Estimating Sediment Budget at a River Basin Scale Using a Process-Based Distributed Modelling Approach

The paper presents a process-based distributed modelling approach for estimating sediment budget at a river basin scale with partitions of suspended and bed loads by simulating sediment loads and their interactions. In this approach, a river basin is represented by hillslopes and a network of channels. Hillslopes are divided into an array of homogeneous grid cells for modelling surface runoff and suspended sediments. Channels are defined by incorporating flow hydraulic properties into the respective hillslope grids as sub-grid attributes for modelling both suspended and bed loads. Suspended sediment transport is modelled using one dimensional kinematic wave approximation of Saint-Venant’s principles of conservation of mass and momentum. Transport capacity of runoff or streamflow is used to set the limit of suspended sediment transport rate. Bed load in channels is estimated based on the instantaneous water and hydraulic parameters. Fractional interchange between suspended load and bed load is then back calculated. The performance of the model was evaluated through a case study application in a large river basin in Japan. The model satisfactorily calculated the sediment transport and total sediment budget in the basin. The simulated bed load was found to be reasonable and consistent with the water flow and suspended sediment flux. The results showed the bed load can be expressed as a linear function of the suspended load. The fractions of different sediment loads also exhibit linear relationships with water discharge for the rising and recession limbs of the flood hydrographs. The case study has demonstrated that the process-based distributed modelling approach can efficiently describe the basin-scale sediment budgets with due consideration of the suspended and bed loads and their interactions in the hillslopes and channels.     

平面二维河床变形的数值模拟

为了研究河道平面二维的河床变形问题，及由此而引起的对防洪、航运等造成的影响，本文给出出非均匀沙的平面二维全沙动床数学模型方程组，并考虑了移质不和饱和输移、非均匀沙推移质输移及床沙级配的调整。在求解水流泥沙运动方程时，采用控制体和只法及动边界技术，对水流速度场、悬移质浓度场及河床变形进行了数值模拟。该模型采用正交曲线网格来克服天然河道边界形状复杂、长度尺度相差悬殊以及由于水位波动引起计算边变化等等困     

Numerical simulation of flow and bed morphology in the case of dam break floods with vegetation effect

The purpose of this study is to establish a depth-averaged 2-D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for the dambreak flows with vegetation effect. The generalized shallow water equations are solved using an explicit finite volume method with unstructured quadtree rectangular grid, and in the hydrodynamic model, a Harten-Lax-Van Leer(HLL) approximate Riemann solver is used to calculate the intercell flux for capturing the dry-to-wet moving boundary. The sediment transport and bed variation equations in a coupled fashion are calculated by including the bed variation and the variable flow density in the flow continuity and momentum equations. The drag force of vegetation is modeled as the sink terms in the momentum equations. The developed model is tested against lab experiments of the dam-break flows over a fix bed and a movable bed in vegetated and non-vegetated channels. The results are compared with experimental data, and good agreement is obtained. It is shown that the reduced velocity under vegetated conditions leads to a decrease of the peak discharge and a rise of the water level of rivers and also an enhancement of the sediment deposition.     

复式断面河槽流速横向分布及其对滩唇形成的影响

通过对水流微小控制体进行受力分析,建立了复式断面流速横向分布模型,该模型考虑了侧向副流惯性力的影响。采用实验资料对该模型进行检验,模型计算值与实测值符合较好。运用该模型计算了不同条件下复式断面流速和挟沙力的横向分布,并定量分析了横向分布特性对滩唇形成的影响。分析表明,水流漫滩时,复式断面的横向挟沙力变幅较大,尤其是在主槽和河漫滩交界处,挟沙力减小迅速,而含沙量减小相对较小,泥沙发生淤积,容易形成滩唇。单从水流挟沙力角度考虑,水流漫滩后水深越小、滩槽的糙率差越大,越容易形成滩唇。     

泥沙数学模型近底边界条件Ⅱ：非平衡输沙

由基于湍流猝发的可自由冲刷床面泥沙上扬通量函数，直接构造床面可自由冲刷时近底含沙量Ｎｅｕｍａｎ边界条件，考虑刚性床面上泥沙不一定能得到充分补给之事实，给出相应的近底边界条件提法。     

The assessment of suspended sediment inputs to Volta Lake

Information on a river basin's sediment yield is an important requirement for water resources development and management. In the Volta River basin of Ghana, data on suspended sediment yield are limited due to the lack of logistic support for systematic sediment sampling activities. This paper presents the results of a study using the available measurements of suspended sediment transport for eight monitoring stations in order to develop a simple predictive tool for estimating the suspended sediment yields for catchments for which no sediment measurements had been undertaken. Regression analysis was used to establish a relationship between specific suspended sediment yield and both the mean annual run‐off and the drainage basin area. The prediction model was used to estimate the sediment loads of the Volta River and its main tributaries (Black Volta, White Volta and Oti Rivers) in order to estimate the total suspended sediment input to the reservoir and the equivalent specific suspended sediment yield from the catchment surface. Although these sediment yield values are relatively low by world standards, the results obtained provide a basis for assessing future sedimentation problems in Lake Volta and for underpinning the development of sediment control and management strategies for the reservoir.     

