四川都江堰龙溪河流域泥石流成因、特征和危险性评价

在汶川地震影响下,截至2011年龙溪河流域共计有45条泥石流沟暴发泥石流,造成重大经济财产损失.在龙溪河流域泥石流灾害野外调查的基础上,对形成泥石流的地形、降水、物源成因进行了研究,认为物源和降水是激发龙溪河流域泥石流的主要原因.龙溪河流域泥石流具有群发性和小流域暴发性特征,构造带耦合特征,破坏性大和灾害链作用特征.采用MFCAM模型对龙溪河流域泥石流沟进行危险性评价,结果显示有1条沟危险性大,14条危险性中等,30条危险性小.     

四川都江堰龙溪河流域泥石流成因、特征和危险性评价

在汶川地震影响下，截至2011年龙溪河流域共计有45条泥石流沟暴发泥石流，造成重大经济财产损失.在龙溪河流域泥石流灾害野外调查的基础上，对形成泥石流的地形、降水、物源成因进行了研究，认为物源和降水是激发龙溪河流域泥石流的主要原因.龙溪河流域泥石流具有群发性和小流域暴发性特征，构造带耦合特征，破坏性大和灾害链作用特征.采用MFCAM模型对龙溪河流域泥石流沟进行危险性评价，结果显示有1条沟危险性大，14条危险性中等，30条危险性小.     

川南红层地区泥石流形成过程与动力特征研究——以四川省屏山县牛儿包泥石流为例

红层地区泥石流因受典型的地层岩性及气候条件等影响,发育分布数量较少,探索这类特殊孕灾背景条件下的泥石流成因及特征具有一定的减灾意义。文章以四川省屏山县牛儿包沟泥石流为例,通过对该泥石流沟流域的地形条件、水源条件及物源条件特征分析,探索了红层地区泥石流的成因和特征,综合分析了泥石流的动力特征。研究表明:(1)流域地形高差大,沟道狭窄,沟谷较陡,沟道纵比降较大,为泥石流的形成提供了有利地形条件;(2)流域汇水面积较大,降雨集中短时间内为泥石流的形成提供了充足的水源条件;(3)流域内物源集中,短时间内能为泥石流发生提供充足的物源条件。最后通过泥痕法计算了上一次泥石流发生时的流量,并对计算了不同暴雨频率条件下泥石流的流量,提出了针对性的泥石流防治建议,为牛儿包沟泥石流灾害防治提供了可靠的数据。     

台风暴雨矿渣型泥石流形成机制与动力特征——以兴宁乌石坑沟泥石流为例

受台风“尤特”登陆影响,台风暴雨直接激发兴宁乌石坑沟特大矿渣型泥石流灾害,物源巨大,潜在危害极大。笔者等通过现场调绘及室内试验,对本次泥石流的形成机制及动力特征进行研究,旨在为此类泥石流致灾机理及危害性评价提供借鉴。研究表明,其独特的流域地形特点为泥石流形成的基本因素,以沟道堆积物为主的丰富矿渣型物源是基础条件,高强度的台风暴雨是直接激发因素,与矿山开采、矿渣随意堆放等人为因素共同作用扩大了灾害规模。泥石流形成过程与动力特征为前期强降雨—崩滑碎屑流—矿渣型泥石流—台风暴雨—沟道堵塞雍高—溃决、规模放大。     

台风暴雨矿渣型泥石流形成机制与动力特征——以兴宁乌石坑沟泥石流为例

受台风“尤特”登陆影响,台风暴雨直接激发兴宁乌石坑沟特大矿渣型泥石流灾害,物源巨大,潜在危害极大。笔者等通过现场调绘及室内试验,对本次泥石流的形成机制及动力特征进行研究,旨在为此类泥石流致灾机理及危害性评价提供借鉴。研究表明,其独特的流域地形特点为泥石流形成的基本因素,以沟道堆积物为主的丰富矿渣型物源是基础条件,高强度的台风暴雨是直接激发因素,与矿山开采、矿渣随意堆放等人为因素共同作用扩大了灾害规模。泥石流形成过程与动力特征为前期强降雨—崩滑碎屑流—矿渣型泥石流—台风暴雨—沟道堵塞雍高—溃决、规模放大。     

汶川极震区G213典型泥石流内在因数与运动特征

"5·12"汶川地震后,四川省内多地暴发过大规模泥石流灾害。其中,四川省内重要交通干线G213国道映秀至汶川县段,多次暴发了群发性泥石流灾害,规模巨大、造成危害极其严重。研究以高家沟泥石流2011年时暴发实例,从泥石流暴发成灾的内在因数和运动过程特征进行系统分析;从形成泥石流的沟域地形条件、巨量物源聚集内在因素出发,研究其启动时堵塞溃决、拉槽下切特点,从固体物质运移堆积特征,研究其暴发时阵性流特点;揭露此类泥石流沟大规模暴发成灾的机理。     

