Al涂层修复对DD5合金性能的影响

目的研究Al涂层修复对DD5合金性能的影响。方法采用化学气相沉积技术(CVD)在二代单晶镍基高温合金DD5上制备了Al涂层,通过化学方法完全退除基体上的涂层,采用HB 5258进行1100℃热冲击试验,通过试验过程中试样质量变化来评价涂层的热态结合力,并且通过高温持久、高温瞬时拉伸等力学实验来评价涂层退除再涂覆后对基体合金的力学性能的影响,通过扫描电镜(SEM)分析涂层退除前后表面形貌。结果DD5合金试样和Al涂层试样在退除溶液中退除60 min后,涂层/合金界面微观组织形貌、成分基本不变;退除再涂覆后Al涂层在“空冷”条件下进行1100℃试验,热冲击次数大于2000次,涂层试样表面没有出现明显的涂层剥落;涂层退除再涂覆对合金的力学性能不造成明显影响。结论Al涂层修复对Al涂层和DD5合金性能基本无影响。     

铌合金表面热防护涂层研究进展

作为武器装备、航空航天等多种现代工业领域热端部件中应用十分广泛的结构材料,铌合金在高温富氧燃流的冲刷下会发生严重的烧蚀现象,进而影响了其在超高温环境下的使用性能。研究发现,采用表面涂层技术能够有效提升铌合金的高温抗烧蚀性能。因此结合热端部件富氧、超高温的实际服役环境,首先介绍了国内外铌合金表面抗氧化烧蚀涂层领域的研究现状,对比分析了金属基和硅系陶瓷抗烧蚀涂层各自在抗氧化烧蚀性能上的优缺点;然后综述了近年来国内外有关热障涂层的研究进展,归纳总结了ZrO2基陶瓷涂层、稀土锆酸盐陶瓷涂层以及钙钛矿结构陶瓷涂层三种热障涂层材料的特点;最后对铌合金表面热防护涂层的结构设计以及未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

复合材料与高温合金螺栓连接结构高温振动防松试验研究

目的 针对温度补偿垫块和碟形垫片2种防松形式的复合材料与高温合金螺栓连接结构,进行高温振动环境下的防松试验研究。方法 推导连接结构预紧力与固有频率的关系,表明固有频率的变化可作为连接结构是否松动的判据。研究常温环境下螺栓预紧力对复合材料连接结构固有频率的影响,以及在常温、高温振动环境下温度补偿垫块和碟形垫片2种防松形式的热防松效果。结果 在常温振动环境下,2种防松形式的防松效果接近,在高温振动环境下,温度补偿垫块方案的防松效果优于碟形垫片方案。结论 复合材料与高温合金螺栓2种材料的热膨胀系数不一致引起的热适配问题是导致的螺栓松动的主要原因。     

金属TPS蜂窝盖板的热梯度诱导变形计算

建立了蜂窝结构的一维传热模型,给出了其热梯度诱导变形计算公式.同时,计算了某高温合金六角蜂窝结构的热变形,认为在设计金属TPS的蜂窝盖板时,必须考虑其特定服役环境下的热变形.     

不同温度下DD6单晶高温合金的燃气热腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究DD6高温合金在650、800、950℃等3种典型温度的燃气热腐环境下的耐腐蚀性能。方法 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等测试方法,研究不同温度下DD6高温合金的热腐蚀行为。结果与结论 随着温度的升高,合金的腐蚀速率呈逐渐增加的趋势。当温度为650、800℃时,合金的腐蚀速率较小;当温度为950℃时,表面腐蚀产物明显剥落,腐蚀程度明显增加。在650℃下,DD6合金的腐蚀层较薄,主要为Ni O、Al₂O₃等氧化物。在800、950℃下,腐蚀层分为2层,外层由2部分构成,最外侧为一薄层Ni O和Co₃O₄等的混合物,次外层为相对疏松的Ni O,内层为Al₂O₃和Cr₂O₃构成的相对致密的腐蚀层。腐蚀层下方的基体中,出现了γ’相退化区,并且出现了明显的内硫化现象,加剧了热腐蚀作用。     