拟合坐标系下平面二维水流泥沙数学模型及其应用

为适应河道弯曲、狭长的特点，本文引进贴体坐标系进行区域转换，将复杂的河道计算域转变成规则矩形域，使水流泥沙运动方程在规则矩形域上求解运算.本文还建立了一种新的悬沙输移模式，该模式能较好地体现悬沙和床沙的交换机理.利用长江重庆河段九龙滩水沙资料对模型进行了系统的检验，检验表明本模型能够模拟复杂河床条件下水位和流速场，也能够模拟回流区泥沙冲淤规律。     

长江口二维非均匀悬沙数值模拟

针对长江口水流泥沙运动的特点建立了非均匀悬沙的平面二维数值模型。在模型中考虑了波浪对流场的影响和对水流挟沙力的影响 ,在确定悬沙絮凝沉速时考虑了泥沙粒径、盐度、含沙量及水流紊动的影响。悬沙模型建立在曲线坐标下 ,悬沙输运方程采用破开算子的方法求解 ,平流项采用UltimateQuickest格式求解 ,提高了计算的精度。通过实测资料对数学模型计算的悬沙含量进行检验 ,表明它较好地反应了长江口地区泥沙的运动规律     

黄河河口水沙运动的二维数学模型

本文针对黄河河口河道水沙潮波的特点，从水流连续方程、运动方程，泥沙运动方程出发，补充了潮流挟沙能力的计算公式，建立了黄河河道河口二维数学模型。以1982年实测资料，从潮位过程、流速大小和方向及海底冲淤变形等方面对数学模型进行了验证计算。在此基础上开展了典型水沙条件下黄河河口泥沙运动规律的模拟研究。其结果揭示了黄河河口清水沟所处海域的潮流潮汐特性和泥沙输移规律。这些成果与实测资料以及卫星遥感分析结果一致，进一步表明了模型的可靠性。     

明渠挟沙水流中悬移质的床面平衡浓度

本文通过泥沙颗粒运动的概率密度输运方程，推导出床面附近运动的泥沙颗粒的概率密度函数及相应的泥沙颗粒向上运动和向下运动的通量，建立了计算明渠挟沙水流悬移质床面平衡浓度的关系式。通过与试验资料及经验公式的比较对本文建立的关系式进行了检验，结果表明本文所得计算公式与实际符合较好，可用于悬沙床面平衡浓度的计算。     

泥沙公式在伶仃洋的适应性研究

本文用ECOMSED模型中的三维水动力模块和泥沙模块,模拟了1978年7月21日到23日的水动力和泥沙沉积过程,并与实测资料进行了比较,模拟的结果合理,得到了伶仃洋水域的水动力和泥沙的基本规律。此外,对部分的泥沙沉降概率公式、沉降速度公式和再悬浮通量公式进行了验证和对比,通过误差分析,结果表明,大部分公式在伶仃洋是适用的。     

Simulation of Runoff and Suspended Sediment Transport Rate in a Basin with Multiple Watersheds

Accurate runoff and suspended sediment transport rate models are critical for watershed management. In this study, a physiographic soil erosion–deposition (PSED) model is used in conjunction with GIS, to simulate the runoff and sediment transport process during storm events in a multi-watershed basin. This PSED model is verified using three typhoon events and 33 storm events in Cho-Shui River Basin, located in central Taiwan. Cho-Shui River Basin has 11 sub-watersheds displaying a variety of hydrologic and physiographic conditions as well as high concentrations of suspended sediment in river flow and a steep average channel bed slope of 2%. The results show the capability, applicability, and accuracy of the PSED model for multi-watershed basins.     

往复流作用下悬移质泥沙运动规律的数值研究

本文从水沙两相紊流的双流体数学模型出发,采用直接数值计算的方法,研究了海床面附近边界层内往复流对悬移质泥沙运动的影响。研究方法的有效性通过典型问题的流速分布、紊动能量分布以及泥沙浓度分布的计算结果和实验观测结果的比较得到了良好的验证。本研究还探讨了往复流条件下各类相间作用力的时空变化规律及其对悬移质泥沙运动的影响。     

A new model for predicting bed evolution in estuarine area and its application in yellow river delta

This article discusses the process of sediment transport and proposes a morphological model to predict the bed evolution in estuaries.The hydrodynamic module is based on an existent model-Depth Integrated Velocity And Solute Transport (DIVAST) and the wetting and drying method is adopted to deal with the moving boundary.Both cohesive sediment and non-cohesive sediment are taken into consideration in the sediment transport module with the capability of simulating the transport of graded sediments under non-e...     

