考虑损伤不同模量组合梁的纯弯曲研究

根据考虑损伤的不同模量弹性理论,建立了考虑损伤的不同模量材料组合梁的弯曲基本方程。推导了梁的拉(压)应力、受拉区高度、损伤引起的中性轴偏移量和挠度的计算公式。应用数值计算方法,分别得到了有损与无损时梁的拉(压)应力与模量比的关系曲线,损伤引起的中性轴偏移量随载荷的变化规律,还比较了不同新增材料厚度下有损梁的拉(压)应力与模量比之间的关系曲线,比较了有损与无损梁的挠度曲线。这可为具有不同模量材料组合梁的截面设计提供一定的参考价值。     

薄壁槽形截面压杆弹性整体屈曲数值计算研究

为研究薄壁槽钢整体屈曲下的数值算法的适用性,以4种不同杆端约束下的薄壁槽形截面压杆为研究对象,根据广义梁理论确定其发生弹性整体屈曲的有效长度及临界荷载,与开口薄壁理想压杆的线性及非线性解析解进行对比,得到一致的临界荷载。利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立壳体有限元模型,采用杆端截面形心集中加载,依据约束情况确定杆端约束,以及根据有效长度施加不同初始缺陷的计算模型,开展特征值算法和隐式弧长法数值计算分析。计算结果表明:当开口薄壁压杆的有效长度足够大时,临界荷载的特征值数值解与理论解一致,弧长法计算得到的非线性解误差相对较大。当有效长度不够大时,弧长法计算得到的极限荷载与理论解基本一致,且弧长法可有效追踪后屈曲路径。     

盐岩球腔储库弹性应力分布的理论解析

假定地下储气库为球形腔体,利用在弹性阶段应力可叠加的基本原理,将球形储气库的受力方式简化分解为静水压力和垂直方向受力。对这2种受力方式下围岩应力分布解析结果进行叠加,获得在远场三轴压应力和储库内部压力共同作用下球腔储气库围岩弹性应力分布的完整解析解。在相同条件下,对盐岩球腔储气库进行数值分析,并将解析解与数值分析结果进行比较,结果表明,应力分布解析解与数值解吻合较好,验证所提出的分析方法是合理可行的。结合Hoek-Brown破坏准则,计算得出储气库不出现塑性破坏时的极限内压值范围。     

弹性地基上铁摩辛柯梁的压弯问题

从哈密顿力学出发,由勒让德变换引入对偶变量,导出了弹性地基上铁摩辛柯梁压弯问题的哈密顿对偶求解体系,将梁的控制微分方程转化为哈密顿对偶方程,给出了问题的矩阵指数函数解,可用本征向量展开法求问题的解析解,也可用精细积分法求问题的高精度数值解,由于导出的系统矩阵具有辛矩阵的特性,数值计算具有良好的稳定性.     

梁基本频率和振型的简便计算

梁基频和振型的简单计算是结构动力学领域中一个重要的研究课题.幂法通过迭代可求得基频和振型的精确解,但计算过程繁琐.本文选择梁各质点静变形量作为初始值进行迭代,只需迭代很少次数就可求得梁基频和振型的精确解,大大简化了计算过程,同时推导出了计算静变形量所需的多自由度梁柔度矩阵的计算公式,使这种方法简单易行.     

Bending of laminated thick beams of bimodular material

The purpose of this analytical investigation is to study the effect of stacking sequence on the static behaviour of thick beams laminated of two different bimodular materials, which have different elastic moduli in tension and compression. Closed-form solutions are presented for two different loading/boundary condition cases, and laminates containing up to six layers are considered.     

