基于叠前弹性反演的含气储层预测技术

叠前弹性反演是目前岩性气藏储层预测的主要技术,仅仅使用纵波阻抗反演预测储层在理论和准确性方面都存在着一些不足,反演的多解性更是其致命的缺陷.本文从横波测井资料不同岩性、流体的岩石物理参数分析入手,优选能够区分岩性和流体的最佳敏感弹性参数,通过叠前反演获得反映储层岩性和含气性的弹性参数体,最后进行地震弹性参数交汇解释预测储层和识别流体.将纵向分辨率较高的测井岩石物理参数分析和横向分辨率较高的地震叠前反演结合起来,应用多个弹性参数,明显提高了储层预测的精度.地震数据中的AVO信息得到了充分的应用,采用纵波独立变量求解Zoeppritz方程.为有效储层预测和流体识别探索出了新途径.在靶区利用叠前弹性纵横波速比的属性,刻画出五级层序单砂体,在此基础上确定建议的水平井井位及其轨迹,通过叠前弹性反演比P波数据独立反演钻井成功率提高了10%以上.     

叠前弹性参数反演在南海工区的应用研究

随着油气勘探难度不断增加,叠前弹性参数反演在油气勘探领域已逐渐成为一种有效的储层预测方法.该方法以Zoeppritz方程为基础,相较于叠后反演,叠前数据保留了大量与炮检距相关信息,在精度上有了较大的提升.本文从叠前AVO反演出发,利用纵横波联合反演方法对纵横波速度与密度三参数进行反演,并在模型和工区进行测试及应用.再利用弹性参数对岩石以及岩石填充物的不同敏感性进行储层预测.结果表明,叠前反演分辨率高,对储层的刻画明晰,且反演结果与井吻合度高.将纵横波速度的低速区与低密度区结合分析来预测有利储层的位置,并用实际测井资料进行验证,证明了该方法在储层预测中的有效性和稳定性.     

测井资料岩石物理分析在苏西地区储层预测研究中的应用

苏里格地区天然气资源量丰富,勘探前景广阔,是我国油气增储上产的重要区域.研究区位于苏里格气田的西侧,该区储层段砂岩与泥岩的纵波速度、密度和纵波阻抗等常规参数相互叠置,叠后波阻抗反演难以解决该区储层预测和流体识别问题.为此,利用测井资料,开展了以地震岩石物理参数分析、弹性阻抗分析、流体替换及AVO特征分析为基础的叠前储层预测可行性研究.研究结果表明:岩石的弹性参数能够很好地区分岩性,并优选出反映储层或含气性的敏感参数,如纵横波速度比、泊松比、拉梅系数和拉梅系数/剪切模量对含气性具有良好的识别能力;不同角度的弹性阻抗既可以识别岩性,也可以区分气层和非气层;利用AVO属性可以预测盒8砂岩是否含气,但不能预测其是否具有工业价值.上述研究为该区开展地震叠前储层预测和流体识别研究提供了依据,使得该区的储层预测更具针对性.     

基于叠前反演的流体敏感属性实验研究及应用

提取叠前地震振幅信息的叠前反演技术已成为储层预测的重要手段,其能获得各种岩石弹性参数,丰富储层预测方法.因目标储层的差异性,优选并建立有利的流体敏感参数对储层流体检测尤为重要.本文基于岩石物理实验, 测量并分析了岩石弹性参数随流体饱和度的变化特征, 进一步根据岩石物理理论建立组合流体敏感参数, 达到对油气检测的最佳敏感效果.定义了流体敏感量,定量分析岩石弹性参数的流体敏感性.最后本文在X区块进行了叠前地震反演的应用, 结果表明通过岩石物理实验分析并建立获得的流体敏感参数能明显的提高储层的识别能力.     

叠前反演和地震吸收技术在复杂天然气藏地震预测中的应用

针对某复杂断块天然气目标储层,在岩石物理分析的指导下,综合利用地质、地震、测井等资料,提出了一套面向复杂天然气藏的叠前地震预测技术.首先基于地震岩石物理分析得到的初始横波信息,采用叠前贝叶斯非线性三参数反演得到了井旁控制点处精确纵横波速度和密度信息,然后通过叠前/叠后联合反演技术实现了面向目标的弹性阻抗体反演及含气储层敏感参数直接提取,最后结合小波变换时频谱分析的方法从叠前地震资料中估算地层吸收参数值,提高天然气藏识别精度.实际应用表明,综合各种叠前地震预测技术,可以大大提高对复杂天然气藏的识别精度,降低勘探风险.     

南堡凹陷4号构造沙一段叠前优势储层预测

南堡凹陷4号构造沙一段砂、泥岩纵波阻抗叠置严重,利用叠后纵波阻抗反演难以有效预测优势储层砂岩分布.为此,本文综合运用岩石物理分析、叠前同时反演和岩性与流体概率分析技术对南堡4号构造沙一段优势储层砂体进行预测.在测井资料预处理的基础上,通过岩石物理建模正演估算横波速度,并建立岩石物理量版,确定优势储层砂岩的敏感参数;再利用叠前同时反演技术对优势储层进行预测,获得纵波阻抗、纵横波速度比和密度数据体;最后应用贝叶斯岩相与概率分析技术将纵波阻抗和纵横波速度比数据体转化为易于分析的砂岩概率体和优势储层砂岩概率体.经实钻结果检验,预测结果与井实测结果吻合度高,表明叠前预测结果真实、可靠;同时结合研究区构造特征,揭示出NP4-55井东南部和PG1井区为沙一段有利开发目标区.     