汶川极震区G213典型泥石流内在因数与运动特征

"5·12"汶川地震后,四川省内多地暴发过大规模泥石流灾害。其中,四川省内重要交通干线G213国道映秀至汶川县段,多次暴发了群发性泥石流灾害,规模巨大、造成危害极其严重。研究以高家沟泥石流2011年时暴发实例,从泥石流暴发成灾的内在因数和运动过程特征进行系统分析;从形成泥石流的沟域地形条件、巨量物源聚集内在因素出发,研究其启动时堵塞溃决、拉槽下切特点,从固体物质运移堆积特征,研究其暴发时阵性流特点;揭露此类泥石流沟大规模暴发成灾的机理。     

基于ArcGIS＋DEM的三眼峪泥石流水动力条件分析

通过对甘肃省舟曲三眼峪特大泥石流灾害的现场调查,从泥石流形成的地形地貌条件和水动力条件人手,以ArcGIS为平台,运用DEM数据,分析了特大泥石流灾害的三区地形地貌特征、固体松散物特征、降雨特征以及泥石流静力学和动力学特征。结果表明：三眼峪三区为泥石流的形成和径流流通提供了极为有利地形条件;固体松散物质补给量潜力巨大,会导致堰塞坝的放大效应;诱发此次特大山洪泥石流是一场局地性、短时强度大的暴雨过程,泥石流容重在2．10t·m^-3左右,属于高容重黏性泥石流;泥石流屈服应力在8000Pa以上,大小眼峪（降雨汇流区）及三眼峪（泥石流堆积区）泥石流流速分别为8．97m／s、7．06m／s和6．02m／s,洪峰流量分别为1659m^3／s、1553m^3／s和1896m^3／s,冲击力分别为46676tf、40236tf和21182tf,其破坏力巨大,危害严重,使得泥石流在汇流区破坏力巨大以切蚀为主,受地形影响,三眼峪出口处,冲击力减小,泥石流发生堆积。     

都江堰市龙池镇麻柳沟泥石流特征及形成条件分析

通过对都江堰市龙池镇麻柳沟泥石流灾害现场调查,分析了泥石流的特征及形成条件,并对沟道内松散固体物质储量进行了计算,分析了危险区范围。结果表明:麻柳沟流域的地形特征为泥石流形成提供了有利的地形条件,"5.12"汶川地震和"4.20"芦山地震为泥石流的形成提供了丰富的物源条件,多次强降雨为泥石流的启动提供了充足的水源条件。通过计算得出,麻柳沟沟道内的松散固体物质储量约为29.21×104 m3,其中形成区13.19×104 m3,流通区3.27×104 m3,堆积区12.75×104 m3,泥石流最大危险范围为0.247 1km2。     

平武县石坎河小流域震后泥石流活动特征及工程防治建议

石坎河小流域位于汶川地震发震断裂-映秀—北川断裂带上,强震后流域内滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害显著增强。本文收集整理了震前、震后流域内地质灾害的数据资料,详细分析研究了流域内地质环境条件、震后9a内泥石流活动特征及其治理工程情况,在此基础上讨论其工程防治的最佳时机。通过研究得出:(1)石坎河流域支沟纵坡降大,主沟纵坡降相对较小,暴发多次泥石流灾害后支沟沟道多下切,主河道淤积严重,灾害叠加放大效应明显;(2)石坎河流域暴发多次泥石流灾害后河谷变宽,地形改变较大、物源减少明显,流域内暴发泥石流的规模逐渐减小,未来暴发的泥石流规模一般不会再超过2013年7月9日的泥石流规模;(3)石坎河流域泥石流工程防治最佳时机应为2013年7月9日泥石流灾害后。     

汶川震区窄陡沟道型泥石流动力学特性及堵江分析——以都汶高速沿线磨子沟为例

在汶川震区沟道型泥石流中,普遍存在一种窄陡沟道类型,窄陡沟道型泥石流具有沟道纵坡陡、平均宽度窄、流域面积小的地形特点,在震区容易瞬间汇流形成大规模突发性泥石流灾害。结合四川省都汶高速沿线2013年“7·10”特大群发性泥石流,重点以窄陡沟道型的磨子沟泥石流为实例,针对该泥石流对都汶高速、岷江等造成的冲击淤埋及堵塞问题,通过现场调查泥石流形成条件和发育特征,采用大型流体动力学计算软件CFX模拟再现50年一遇暴雨频率下此类窄陡型泥石流的动力学过程,分析其危险范围、评价其冲击都汶高速桥梁,堵塞岷江,淹没岷江两岸居民安置点的破坏性影响,为提出针对性的泥石流防治工程措施提供依据。     