岩石直接拉伸与压缩变形的循环加载实验与双模量本构模型

采用一种可对同一岩石试样进行单轴压缩和直接拉伸试验的岩石试样试验装置,对5种岩石进行了压缩和拉伸循环加载试验。结果表明,对于其中压缩平均变形模量ECA较拉伸平均模量ETA大得多的3种岩石(ECA/ETA分别等于2,2.5和6),拉伸下的卸载平均模量ETAUN远大于ETA,且ETAUN约等于ECA。因此,虽然这几种岩石压缩下的变形可近似视为弹性的,拉伸下的变形却是非弹性或塑性的。一些研究者对ET<相似文献   

A methodology to determine the elastic properties of anisotropic rocks from a single uniaxial compression test

This paper introduces a new methodology to measure the elastic constants of transversely isotropic rocks from a single uniaxial compression test. We first give the mathematical proof that a uniaxial compression test provides only four independent strain equations. As a result, the exact determination of all five independent elastic constants from only one test is not possible. An approximate determination of the Young's moduli and the Poisson's ratios is however practical and efficient when adding the Saint–Venant relation as the fifth equation. Explicit formulae are then developed to calculate both secant and tangent definitions of the five elastic constants from a minimum of four strain measurements. The results of this new methodology applied on three granitic samples demonstrate a significant stress-induced nonlinear behavior, where the tangent moduli increase by a factor of three to four when the rock is loaded up to 20 MPa. The static elastic constants obtained from the uniaxial compression test are also found to be significantly smaller than the dynamic ones obtained from the ultrasonic measurements.     

Numerical analysis on mechanical behavior of steel-concrete composite beams under fire

This paper investigated the fire behavior of steel-concrete composite beams (SCB) and partially encased steel-concrete composite beams (PEB) through numerical analysis. The numerical models established by the software ABAQUS were verified against experimental results. Parametric studies were performed to study the influences of load ratio, strength of concrete and steel, width of concrete slab, size of steel beam, fire protection layer, and degree of shear connection on the fire behavior of SCB and PEB. The analysis results show that the deformation stages of SCB and PEB under fire both go through four stages: elastic, elastic–plastic, plastic small deformation, and plastic large deformation. The web of SCB experiences a tension–compression–tension process under fire, and the bottom flange of PEB may even change from tension to compression at a lower load ratio. The failure mode of PEB, whether the concrete is crushed, depends on the load ratio. When SCB fails, the concrete is crushed and only the bottom flange of the steel beam yields. Under various parameters, the fire resistance of SCB is about 22 min, while the fire resistance of PEB is 82–93 min under a load of 0.4. When the load ratio increases from 0.2 to 0.6, the fire resistance of SCB decreases by 8 min, while that of PEB decreases by 110 min. To meet class I fire resistance rating under a normal service load ratio of 0.4, additional measures for PEB are still required, and at least 15 mm of fire protection layer is required for the steel beam of SCB. Finally, considering the temperature internal fore, a coefficient related to the fire time was introduced to modify the formula of ultimate flexural capacity of SCB and PEB, which showed good accuracy.     

网格形弹性地基梁的条形离散解法

本文提出了网格形弹性地基梁的条形离散解法。为了降低矩阵的阶数,条形梁的位移分最系用初参数表示,而协调条件则用力法求解。根据上述解法,还提供了实用的计算机通用程序。     

手风琴效应对预应力波纹腹板钢-混凝土组合梁抗火性能影响研究

由于预应力波纹腹板组合梁的腹板存在显著的手风琴效应,使其受力性能不同于普通平腹板组合梁。为了研究手风琴效应对预应力波纹腹板组合梁抗火性能的影响,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了考虑端部约束的预应力波纹腹板组合梁在火灾下的数值模型,分析了预应力波纹腹板组合梁在高温下的破坏形式、跨中挠度、拉索张力及组合梁轴力等随温度变化的特点。结果表明： 高温下波角30°腹板的局部失稳区域大于波角45°和60°组合梁的失稳区域;波高50 mm的组合梁跨中挠度值最小;波高越大,临界状态时腹板局部失稳区域越大;平直段长度50 mm组合梁跨中挠度最小,轴向刚度更大;腹板厚度对波纹腹板组合梁跨中挠度的影响最为显著;轴向约束作用下的组合梁典型破坏形态是梁端负弯矩区腹板和下翼缘发生局部屈曲;不同轴向约束比下,梁的轴向力从压力转变为拉力时温度为691 ℃;转角约束比对组合梁的影响主要集中在473 ℃至临界温度阶段;不同转角约束比下,组合梁轴向压力转变为轴向拉力的温度为677 ℃。     