非均质天然气藏的岩石物理模型及含气饱和度反演

非均质气藏中,天然气一般呈"斑块状"分布于含水岩石内部,这种非均匀分布特征会导致地震波显著的频散与衰减现象.为发展适用于碳酸盐岩储层中流体检测的岩石物理模型,本文基于Biot-Rayleigh波动方程,实现了对非饱和岩石的多尺度理论建模,预测了不同尺度下波响应与岩性、流体间的定量联系.将此项建模技术应用于阿姆河右岸的灰岩气藏,给出了多尺度的岩石物理学图板.通过与实验数据、测井精细解释结果及地震数据的对比分析,本文论证了图板的正确性与可适用性.结合叠后波阻抗反演与叠前弹性参数反演,基于地震资料进行了储层含气饱和度与孔隙度的反演,反演结果与各井实际的产气情况吻合.     

SG地区叠前地震弹性参数交会定量解释技术预测有效储层的方法

鄂尔多斯盆地SG气田是我国典型的低孔,低渗,致密砂岩气藏的代表.该区地震勘探开发面临着两大难题:一是含气砂岩和围岩的声波阻抗存在较大范围叠置,利用声波阻抗预测储层存在明显的多解性;二是SG气田局部地区气、水关系复杂,地质上不存在统一的气、水层分界面,产水井严重影响产能建设,流体类型的识别是面临的又一难题.为了降低声波阻抗预测砂岩储层的多解性,提高有效储层预测精度,定量识别储层中流体的类型,本文提出了叠前地震弹性参数交会定量解释技术,从横波测井资料不同岩性、流体的岩石物理参数分析入手,优选了能够区分岩性和流体的最佳敏感弹性参数,制作了敏感弹性参数交会模板,通过地震叠前反演获得反映储层物性和含气性的地震弹性参数体,最后进行地震弹性参数交会定量解释预测有效储层和识别流体.勘探实例证实了该技术方法在SG地区对有效储层的预测是有效的,能够为井位优选提供可信的依据.地震弹性参数交会技术将纵向分辨率较高的测井岩石物理分析和横向分辨率较高的地震叠前反演结合在一起,使用了多个弹性参数交会,减少了以往单一弹性参数预测储层的多解性,最终获得比较可靠、更量化的反映储层物性和含气性的地震弹性参数交会体,为有效储层预测和流体识别探索出了新的途径,这一技术的应用和推广可以降低地震解释的风险,提高储层预测精度.     

叠前同时反演在灰质发育区识别储层及流体的应用研究

东营凹陷的前期研究成果表明,该区储层存在着厚度薄、变化大且灰质含量高的特点,仅从常规地震剖面上,砂体与灰质泥岩的地震反射特征难以区分,给预测有效砂体及流体造成了严重影响,且叠后波阻抗反演无法识别灰质发育区的有效储层.针对以上问题,对测井资料进行了岩石物理参数敏感性分析,明确了灰质发育区浊积岩有效储层岩石物理特征,即横波阻抗可区分高阻储层与非储层,纵波阻抗可剔除高阻储层中的灰质,在前两参数优选出的有效储层基础上,纵横波速度比可区分流体类型.实际工区叠前同时反演结果与岩石物理分析及完钻开发结果吻合较好,说明利用叠前同时反演方法能有效剔除灰质对浊积岩有效储层预测的影响,亦能识别有效储层中的流体类型.     

基于岩石物理分析的叠前弹性反演预测含气砂岩分布(英文)

地震反演是当今最广泛应用于含油气储层预测的技术之一,取得了很多很好的预测效果,但也有失败的例子,达不到区分岩性和识别流体的目的。而本文介绍的建立在岩石物理建模和分析基础上的地震弹性反演,可将含油气储层预测由定性向(半)定量推进一步。根据岩石物理建模和正演扰动分析,可深刻理解岩石物性参数与地震弹性参数之间的内在关系,进而寻找储层岩性、物性和含油气性的敏感地震弹性参数,建立起理论岩石物理解释图版。岩石物理分析结果和所建立的岩石物理解释图版分别用以指导地震反演和反演结果的解释,实现油气储层分布预测和流体检测的目的。文中的含气砂岩分布预测实例研究应用结果表明,这种方法较叠后地震反演储层预测技术具有无可比拟的优越性,效果更佳,效率更高。     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

2008年云南地震灾害概况

列出了2008年云南省破坏性地震目录.在此基础上,结合云南省地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结了2008年云南地震灾害的主要数据和特性.最后列出1990～2008年云南地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要对比.     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.     

2007年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2007年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2007年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后列出1990—2007年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要的比较。     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

冬季亚洲中强震与夏季我国东部主雨带的准同纬性

根据1954～2003年50年亚洲中强震与我国地温资料,分析了冬季震中纬度—震涡中心纬度—冬季我国东部强地热涡中心纬度—夏季我国东部主雨带纬度4者之间的相互关系,发现冬季中强震与夏季主雨带之间具有较好的准同纬性. 这是每年汛期降水预报的一个指标. 文中也讨论了应用此预报指标时的一些特例.     

Advances in ground motion studies in China

This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future.