地形因素对白龙江流域甘肃段泥石流灾害的影响及权重分析

白龙江流域甘肃段是我国四大泥石流灾害多发地区之一,其中地形条件是形成泥石流的关键因素。文章在实地调查研究区内发育的1 008条泥石流沟的基础上,通过统计分析沟床比降、沟坡坡度、流域面积和相对高差4个主要地形因素数据与泥石流灾害的类型及易发程度的关系,研究其对泥石流灾害形成的影响。通过熵权法计算4个因素的权重,由权重大小排序分析了它们对泥石流灾害形成的贡献程度。结果表明:在200‰~400‰区间内的沟床比降、坡度大于30°的沟坡、相对高差大于300 m的山体、小于10 km2的流域面积对泥石流的形成和运动最为有利;对泥石流灾害形成贡献程度最大的为沟床比降,其次为相对高差和流域面积,最小的为沟坡坡度。该研究结果对此区域内泥石流灾害的监测预警及防治有一定指导意义。     

Characteristics of spatial distribution of debris flow and the effect of their sediment yield in main downstream of Jinsha River,China

Debris flow hazard posts a big threat to the main downstream of Jinsha River where a number of huge power stations are under construction. The characteristics of spatial distribution of debris flows and the effect of their sediment yield on the reservoir areas have been studied. An automatic recognition module was developed to extract the geometry of debris flow channels from remote sensing data. Spatial distribution pattern of debris flows is obtained through combining the inventory database and multi-source remote sensing investigation. The distribution of debris flows has high dependency on the various factors including geology, geomorphology, climate, hydrology and human economic activities. The debris flows distributed in the study area are characterized by group and pair distribution, uncompleted deposition fans, highly controlled by faults and tectonic activities, spatial variation between left bank and right bank, and different subdivisions. The sediment yield caused by debris flow activates is evaluated using multi-year observation data from numerous observation stations. Quantitative studies have been performed on the relationship between the sediment yield and the debris flow area. A relatively fix ratio of 2.6 (×10⁴ t/km²) has been found in different subdivisions of main downstream area which shows that the source of sediment discharged into Jinsha River primarily come from debris flow activities. Another ratio is evaluated to represent the transforming possibility of debris flow materials to bed-sediment load and suspended-sediment load in the river. Based on these findings, the potential effect of sediment yield caused by debris flows on reservoir areas is discussed. The zonation map shows the different effect of debris flow sediment on different dam site area which shows a good agreement with variation of debris flow spatial distribution.     

Characteristics of debris flows from the lower part of the Lotru River basin (South Carpathians,Romania)

This paper focuses on characteristics of debris flows from the lower part of the Lotru River basin (South Carpathians, Romania). The damage produced by these debris flows has included burial of agricultural land, roads covered by debris flows, and even the obstruction of the Lotru River. Simple statistical analysis has been used to emphasize the characteristics of the debris flow sites. The collected data show that heavy rainfall is the main triggering mechanism of debris flow events in the Lotru hydrographic basin. The daily rainfall data for this region show that important debris flow events generally occur when rainfall exceeds 40 mm in 24 h, while rainfall levels between 25 and 40 mm in 24 h result in hyperconcentrated flows. For 11 of 14 studied debris flow sites, the fan area is greater than the source area, probably due to the thickness of the regolith, which is up to 5–10 m deep. Both source area and deposition area are very dynamic. The retreat rate calculated for five debris flow sites ranges from 5 to 30 m in 30 years (from 1975 to 2005). Channel cross section measurements on one of the debris flows show that velocity values vary from 1.31 to 2.64 m/s; corresponding discharge values vary from 4 to 10.03 m³/s.     