Influence of accordion effect on fire resistance of prestressed steel-concrete composite beams with corrugated webs

由于预应力波纹腹板组合梁的腹板存在显著的手风琴效应，使其受力性能不同于普通平腹板组合梁。为了研究手风琴效应对预应力波纹腹板组合梁抗火性能的影响，采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了考虑端部约束的预应力波纹腹板组合梁在火灾下的数值模型，分析了预应力波纹腹板组合梁在高温下的破坏形式、跨中挠度、拉索张力及组合梁轴力等随温度变化的特点。结果表明： 高温下波角30°腹板的局部失稳区域大于波角45°和60°组合梁的失稳区域；波高50 mm的组合梁跨中挠度值最小；波高越大，临界状态时腹板局部失稳区域越大；平直段长度50 mm组合梁跨中挠度最小，轴向刚度更大；腹板厚度对波纹腹板组合梁跨中挠度的影响最为显著；轴向约束作用下的组合梁典型破坏形态是梁端负弯矩区腹板和下翼缘发生局部屈曲；不同轴向约束比下，梁的轴向力从压力转变为拉力时温度为691 ℃；转角约束比对组合梁的影响主要集中在473 ℃至临界温度阶段；不同转角约束比下，组合梁轴向压力转变为轴向拉力的温度为677 ℃。     

软化模量对岩样全部变形特征的影响

采用FLAC内嵌语言编制了计算平面应变压缩岩样轴向、侧向、体积应变及泊松比的FISH函数。研究了软化模量对剪切带图案及岩样全部变形特征的影响。在峰值强度之前及之后,岩石的本构模型分别为线弹性模型及莫尔–库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型。结果表明,随着软化模量(脆性)的增加,剪切带倾角由Arthur向Coulomb倾角转变,Coulomb、Roscoe及Arthur理论对此不能解释,可能是未考虑渐进破坏;剪切带宽度降低,这可采用基于梯度塑性理论且考虑剪胀的剪切带宽度的公式予以定性的解释;岩样可以达到的最小体积增加;岩样失稳破坏的前兆越来越明显;峰后的轴向应力–轴向应变曲线、轴向应力–侧向应变曲线、侧向应变–轴向应变曲线、泊松比–轴向应变曲线及体积应变–轴向应变曲线均有稍微变陡峭的趋势,可采用基于梯度塑性理论的单轴压缩岩样受到剪切破坏时的解析解对前2种曲线的数值解的合理性进行定性的解释。     

Lateral–distortional buckling of monorails

This paper is concerned with the elastic lateral–distortional (LD) buckling of single span steel monorail I-beams and its influence on their design strengths. The distortion of a slender web reduces the elastic buckling resistance of an intermediate length beam below its flexural–torsional (FT) resistance. A finite element computer program was used to study the elastic LD buckling of single span beams. The LD to FT buckling moment ratios were generally higher for simply supported beams with bottom flange central concentrated loads than for uniform bending, and lower for shear centre concentrated loads. For beams with bottom flange loading and unrestrained bottom flanges, there were very significant reductions in these ratios, but they increased when rigid web stiffeners or top flange torsional restraints were provided at the supports. For beams with bottom flange loading and unrestrained bottom flanges, the reductions in the elastic buckling resistance were greater for beams with stocky flanges than for slender flanges. Approximations were found for estimating the reduced resistances which were generally of high accuracy or conservative, and for estimating the increased resistances caused by elastic and rigid top flange end torsional restraints. A method of designing steel beams against LD buckling was proposed and its use demonstrated by a worked example.