难熔金属表面高温防护涂层研究进展与技术展望

回顾了难熔金属五大高温防护涂层体系的发展现状,即生成保护性氧化膜的金属间化合物涂层、贵金属涂层、生成保护性氧化膜的合金涂层、惰性氧化物陶瓷涂层以及玻璃陶瓷基复合涂层,总结了这些涂层的高温防护机理、制备方法以及失效机制。基于单一的传统高温防护涂层体系已经难以满足新一代高比冲姿、轨控火箭发动机以及高超声速飞行器热端部件对高温防护涂层提出的抗超高温氧化性能、优良的抗热震性能、良好的抗热冲刷(烧蚀)性能以及长服役寿命等性能需求的现状,简要介绍了过渡族金属的硼化物、碳化物等几种潜在的新型高温防护涂层材料体系,以及相应的涂层制备方法,这些新型涂层体系的发展有望满足现代宇航工业难熔金属热端部件的高温防护需求。     

GH901高温合金在典型海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为

目的 研究南沙岛礁典型海洋大气环境对GH901高温合金腐蚀行为的影响。方法 在南沙美济礁典型环境中开展GH901高温合金大气暴露试验,利用金相显微镜分析GH901高温合金在我国南沙美济礁典型环境中的腐蚀特征,定期测试该材料的拉伸强度,分析样品的外观和微观形貌。结果 自然暴露1a,GH901高温合金拉伸试样基体表面尚未发生明显的腐蚀现象,在575℃高温力学测试条件下的抗拉强度、断后伸长略有波动,其高温力学性能并未在短期自然暴露中随试验时间的延长而明显变化。结论 GH901高温合金拉伸试样在岛礁大气环境短期暴露下具有良好的耐蚀性,在575℃温度条件下具有良好的力学性能稳定性。     

“超高温材料氧化烧蚀行为与防护技术”专题序言

<正>高性能飞行器朝着速度更快、航时更长、稳定性更高的方向发展,一方面要求其发动机推重比和效率不断提升,另一方面要求其热防护系统耐温性和服役可靠性不断增加。随着发动机推力和效率的提高,发动机的涡轮进口温度需不断提高。未来的航空发动机要求其热端关键部件在1400℃以上的高温和复杂载荷条件下长期可靠使用,因此传统的镍基和钴基高温合金已经不能满足下一代高性能先进发动机的需求。航天发     

涡轴发动机燃气涡轮叶片热腐蚀机理分析与改进

目的 提高航空发动机燃气涡轮工作叶片的结构完整性、安全性和可靠性。方法 以某型涡轴发动机燃气涡轮转子叶片热腐蚀案例为研究对象,详细阐述热腐蚀下燃气涡轮转子叶片的结构破坏形式,分析发生热腐蚀部位的分布规律。通过冶金分析方法,研究燃气涡轮转子叶片的热腐蚀-疲劳失效形式。结果 燃气涡轮叶片高摩擦系数的区域在高温燃气的冲刷效应以及热盐腐蚀的作用下,发生表面涂层腐蚀剥落。涂层腐蚀剥落部分的叶片合金基体受到高温燃气的氧化与侵蚀后,形成了热腐蚀坑。腐蚀坑表面的凹凸处出现应力集中,并萌生裂纹,最终引起叶片疲劳断裂。结论 探究了典型腐蚀性物质对燃气涡轮转子叶片的耐高温涂层与镍基合金基体侵蚀与氧化的化学本质,最后针对燃气涡轮转子叶片热腐蚀问题提出了改进建议,可对防范航空涡轴发动机热腐蚀问题提供有益参考。     

“高温和超高温结构材料的环境损伤与评价技术研究”专题序言

正高性能飞行器的发展必须有先进发动机与之匹配,现代的航空/航天发动机不仅推力大,而且推重比不断提高。随着发动机推力和效率的提高,发动机的涡轮进口温度需不断提高。未来的航空发动机要求其热端关键部件在1100℃以上的高温和复杂载荷条件下长期可靠使用,因此传统的镍基和钴基高温合金已经不能满足下一代高性能先进发动机的需求。超高音速飞行器与空气的剧烈摩擦产生的热量,会导致鼻锥、机翼前缘、机翼挡板等的温度升高到2000℃左右。密度低、抗烧蚀、导热好、抗热冲击和热震性良好的碳/碳复合材料是最佳的选择,但碳/碳复合材料的主要问题是高温环境下的氧化。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.