甘肃省舟曲8.7特大泥石流调查研究

本文通过对甘肃省舟曲县城后山三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟特大泥石流灾害的现场调查,从泥石流形成的地形、地质和降雨条件入手,分析了特大泥石流灾害的特征与成因:三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟泥石流形成区在2010年8月7日23～24时的1h降雨量达77.3mm,暴雨形成强大洪水依次冲毁两条沟内的天然堆石坝和人工拦挡坝,形成规模巨大的高容重黏性泥石流,泥石流冲出总量和泥沙总量分别为 144.2104m3和97.7104m3; 泥石流携带具有强大冲击力的巨石冲毁房屋5500余间; 在白龙江内形成长约550m,宽约70m,高约10m的堰塞坝并形成堰塞湖,堰塞湖回水长3km,使县城一半被淹; 泥石流造成1744人死亡和失踪。分析研究表明,三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟泥石流如果在近期遭遇强降雨还会暴发泥石流,但规模比87特大泥石流小;如果强降雨发生在数年后,暴发的泥石流规模比87特大泥石流略小;在20a或更长的时期内,没有发生新的地震影响下,在三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟经历一次大规模泥石流暴发后,泥石流的规模将回到汶川地震前的水平。     

Catastrophic debris flows triggered by a 4 July 2013 rainfall in Shimian,SW China: formation mechanism,disaster characteristics and the lessons learned

On 4 July 2013, three catastrophic debris flows occurred in the Hougou, Majingzi, and Xiongjia gullies in Shimian county and produced debris dams and river blockages, resulting in serious casualties and huge economic loss. Though debris flows have been identified prior to the catastrophic events, their magnitudes and destructive power were far beyond early recognition and hazard assessment. Our primary objective for this study was to explore the formation mechanism and typical characteristics and to summarize the lessons learned from these disastrous events in order to avoid the repeat of such disasters in the future. Based on field investigation and imagery interpretation of remote sensing carried out following the catastrophic events, four conclusions were drawn: (1) The catastrophic debris flows were initiated from surface-water runoff, and the triggering factor was attributed to the local intensive rainfall with an hourly intensity of more than 46.7 mm. (2) Entrainment was the most important sediment-supplying method for the debris flow occurrence, and the source materials transported by debris flows from the three gullies were estimated to be about 97?×?10⁴ m³ in volume altogether. (3) As surface-water runoff eroded and entrained hillslope and channel materials persistently, debris flows were characterized by intensive incision at upper or middle reaches and significant magnification effect in flow discharge and volume downstream. Corresponding peak discharge surveyed at the outlets of the Hougou, Majingzi, and Xiongjia gullies was estimated up to 751.0 m³/s, 870.1 m³/s, and 758.7 m³/s, respectively. (4) Debris flows that occurred from the three gullies all belonged to viscous ones and the bulk densities were calculated more than 1.80 g/cm³, indicating a huge carrying capacity and destructive impacting power. In addition, the lessons learned from the catastrophic events were summarized, including recognition and assessment on debris flow hazard and utilization of deposition fan. In this paper, prevention suggestions on debris flow prone valleys with high-vegetation coverage and low occurrence frequency were also put forward. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding on the initiation mechanism, dynamic characteristics, and disaster mitigation of debris flows initiated from intense rainfall and surface-water runoff in mountainous areas.     

The knowledge rules of debris flow event: A case study for investigation Chen Yu Lan River, Taiwan

Debris flow, one of the most active hydrological processes, brings about a great loss of life and properties in the Chen Yu Lan River area, Nan-Tou County, Taiwan. The goal of this study is to manage and monitor the debris flows in a vast area. Thus, the strategy is to collect hydraulical and in-situ data easily and quickly through our spatial information system. Then, a novel Data Mining technique will be developed to find a rule-based knowledge system of debris flow. The entire study can be divided into two parts. In the first part, using spatial information the debris flow image is extracted from the outbreak area. The system provides precise positional information pertaining to the debris flow events. Attributes such as effective watershed area, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and slope are automatically obtained from the system. In the second part of this study, K-mean theory is used to classify the observed hydraulical and in-situ data into different categories. Then, the ‘Effective Rough Set’ method is successfully used to analyze the factors influencing the debris flow phenomenon and delivers rational knowledge rules. The contribution of this study is presented that NDVI, slope and effective watershed area are the major factors influencing debris flow in the study area. The knowledge rules can provide better understanding on the elevation of high potential debris catchments.     

基于DEM的单沟泥石流危险性定量评价

DEM(Digial Elevaion Model)是地貌景观高程信息的数字表达,能够直观的反应地形地貌条件。泥石流形成和运动受其流域地貌条件的制约,流域系统信息是地貌发育状态的定量描述;故其值能够作为描述泥石流危险性的一种定量化指标。该研究在对甘肃南部地区白龙江流域的252条泥石流沟的基本参数统计分析基础上,选取其中45条泥石流单沟;通过DEM数据拟合其沟谷高程—面积抛物线方程,计算单沟泥石流流域面积—高程函数积分S;在缺乏流域其他环境因子参数的情况下,定量化描述泥石流危险性。