干湿边界的斜对角笛卡尔方法在平面二维水沙数学模型中的应用

复杂边界,尤其是发生干湿变化的动边界,一直是二维水沙数学模型计算的难点,也是控制计算收敛和精度的关键。本文主要介绍在二维浅水方程和泥沙数学模型中采用斜对角笛卡尔方法结合干湿边界点的变化来处理复杂边界问题,并将这一方法应用到北京首都国际机场扩建工程跑道高程设计和华能丹东电厂海水蓄水库泥沙淤积的模型计算中。计算表明,该方法拟合精细、处理简单、计算高效,与实测结果吻合较好。     

Channel change and sediment transport in regulated U.K. rivers

The history of investigations of channel change consequent upon river regulation is traced from the late 1960s until the present. The associated sediment transport and depositional processes are also reviewed. Conveniently the approaches adopted historically have fallen into three basic groups, these are: (1) analyses of the changes in channel networks as evident in adjustments to hydraulic geometry related to catchment area; (2) analyses concerned with sediment transport processes and channel adjustments at the reach scale (typically utilizing regime-type concepts), and finally; (3) more recent attempts at an integrated approach utilizing holistic concepts of channel change over extended time periods. A major conclusion drawn from this review is that each reservoir-catchment system is unique, producing singular responses that cannot easily be integrated into a basic general model except at a facile level. The continuing lack of complete theoretical models of channel adjustment is a hindrance in predicting regulation effects and may be related to limited understanding of such factors as sediment supply dynamics and bank collapse mechanisms. Emphasis is placed on: the importance of the aggregational as well as the well-known degradational response of channels below dams; the recognition of suitable temporal frameworks; the potentially destabilizing effect of rare large floods; and the local effects of unregulated tributary inflows. In addition more sophisticated theory and analysis needs applying to the transport and subsequent deposition of suspended sediments in gravel-beds whilst the three-dimensional facies relationships of regulated river alluvial suites need clarification in the light of recent initiatives concerning the sedimentary architecture of other alluvial systems.     

河口涨落潮槽水沙输运机制研究

以长江口南支、新桥水道、南小泓和南港主槽作为典型涨、落潮槽研究对象,分析了2001年洪季水沙资料,研究了长江河口涨、落潮槽的水沙输运机制,探讨了不同河槽的各种动力因子对水沙输移的贡献差异,结果表明落潮槽的欧拉余流均大于涨潮槽的值;水量净输移大小依次是南支主槽、南港、新桥水道和南小泓。净输水量分布和其欧拉余流分布相对应。平流输沙项在落潮槽对总输沙的贡献要大于其在涨潮槽的贡献,瞬时源汇输沙项在涨潮槽对总输沙的贡献要大于其在落潮槽的贡献。     

Effects of projected climate on the hydrodynamic and sediment transport regime of the lower Athabasca River in Alberta,Canada

The potential effects of climate change on the hydrodynamic and sediment transport regime of the lower Athabasca River (LAR) in Alberta, Canada, is investigated. Future climate projections for the region suggest a potential increase in mean air temperature and precipitation by about 2.8–7.1 °C and 8–25%, respectively, by the end of this century. Implications of these climatic changes on the hydrologic regime of the LAR are found to be significant with spring flows expected to increase by about 11–62% and 26–71% by the end of the century for a moderate and high emissions scenarios respectively with corresponding decreases in summer flows. The effects of such changes are examined using the MIKE‐11 hydrodynamic and sediment transport modelling system with inflow boundary conditions corresponding to the changing hydro‐climatic regime. The results suggest that there will be an overall increase in flow velocity, water level, and suspended sediment concentration and transport for most seasons except in the summer months when there may be some decreases. The projected changes in suspended sediment concentration will result in an overall increase in mean annual sediment load in the LAR and to the Peace Athabasca Delta by over 50% towards the latter part of this century (2080s) compared with the 1980s base‐line period. Implications of such potential changes in the transport characteristics of the river system to the mobilization and transport of various chemical constituents and their effects on the region's aquatic ecosystems are subjects of other ongoing investigations.     

航道整治工程泥沙数学模型的构造及计算方法

建立了正交曲线坐标系下二维紊流全沙数学模型，水流模型采用紊动动能和紊动耗散率闭合雷诺方程，把悬移质输沙概化为单纯淤积、单纯冲刷和淤粗冲细三种情况，依据悬沙与床沙交换机理建立了挟沙能力和非均匀沙分组挟沙能力的表达式．在水流输运及分组含沙量输运方程的离散过程中，采用守衡性较好的控制体积法和SIMPLEC计算程式，以提高计算稳定性和加快收敛．本模型对复杂条件的河床适应性较强，为平面二维长河段的河床变形计算进一步创造了条件．     

Sediment deposition in constructed wetland ponds with emergent vegetation: laboratory study and mathematical model.

Retention of suspended particles by settling is among the main physical treatment processes in constructed wetland ponds. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the transport and deposition of suspended particles in the slow, near-stagnant flows typical of constructed wetland ponds with emergent vegetation. The presence of stems was found to create a velocity field which is much more uniform than its counterpart without vegetation. This property was used to obtain an approximate mathematical model, for which an analytical solution could be given to describe sediment transport and deposition. The deposition rates predicted by this formula were compared to the data from the above-mentioned laboratory experiments and found to agree closely.